Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:The UK & The USA. United and Separated (Британия и США. Единые и разделенные). Практикум
.pdf
playtheformationoftheUK:eachstudentaddshis/herparttothe
map,andsayswhenandhowithappened.Thenotherstudentsplace
labelsontheparts.
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern
Ireland
Republicof
Ireland
(Eire)
51
Part II. The History of the USA
The new continent
The First Americans
The rst Americans came from Asia probably 50 000 years before
Columbus
Itwaspossibleforthemtocomebecauseatthattimeabridgeofice
joinedAsiatoAmericaacrosswhatisnowtheBeringStrait.ChristopherColumbusbelievedthathesailedtoislandsclosetoIndia:that’s
whyhecalledtherstAmericans“Indians”.Nowwedescribethemas
“nativeAmericans”or“Amerindians”.
The rst Americans were organized into different tribes and followed very different ways of life
Somewerehunters, somewerefarmers;somewerepeaceful,others
werewarlike.Theyspokeoverthreehundredseparatelanguages.
The Pueblo people were the best organized of the Amerindians
farming people
TheylivedontheterritoryofpresentdayArizonaandNewMexicoin
housesmadeofadobe(mudandstraw)bricks,driedinthesun.They
52
grewcropsofmaizeandbeans.ThePueblobuiltthenetworkofcanals
acrossthedeserttobringwatertotheirelds.
The Apache people hunted deer and gathered wild plants, nuts
and roots
Theyneverbecamesettledfarmers.TheApachewereerceandwarlike;sometimestheyraidedthePueblopeopleandstolefood.
The Iroquois, a group of tribes, were skilled farmers. They were
also hunters and shermen
TheIroquoiswereercewarriors. Theylivedinthethick woods of
northeasternnorthAmerica.
The Sioux (the Dakota) depended upon the buffalo. They didn’t
grow crops and didn’t build houses, living in tepees
This group called themselves “Dakota”, which means “allies”, but
otherAmerindianscalledthem“Sioux”,whichmeans“enemies”:the
Siouxwerewarriors.Theylivedin tepees(thecone-shaped buffaloskintents)ontheplainsofgrassfromMississippiRivertotheRocky
Mountains.
The tribes of the Pacic coast used sh as their main food. They
also gathered nuts and berries from the forests
Theylivedinhousesmadeofwood.
The arrival of Europeans with their guns, their disease and their
hunger for land destroyed the Amerindians
Explorers from Europe
Europeans who came to America had two main purposes: to nd
land rich in gold and to nd a new sea route to Asia
There are many legends about adventurers from Europe who
reached America long before Columbus, but the rst Europeans
for whom there is solid evidence were the Vikings
TheVikingsmadesettlementsat aroundtheyear985but soon they
hadtogoawaybecauseofthehostilityofthelocalAmerindiansand
thedangerofthenorthernseas.
53
500 years later, in 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on islands
in the Caribbean Sea
He came from Spain. Columbus wanted to nd a new,shorterway
fromEuropetoAsia.HebelievedthathehadlandedintheIndies,a
groupofislandsclosetoIndia.That’swhyhecalledlocalpeople“Indians”.ItisinterestingthatColumbusneversawthemainlandofthe
futureUnitedStates.
The Spanish started European occupation of America after a successful journey of Columbus
TheColumbusreturnedfrom“theNewWorld”,asEuropeanscalled
America,andhebroughtgoldenjewelry.Thousandsoftreasurehungry Spanish adventurers moved toAmerica.The conquerors (“conquistadores”)builtanewempireinCentralandSouthAmerica.
In 1497 King Henry VII of England hired an Italian seaman John
Cabot to explore the New World
Cabotdidn’tndgoldbuthisjourneywasusedbyEnglishgovernment
tosupporttheirclaimstomostoftheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.
The French also sent explorers to North America
Oneofthe sailors,JacquesCartier,discoveredtheterritories around
St.LawrenceRiverandreachedthepresent-daycityofMontreal.His
journeygaveFranceaclaimtowhatwouldlaterbecomeCanada.
In the hundred years after 1600, Europeans set up many colonies
in North America
Themainaimswere:tobecomerich,tondsafetyfromreligiousor
politicalpersecution.
America was called “America” to honor Italian sailor Amerigo
Vespucci
UnlikeColumbus,whothoughtthatthelandhediscoveredwaspartof
Asia,Vespuccirealizedthatthesecoastswerepartofanewcontinent.
