Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:The UK & The USA. United and Separated (Британия и США. Единые и разделенные). Практикум
.pdf
There were many forms of English. London English was used in
printing and had become Standard English. The way people spoke
began to show difference between them
UntilTudortimeslordsandpeasantsspokethesameformsofspeech.
FromtheTudortimeseducated peoplespoke“correct”English,and
uneducatedpeoplecontinuedtospeakthelocaldialects.
In the last quarter of the sixteenth century Shakespeare began
writing his famous plays
1.WhateventshappenedintheTudorperiod?
a)thechangeoftheofcialreligion
b)therevolution
c)Britainbecamestrongerandstronger
d)LondonEnglishbecame“correct”(standard)English
2.Match:
a)HenryVII i)wantedtomakeEnglandCatholicagain
b)HenryVIII ii)madeEnglandpoliticallyaProtestantcountry
c)MaryI iii)developedEngland’stradeposition
d)ElizabethI iv)builtthefoundationsofawealthynation
4.TheTudorperiodis…
a)oneofthemostgloriousperiodsinBritishhistory
b)oneoftheworstandhardestperiods
5.Whohadmorepower:thekingorParliament?
a)theking
b)Parliament
6.Britain’smaintraderivalandenemywas…
a)France
b)Spain
c)Germany
31
7.Whatfamouswriterlivedinthisperiod?
a)OscarWilde
b)WilliamShakespeare
c)DanielDefoe
1. ChurchReformationandthebreakwithRome:wasitgoodorbad
forthecountry?
2. DoyouapproveordisapproveElizabeth’sforeignpolicy?
3. WhydidpeopledislikeQueenMary?Whatpoliticalmistakesdid
shemake?
4. WhydohistoriansargueaboutW.Shakespeareasaperson?
5. ThetrueidentityofW.Shakespeareisamystery.ManyscientistsbelievethathewasanactorofGlobe’sTheatre,buttheothersdoubtit.Thereexistmanytheories,accordingtowhichthe
writer was somebody else (Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon,etc.);oritwasagroupofwritersworkingtogether.What’s
youropinion?
Whatdoyou thinkaboutHenryVIII? Formtwogroups.One group
should nd good things which Henry did for Britain, and the other
groupbadthings.Thenshareyour opinion,decideifhe wasagood
kinganddiscusstheresults.
1. Go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/ and nd out
moreaboutlifeinTudorBritain
2. WhatdoscientiststhinkaboutW.Shakespeare’sidentity?Findinformationaboutdifferentpointsofview.(Seehttp://www.guardian.
co.uk/culture/2010/mar/14/who-wrote-shakespeare-james-shapiro
andothersources)
3. FindinformationaboutRenaissanceinBritain.Whoarethemost
famousphilosophers,poets,playwrights,composersandartistsof
thatperiod?Thenmatchtheworkswiththeirauthors:
32
1.“Utopia” a)NicolasHilliard
2.LeMorteD’Arthur b)ThomasMore
3.“Twelfthnight” c)WilliamShakespeare
d)ThomasMalory
4.Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh
The Stuarts (1603–1714)
The Stuarts quarreled with Parliament over money and power;
their quarrels resulted in Civil war
TheStuartsbelievedthattheyhadthe“divineright”torule.ButParliamentstatedthatthekingcouldn’tmakedecisionswithoutconsulting
toit.Thisconictwastheresultofabasicchangeinsociety:during
theXVIIth century economic power moved to merchants and landowners, who were represented in the House of Commons and who
wantedpoliticalpowerinreturnfortheirmoney.IntheCivilwarthere
weretwosides:Royalists(thekingandhissupporters)andParliamentarians.Mostpeopledidn’t wanttobeononeside or the other;not
morethan10%ofthepopulationbecameinvolved.
The Civil war ended with victory of the Parliamentarians. Charles
became the rst monarch in Europe who was executed. Britain became a republic. Its strongest leader was Oliver Cromwell. He created much more severe government and ruled through the army.
