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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение высшего образования
«Оренбургский государственный университет»
А.С. Фомиченко
ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS
Рекомендовано ученым советом федерального государственного бюджетного
образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Оренбургский
государственный университет» в качестве учебного пособия для студентов,
обучающихся по программам высшего образования по направлению подготовки
13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника
Оренбург
2016
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ISBN 978-5-7410-1526-1
© Фомиченко А.С., 2016
© ОГУ, 2016
ББК 81.432.1я73
Ф76
Рецензент – доцент кафедры АФМПАЯ, кандидат филологических наук О.А.
Хрущева
Фомиченко, А.С.
Ф76 English Grammar for Electrical Engineers: учебное пособие /
А.С. Фомиченко; Оренбургский гос. ун-т. – Оренбург: ОГУ, 2016. – 109 с.
ISBN 978-5-7410-1526-1
Учебное пособие состоит из восьми грамматических тем и семи
приложений. В материал пособия входят контрольно-тренировочные
упражнения направленные на систематизацию, повторение, закрепление и
совершенствование основных грамматических явлений английского языка.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов первого и второго курсов
по направлению подготовки 13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника.
ББК 81.432.1я73
УДК 811.111(075.8)
2
Content
1 General classification of the parts of speech……………………………………
6
2 The sentence……………………………………………………………………
7
2.1 Types of sentences…………………………………………………………...
7
2.2 Word order…………………………………………………………………...
8
3 The verb………………………………………………………………………
11
3.1 To be, to have, there + to be………………………………………………….
11
3.2 The simple tenses…………………………………………………………….
14
3.2.1 The present simple active………………………………………………..
14
3.2.2 The past simple active……………………………………………………...
16
3.2.2.1 The regular and irregular verbs…………………………………………..
17
3.2.3 The future simple active……………………………………………………
21
3.3 The continuous tenses………………………………………………………
23
3.3.1 The present continuous active……………………………………………...
23
3.3.2 The past continuous active…………………………………………………
25
3.3.3 The future continuous active……………………………………………….
27
3.4 The perfect tenses……………………………………………………………
28
3.4.1 The present perfect active………………………………………………….
28
3.4.2 The past perfect active……………………………………………………..
30
3.4.3 The future perfect active…………………………………………………
32
3.5 The perfect continuous tenses………………………………………………..
33
3.5.1 The present perfect continuous tense………………………………………
33
3.5.2 The past perfect continuous tense………………………………………….
35
3.5.3 The future perfect continuous tense………………………………………..
37
3.6 Means of expressing a future action in English……………………………...
39
3.7 The reported speech………………………………………………………….
40
3.8 The non-finite forms of the verb……………………………………………..
46
3.8.1 The participle. The absolute participial constructions……………………..
46
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 5
3
3.8.2 The gerund…………………………………………………………………
50
3.8.3 The Infinitive. Infinitive constructions…………………………………….
52
3.9 The conditional sentences……………………………………………………
55
3.10 The subjunctive mood………………………………………………………
58
3.11 To be/get used to……………………………………………………………
62
3.12 Modal verbs and their equivalents………………………………………….
63
3.13 The passive voice…………………………………………………………...
68
4 The pronoun…………………………………………………………………….
72
4.1 The Indefinite pronouns and their derivatives……………………………….
72
5 The numeral…………………………………………………………………….
75
5.1 The cardinal numerals………………………………………………………..
75
5.2 The ordinal numerals…………………………………………………………
77
6 The adjective…………………………………………………………………...
79
6.1 The degrees of comparison of adjectives…………………………………….
79
7 The structural parts of speech………………………………………………….
82
7.1 The conjunctions and prepositions…………………………………………...
82
8 Syntax……………………………………………………………………
86
8.1 The emphatic construction “It is (was) who (that) ”……………….……..
86
8.2 The ways of expressing the subject…………………………………………..
87
8.3 Types of the predicate………………………………………………………..
88
8.4 The ways of expressing the object…………………………………………...
91
8.5 The ways of expressing the adverbial modifier……………………………
92
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….....