1.Amerindianscamefrom…
a)India
54
b)Africa
c)Asia
d)Europe
2. Amerindians were organized into different tribes with different
waysoflife.
a)yes
b)no
3.EuropeanscametoAmerica…
a)tondgold
b)tomeetotherpeopleandlearntheirtraditions
4. Christopher Columbus believed that the territory he discovered
was…
a)anewcontinent
b)apartofAfrica
c)agroupofislandsnotfarfromIndia
5.WhatcountriessetupcoloniesinNorthAmerica?
a)onlySpain
b)onlyBritain
c)BritainandFrance
d)variousEuropeancountries
1.IsitfarethatAmericawascalledinhounorofAmerigoVespucci?
1)You can see two les with stories (“Amerindians” and “Americans”),broughttotheclassbyyourteacher.Chooseafolklorestory
fromoneoftheles.Readit.Whathaveyoulearnedabouttheway
oflifeandvaluesofthepeoplewhocreatedthestory?
2)Formagroupwithstudentswhoreadstoriesfromthesameleas
youdid. Choose the leader of your group. Then let each student
55
sharehis/herideaswithothermembersofthegroup.Lettheleader
xtheconclusions.
3) Presentyourconclusionstotheothergroup.Thenlisten tothem.
Discusstheresults:WhatdoAmerindiansandAmericanshavein
common?Whatisthedifferencebetweentheirvaluesandwaysof
life?
4) Takethestoriesoftheothergroupandreadthem.Canyouaddany-
thingtotheresultsofthediscussion?Doyouthinkanyconclusions
shouldbecorrected?
1. Gotohttp://www.native-languages.org/kids.htm.Createalewith
information which would be interesting for primary school children.Thinkofhowyoucoulduseitinyourfutureteaching.
2. Look atthepicture.Doyouknowwhat it is andwhatisitspurpose?NowadaysthisAmerindianamulet,called“dreamcatcher”,
canbeseeninRussiaandsomeothercountries.Gotohttp://www.
dream-catchers.org/ and learn who and how created it and what
itwasmadefor.
56
3. TherearemanyAmericanplacenames(forexample,Mississippi,
Alabama)andotherwords(moccasin,hammock—rus.“гамак”,
etc.)ofNativeAmericanorigin.Findsomeofthesewordsandtheir
meanings.
4. WhoisPocahontas?IsshejustaDisneycharacterordidshereally
exist?Trytondouttherealstory.
Forming a country
Colonial period
The settlers had different reasons and purposes for coming to
America
1607: rst lasting English settlement, Jamestown, was organized
in Virginia. The purpose of the colonists was to nd gold and other
riches. Life was hard, many people died
VirginiaCompanysentoverahundredmentoVirginiatond gold,
pearl,silverandothervaluableproducts.Life in the settlement was
very hard. Economy was primarily agricultural. Many people died
from diseases, starvation and in Amerindians attacks. But Virginia
Company continued to send people to the colony; it sent homeless
children, convicts from prisons.Aplant that savedVirginia was tobacco.Itsoldverywell.
1620: pilgrims came to America to nd religious freedom. Americans see them as the most important of the founders of the future
USA. Puritans’ colonies are called “New England”
Pilgrimsarepeoplewhomaketheirjourneyforreligiousreasons.For
AmericansthiswordmeanspeoplewhowenttoAmericain1620to
nd religious freedom. They sailed on a ship called “Mayower”.
PilgrimswentashoreataplacewhichtheynamedPlymouth.Before
landingatPlymouth,allthepeoplewhosailedonMayowersigned
adocument(“MayowerCompact”)inwhichtheypromisedtowork
togetherforthegoodofall,tosetupagovernmentformaking“just
andequal”laws,andtoobeytheselaws.AsPilgrimslandedinwinter,
itwasverydifculttosurvive.Beforethespringcame,halfofthem
57
weredead.Oneyearlater,inNovember1621,the PilgrimsrstcelebratedThanksgiving:theysatdowntoeattogethertogivethanksto
Godforenablingthemtosurvive.