It was a hard and bloody period
Parliamentwonbecauseitwassupportedbythenavy,bymostofthe
merchantsandbythepopulationofLondon.Parliamentarianscreated
anewtype ofarmy:it wastherst regularforceanditconsistedof
educatedpeoplewhowantedtoghtfortheirbeliefs.DuringtheperiodofrepublicpeoplewerenotallowedtocelebrateChristmasand
Easter,theatresandotherformsofamusementwerebanned.
33
When Cromwell died, his republican administration collapsed.
The Republic became very unpopular. The executed king’s son,
Charles II, was invited to the throne. Republic was over. Britain
now became a constitutional monarchy
First political parties (the “Whigs” and the “Tories”) appeared.
They became the basis of Britain’s two-party parliamentary
system
TheWhigs(future”Liberals”)supportedtheProtestantvaluesofhard
work and thrift and were afraid of an absolute monarchy.Theybelievedinreligiousfreedom.TheTories(future“Conservatives”)supportedthemonarchyitselfandtheAnglicanChurch.
There were different religious groups (Protestants, Catholics and
Puritans) and two Churches: Anglican Church (in England) and
the Kirk (in Scotland), which was much more democratic and had
no bishops. Protestantism (especially Puritanism) was growing in
England. The Stuarts were attracted to the Catholic Church. Parliament was strongly Anglican.
Puritans disliked theAnglican Church and wanted to make it more
liketheKirk.Theythoughtthattheluxuriouslifestyleofthekingand
his followers was immoral. They were anti-Catholic and suspected
theStuartstolikeCatholicism.ParliamentwasstronglyAnglicanand
didn’tsupportbothPuritansandCatholics.Itwasafraidthattheking
wouldreturntheCatholicChurch and passed some acts which preventedanyCatholicfrom takingpositioningovernmentand Parliament.Parliament’sdesiretostopCatholicismamongtherulersresultedinthe“GloriousRevolution”.
The “Glorious Revolution” (1688): For the rst time in British
history William became king not by the right of birth, but by Parliament’s choice.
WilliamofOrangewasaProtestantrulerofHollandandMaryStuart’s
husband.InBritain,KingJamestriedtogivefullrightstoCatholics.
Parliamentdidn’tlikeitandinvitedWilliamtoinvadeBritain.When
hedidit,theCrownwasofferedonlytohiswifeMary.Williamsaid
hewouldleaveBritain ifhedidn’tbecome king.Parliamenthadno
34
choice.MaryandWilliambecamekingandqueen.Astherevolution
wasbloodless,itwascalled”Glorious”.
Parliament had become more powerful than the king. It established its supremacy over the monarchy (the “Bill of Rights”,
1689) and immediately limited some of the monarch’s powers.
In1701parliamentpassedtheActofSettlement,accordingtowhich
onlyaProtestantcouldbecomekingorqueen.EventodayaCatholic
can’tinheritthethrone.
Nonconformist sects appeared (the Baptist, the Quakers, etc).
They were disliked by the ruling class. Some Nonconformists left
for America in a ship called “Mayower” (1620)
By 1714 Britain became a leading European power: it achieved
good trading positions and acquired colonies in the Americas,
Africa and India
Britain’smaintraderivalsandenemieswereHollandandFrance.Inthe
warwithHolland,Britainachievedtradingpositionitwanted.Then the
twocountriescooperatedagainstFrance,whichpowergrewunderLouis
XIV.Francelostthewarandacceptedlimitsonitsexpansion.Inthatwar
BritainalsowontherockofGibraltarandnowcouldcontroltheentrance
totheMediterranean.Itcontrolledabout12coloniesinAmerica,hadpossessionsintheWestIndiesandestablisheditsrsttradingsettlementin
India.Captureoflandwasveryimportantforeconomicdevelopment.