Appendix A……………………………………………………………………….
Appendix B………………………………………………………………………
Appendix C……………………………………………………………………….
Appendix D……………………………………………………………………….
Appendix E………………………………………………………………………..
Appendix F………………………………………………………………………..
Appendix G …………………………………………………………………….
95
98
99
102
105
106
108
109
4
Introduction
Данное учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка предназначено для
студентов электроэнергетического факультета I, II курсов, изучающих дисциплину
«Иностранный язык» (английский). Цель учебного пособия состоит в формировании
грамматических навыков у студентов и их развитии в профессиональноориентированной среде.
В данном пособии представлены теоретический грамматический материал и
упражнения, в которых систематизируются, повторяются и закрепляются основные
грамматические явления английского языка. Содержание изложенного
грамматического материала соответствует требованиям рабочей программы и
предназначено для обеспечения аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентовбакалавров по направлению подготовки 13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и
электротехника.
Учебное пособие состоит из восьми тем, контрольно-тренировочных
упражнений и семи приложений с таблицами. Темы данного пособия направлены на
ознакомление с основными разделами грамматики английского языка. После
каждой темы следуют упражнения с целью проверки понимания и осмысления
содержания темы, активизации мыслительной деятельности учащихся, а также
отработки ранее изученного материала. Упражнения включают сложные по
структуре и профессиональному лексическому наполнению предложения, взятые из
аутентичных источников, что позволяет расширить активный словарный запас
студентов в области их профессиональной деятельности и способствует развитию
навыков чтения и перевода технической литературы.
5
1 General classification of the parts of speech
According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions,
words fall under certain classes called parts of speech. We distinguish between notional
and structural parts of speech. The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in
the sentence: the functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object, or adverbial modifier.
The notional parts of speech are:
(1) the noun;
(2) the adjective;
(3) the pronoun;
(4) the numeral;
(5) the verb;
(6) the adverb;
(7) the words of the category of state;
(8) the modal words;
(9) the interjection.
The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or
emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent
function in the sentence. Here belong:
(1) the preposition;
(2) the conjunction;
(3) the particle;
(4) the article.
NB: Remember that the infinitive, the participle and the gerund are non-finite
forms of the verb.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Define the parts of speech in the following sentences.
1. The part of an atom that gives an element its identity is the nucleus. 2. Whenever
there is movement of charge carriers in a substance, there is an electric current. 3. A light
bulb is deliberately designed so that the resistance causes visible light to be generated. 4.
6
Many coulombs of charge are displaced in a single bolt of lightning. 5. If two sine waves
have the same amplitudes and are in phase opposition, they cancel each other out. 6.
Wireless equipment having outdoor antennas should not be used during thundershowers,
or when lightning is anywhere in the vicinity.7. Electric current flows at high speed
through any conductor, resistor, or semiconductor. 8. The extent of heating is proportional
to the amount of current being carried by the wire. 9. Electrons in a conductor do not move
in a steady stream, like molecules of water through a garden hose. 10. When a conductor
moves in a magnetic field, electric current flows in that conductor.
2 The sentence
2.1 Types of sentences
A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of
the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is
not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing
the speaker’s attitude to it.
According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish four kinds of sentences.
1. The declarative sentence. A declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or
negative form: e.g.: Tower and antenna climbing is a job for professionals. It should not be
possible for power lines to fall or blow down on an antenna.
2. The interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a question. There are
four kinds of questions:
(a) General questions require the answer yes or no: e.g.: Are transformers rated
according to output voltage and current?
(b) Special questions begin with an interrogative word: e.g.: What does electric
current produce?
(c) Alternative questions indicate choice: e.g.: Can a crystal set be used to transmit
radio signals or to rectify 60-Hz ac?
7
(d) Disjunctive questions (tag-questions) require the answer yes or no and consist of
Subject group
Verb
Object(s)
The circuit
consists of
a voltage source, a
resistor and a conductor.