By the year 1733 there were thirteen British colonies along
the Atlantic coast of North America. According to the way of
life, they can be divided into three groups: 1) “New England”
(farming, shing, trade, shipbuilding); 2) the Middle Colonies
(industry and farming); 3) the Southern Colonies (plantations,
slavery)
Fighting for Independence
One of the reasons of this ghting is the British policy which angered the colonists
1)TheEnglishkingwantedtopreventwarwithAmericantribes.He
forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachians until they had
madepropertreatieswiththeAmerindians.
2)TheBritishgovernmenttoldthecoloniststhattheymustpaynew
taxesonimportsofsomegoods.
3)Thegovernmentalso toldthemthattheymustfeedandndshel-
terforBritishsoldiersitplannedtokeepinthecolonies(Britainwas
ghtingtheSevenYearsWarwithFranceduringthatperiod).
4)TheStampAct:thecolonistshadtobuyspecialtaxstampsandat-
tachthemtonewspapers,licensesandlegalpapers(itwasone more
wayBritainusedtogetmoney)
Colonists organized opposition to the Stamp Act. Their demand
was “No taxation without representation”. The British government stated that it had full power over the colonies and people of
America
The colonists and the British government started quarrelling
TheBritishplacednew taxes butthecolonistsrefusedto pay.Riots
brokeoutinBostonandtheBritishsentsoldierstokeeporder.Agroup
ofcolonistsboardedBritishmerchant shipsandthrewtheircargoof
teaintothesea(“BostonTeaParty”).TheBritishclosedBostonharbor
toalltrade,moresoldiersweresenttokeeporder
58
A group of colonial leaders came together in Philadelphia to discuss
the situation (“The First Continental Congress”). They claimed to
be loyal to the king but refused to buy British goods
April 19, 1775: The American Revolution (The War for Independence) started from an incident between British soldiers and
armed colonists
July 1776: The Continental Congress nally cut all political ties
with Britain. On July 4 it issued the Declaration of Independence
ThecoloniesbecameofciallynamedtheUnitedStatesofAmeri-
th
ca.The4
ofJulyhasbeensincecelebratedasAmerica’sIndepen-
denceDay.
1781: Americans won the war, though it was hard
AtthebeginningofthewarAmericanarmywasmoreofanarmedmob
thananeffectiveghtingforce.GeorgeWashingtonturnedtheminto
disciplinedsoldiers.Duringthewarthestatesagreedtoworktogether
andsenttheirrepresentativestoanationalCongress.Theplanofthe
cooperationwaswrittenintheArticlesofConfederation.InFebruary
1778BenjaminFranklinpersuadedFrancetosignanalliancewiththe
AmericansagainstBritain. Frenchships,soldiersand moneyplayed
animportantpartinthewar.
1.PilgrimFathers(Pilgrims)are…
a)alltheBritishwhocametoAmerica
b)blackslaves
c)peoplewhocametoAmericatondreligiousfreedom
2.Slaverywasmostcommonfor…
a)“NewEngland”
b)theSoutherncolonies
c)theMiddlecolonies
th
3.The4
ofJulyisAmerica’sIndependenceDay.In1776onthisday…
a)theWarofIndependencestarted
59
b)AmericanswontheWarofIndependence
c)theDeclarationofIndependencewassigned
4.IntheWarofIndependenceAmericansfoughtagainst…
a)Amerindians
b)Britain
c)France
1. Whydidslaveryappearinthesouthernstatesbutnotinthenorthernsates?
2. Many Americans believed that federal government shouldn’t be
verypowerful.Whataretherootsofthistradition?Wasitgoodor
badforthecountry?
1. Watchthevideo“TheFirstThanksgivingStory”(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFDSobNnfQs).Whathaveyoulearnedabout
Thanksgiving? Find some more information about this holiday.
WhatwouldyoutellprimaryschoolchildrenaboutThanksgiving?
Createsomeresourceswhichyoucoulduseinyourfutureteaching.
2. Read the Declaration ofIndependence(www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/).Whoismeantby“He”,doyouthink?
3. LookattheGreatSealoftheUnitedStates.Whyarethere13stars
onit?Trytondsomemore“number13”ontheSeal.
Building the country
Forming a national government
After the victory in the War of Independence the United States of
America was more like a group of countries rather than one country: each state behaved like an independent nation, the central
government was weak
Therewasnocommoncurrency,nationalsystemoftaxingandnational
militaryforce;therewaslittlecentralizedcontroloverforeignpolicy.Eu-
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]