It was the time of great thinkers and scientists (Francis Bacon,
William Harvey, Isaac Newton), and their great discoveries
Life and work changed enormously. Trade developed; money
could buy a higher position in British society; the number of births
began to fall
Waterwaysbecameimportantmeansoftransport.Thanktothat,every
regioncoulddevelopitsownspecialproduceandbecamelessseparatefromotherregions. Most townshadshopsandthe shopkeepers
travelledaroundthecountrytobuygoodsfortheirshops.Richpeople
had water suppliers to their houses. The rst newspapers appeared.
PeoplemarriedlaterthananywhereelseinEurope.
35
1.Whatwasnewinthisperiod?
a)Americawasdiscovered
b)Parliamentbecamemorepowerfulthantheking
c)BritainbecamepoliticallyaProtestantcountry
d)thekingwasexecuted
e)religioussectsappeared
f)rstpoliticalpartiesappeared
2.WhichsidewontheCivilwar?
a)theRoyalists
b)theParliamentarians
3.Whatwas decidedtodowithKing CharleswhenBritainbecame
arepublic?
a)hewassenttoFrance
b)hewasbroughtbackonthethrone
c)hewasexecuted
4.TheperiodofRepublicwas…
a)successfulandprosperous
b)hardandbloody
5.WhatprinciplewasnewinGloriousRevolution?
a)aforeignerbecameBritishking
b)amanbecameKingnotbytherightofbirthbutbyParliament’s
choice
6.WhatwasthepositionofBritainintheworldby1714?
a)BritainbecamealeadingEuropeancountry
b)Britainwasratheraweakcountry
7.“Mayower”isthenameof…
a)oneoftherstpoliticalparties
b)areligioussect
c)ashipinwhichsomeNonconformistswenttoAmerica
36
8.WhoofthescientistslivedinBritaininthattime?
a)IsaacNewton
b)ThomasEdison
1.WhichsideoftheCivilwarwasright:theRoyalistsortheParlia-
mentarians?
2.ThecreationofRepublicinBritain:wasitprogressoramistake?
3.DidmonarchychangeaftertheperiodofRepublic?Ifyes,werethe
changestothebestortotheworst?
4.Wasitrighttoinviteaforeignruler(“GloriousRevolution”)?Why
didParliamentdoit?
5.WhydidrulingclassdislikeNonconformists?
Formtwogroups:the“Royalists”andthe“Parliamentarians”.Tryto
answerthequestionwhyyoursideshouldwintheCivilwar.Letone
studentbethejudge.Trytoconvincehim/herthatyourpositionis
right.
1.ThepresentSt.Paul’sCathedralwasbuiltbetween1675
and1710.Gotohttp://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History and learn about its history (“CathedralHistory”and“Timeline:1400YearsofHistory”).
Writeoutinformationwhichwouldbeinterestingforprimaryschoolchildrenandsoyoucoulduseinyourfuture
teaching.
th
2.The5
ofNovemberisGuyFawkesNight.WhowasGuy
Fawkes?Whatis he famous for? Find information about
Guy Fawkes and this festival (go to http://www.ukstudentlife.com/Britain/History/Stuart.htm, http://www.bbc.
co.uk/history/people/guy_fawkesorothersites).
3.Findinformationaboutthegreatestscientistsandthinkers
ofthatperiod.Thenmatch:
37
Hedescribedthecirculationofblood IsaacNewton
Hecreatedempiricismandestablished
inductivemethodology
Heformulatedthelawsofmotionand
universalgravitation
WilliamHarvey
FrancisBacon
The eighteenth century
Politically, the eighteenth century was stable.
Scotland united with Britain (1707) under the name “United Kingdom of Great Britain”
FromthatmomenttheyhadoneParliament,butScotlandkeptitsown
legalandjudicialsystem,anditsownChurch.
Britain went to war with France three times during the century:
from 1743 to 1748 (concerning control over Austrian Empire);
from 1756 to 1763 (British effort to destroy France’s trade); from
1793 to 1815 (the Napoleonic wars).