A voltage source
supplies
current.
A resistor
reduces
current.
an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed
by an affirmative question: e.g.: A diode detector is used in power supplies, isn’t it?
3. The imperative sentence. An imperative sentence serves to express a command, a
request, an invitation, etc.: e.g.: Suppose the two input signal frequencies to a mixer circuit
are 3.522 MHz and 3.977 MHz.
4. The exclamatory sentence. An exclamatory sentence expresses some kind of
emotion or feeling: e.g.: What high voltage!
According to the structure sentences are divided into simple (with one subject and
one predicate) and compound and complex sentences (with two or more subjects and
predicates).
In a sentence we distinguish the principal parts and secondary parts. The principal
parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute,
the object and the adverbial modifier (of time, of frequency, of place and direction, of
manner, of attendant circumstances, of degree and measure, of cause, of result, of
condition, comparison, of concession, of purpose).
2.2 Word order
English word order is strict and usually direct. It follows SVO pattern:
8
Or a more advanced pattern:
Subject
group
Verb
Indirect
object(s)
Direct
object
Adverbial
modifier of
place
Adverbial
modifier of
time
The master
gave
us
the remote
control unit
-
after
checking it.
The keys
are
connected
by a matrix
of wires
-
in the
remote
control unit.
-
To form a question you must place part of the predicate, i.e. the auxiliary or modal
verb before the subject of the sentence: e.g.: Does the circuit consist of a voltage source, a
resistor and a conductor? Can you create a changing magnetic field?
If the predicate is expressed by the verbs to be or to have (with the meaning of
possession) used in a simple tense form, place the verb before the subject: e.g.: Are the
keys connected by a matrix of wires? Have you got a metal detector?
When the question is asked to the subject group, the order of words is that of a
statement, i.e. no inversion is used: e.g.: Who can detect a voltage created in a buried
object?
Exercises
Ex. 1. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
1. troubles, open, a, are, An, circuit, and, short, in, a.
2. in, A, a, results, circuit, trouble, in, it, no, in, current.
3. in, does, an, What, in, a, result, circuit, open?
4. short, does, circuit, a, in, a, in, What, result?
the.
5. from, trouble, What, a, in, result, a, circuit, does?
6. not, A, transformer, center-tapped, require, bridge, does, circuit, secondary,
7. not, from, Do, these, the, remove, circuit?
8. properly, sure, the, robots, Make, working, keep!
9
Ex. 2. Ask different kinds of questions to the following sentences.
1. A conductor connects the elements of the circuit.
2. The resistors are connected in series.
3. A parallel circuit has the main line and parallel branches.
4. A parallel circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage.
5. A series circuit is used in order to have the same value of current.
6. The ohmmeter consists of a millimeter calibrated to read in ohms, a battery
and resistors.
7. The readings on the scale show the measured value.
8. The ammeter is used to measure the value of current.
9. When the ammeter is used the circuit should be opened at one point and the
terminals of the meter should be connected to it.
10. The oldest and most universal source of magnetism is the geomagnetic field
surrounding the earth, caused by alignment of iron atoms in the core of the planet.
11. If the resistance is doubled, the current is cut in half.
12. Power can be manifested in many forms, such as mechanical motion, radio
waves, visible light, or noise.
13. The most common device for demonstrating electrostatic forces is the
electroscope.
14. The hot-wire meter can measure ac as well as dc, because the current-heating
phenomenon does not depend on the direction of current flow.
15. A radio transmitting amplifier is biased differently than an oscillator or a low-
level receiving amplifier.
16. A resistor can keep the transistor from using up a lot of power just getting hot.
17. The chemicals and the metal have an inherent ability to produce a constant
exchange of charge carriers.
18. Some electrical cells, once their chemical energy has all been changed to
electricity and used up, must be thrown away.
19. Shelf life is the length of time the battery will last if it is never used; this can be
years.
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