John Wilkes’ case and his victory established very important principles: the freedom of individual is more important than the interests
of the state, and no one could be arrested without a proper reason.
John Wilkes,a Member of Parliament, criticized George III’s decision to make peace with France in 1763 without telling his ally
(Prussia).Hediditinhisownnewspaper.Thekingandhisministers
were angry.Wilkeswas arrested because of “state necessity”. He
wonhiscaseincourt.Wilkes’scaseshowedthatParliamentdidn’t
represent ordinary people and didn’t protect their individual freedom.PeoplebegantoorganizepoliticalactivityoutsideParliament
towintheirbasicrights.
Politics were no longer a monopoly of the landowning gentry. The
age of public opinion arrived
NewspaperswereallowedtowriteaboutParliament’sdecisions.The
numberofnewspapersincreased.Morepeoplereadthemandasaresulttheamountofpoliticaldiscussionincreased.“Conversation”clubs
mettodiscusspoliticsandroyalfamily.
In the second half of the century, the population was growing rapidly.
38
The enclosure of land and improvements in farming led to more
efcient food production. But, from the social side, the enclosures
were damaging: many people lost their land, their homes and their
way of life
Thelandlordscontinuedtofenceoffcommonland.Theyorganizedlarge
farmsthere.Anumberofimprovementsinfarming(amachineforsowingcornseedinstraightlinesandatxedintervals;methodsofimproving
soil)helpedtomakefoodproductioneasierandmoreeffective.Farmers
now could grow animal food and it allowed keeping animals (and eat
freshmeat)allyearround.Butlifeofthelandlesspoorwashard.Insome
placesnancialhelpwasgiven to afamilyaccordingtothenumber of
children(“SpeenhamlandAct”).Thissystemwasdisastrousasitencouragedlargerfamiliesand as a resultthenumberofthepoorpeople was
increasing.Millionsofpeoplemovedtotownstondwork.
By the beginning of the century towns were dirty and were centres of diseases. During the century, people tried to make them
healthier. Soon British towns were so clean that they became the
wonder of Europe
Atrsttownssmelledbad;therewerenodrainsandtherubbishwas
leftinthestreets;thestreetsweremuddyandmarrow.Duringthecenturystreetswerebuiltwider,after1760citizenspaidspecialtaxesto
providestreetcleaningandlightening.
The Industrial Revolution changed everyday life and British position: Britain became the most advanced economy in the world
AcquiringofnewcoloniesallovertheworldletBritainincreasetrade.
IncreasedtradetogetherwithmanytechnicalinnovationsinmanufactureandtransportweremainfactorsoftheIndustrialRevolution.The
inventionofmachineryhelped toproducegoodsquicker andeasier,
but,fromtheotherside,itleftmanypeopleoutofwork.
A new religious movement, Methodism, met the needs of the growing industrial working class. John Wesley, its leader, avoided politics and taught people to be hardworking and honest.
Asaresult,peopleacceptedmanyinjusticesofthetimeswithoutcomplaint.TheMethodistsprobablysavedBritainfromrevolutionlikethe
oneinFrance.
39
1.Theeighteenthcenturywaspolitically…
a)stable
b)unstable
2.Britainbecame…
a)themostadvancedeconomyintheworld
b)theworld’sreligiousleader
c)theweakestEuropeancountry
3.WhatpartsdidtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainincludeafter1707?
a)England
b)Wales
c)Scotland
d)Ireland
4.Whatrevolutiontookplaceintheeighteenthcentury?
a)GloriousRevolution
b)IndustrialRevolution
c)thesamerevolutionashappenedinFrance
5.Britainwenttowarwith…threetimesduringthecentury.
a)Spain
b)France
c)USA
6.Intheeighteenthcentury,theroleofpublicopinion…
a)increased
b)decreased
c)didn’tchange
7.Bytheendofthecentury,Britishtowns…
a)weredirty
b)became“thewonderofEurope”
c)becamemuchdirtierthanbefore
40
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]