Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
.pdf
the order came/the command was given that smb. should do smth.
3) Surprise, doubt, disbelief, incredulity:
it’s possible…
it’s strange…
it’s curious…
isn’t it surprising…that smb. should do
it’s impossible…(should have done) smth.
it’s unbelievable…
it’s doubtful…
it’s unnatural…
it’s incredible…
4) Approval
it’s nice…
it’s very good…
how good, how nice…that smb. should do
it’s delightful…(should have done) smth.
it’s wonderful…
5) Disapproval
it’s bad…
it’s disgusting…that smb. should do
it’s shameful…(should have done) smth.
it’s horrible…
6) Fear
smb fears
smb worries…that smb. may do smth.
smb is afraid…that smb. should do smth.
61
3.11 To be/get used to
We use ‘to be used to doing’ to say that something is normal, not unusual.
We use ‘to get used to doing’ to talk about the process of something becoming normal for
us, e.g.: We are used to defining the cooling or heating capacity of air-conditioning
equipment with this energy unit. We are getting used to working in such conditions.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions about yourself using the expressions ‘to
be/get used to’.
1) Have you got used to studying at this university yet?
2) Are you used to getting up early every day?
3) Are you used to studying a lot of English technical terms?
4) How long did it take you to get used to studying here?
5) Are you used to using different laboratory equipment?
6) What are you getting used to now?
7) How long have you been getting used to studying at the university?
8) What were you getting used to at that time two years ago?
9) What will you have to get used to when you start working?
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences from English into Russian paying attention to
different ideas expressed by “used”.
1. We are used to buying high-quality components for our work.2. A variation of the
hot-wire principle can be used to advantage by placing two different metals into contact
with each other. 3. We got used to having these types of transistors. 4. The measurement
of energy used by your home is an application to which digital metering is well suited. 5.
They are used to determining whether or not an amplifier is being overdriven. 6. This type
of metering scheme, called the D’Arsonval movement, has been around since the earliest
days of electricity, but it is still used in some metering devices today. 7. The volt-ohmmilliammeter (VOM) is the most often used. 8. We are used to measuring its quality every
62
now and then. 9. Its speed depends on the power being used at any given time. 10. This
type of generator is typically used with coal-fired steam turbine generators because the
steam turbine rotates at a high rate of speed. 11. Fuses used in North America typically
comply with Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and/or Canadian Standards Association
(CSA) standard 248-14 for low-voltage fuses (under 600V), while those used in Europe
comply with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard 60127-2.
3.12 Modal verbs and their equivalents
Modal verbs (can, could, must, have to, should, ought to, may, might, will, would,
shall) are modal auxiliary verbs that express ability, necessity, obligation, duty, request,
permission, advice, desire, probability, possibility, etc. Modal verbs express the speaker’s
attitude to the action indicated by the main verb.
Modal verbs are sometimes called defective verbs, because they do not have all the
functions of main verbs. They can’t be used without a main verb, can’t form gerunds or
participles, and do not have any endings to show person, number, or tense.
Modal verbs form questions without the help of the other auxiliary verbs, e.g.: Can
you do it? May I take it? Should I go there?
NB: “Have to” is not a modal verb because 1) it has an infinitive form (to have [to]),
and 2) it conjugates in the third person singular (“He has to do it”). So we need the
auxiliary do for questions, negative sentences and short answers. But “have to” is often
taught as “modal verbs” because its meaning is connected to obligations and necessities,
like other modal verbs.
Modalities expressed by modal verbs and their substitutes.
Can: 1) ability (in affirmative and negative statements and questions): I can make a
project. Can he take part in this work? 2) Informal request (affirmative questions): Can
you answer my questions, please? 3) Informal permission (affirmative and negative
63
statements and affirmative questions): Can I leave now? Can I use your plans, please? Yes,
you can. No, you can’t. 4. Impossibility (negative statements) : This can’t be true!
Could: 1) ability in the past (affirmative and negative statements and questions):
She couldn’t count when she was a year. 2) Polite request/permission (affirmative
questions): Could I use your telephone, please? 3) Possibility (affirmative statements and
questions): I’m not sure, but he could be at the workshop now. 4) Suggestion (affirmative
statements): You could ask me for help. You could have asked me for help yesterday. 5)
Impossibility (negative statements): It can’t be true. The story couldn’t have been true.
Be able to: 1) ability (affirmative and negative statements and questions; substitute
for ‘can’ in cases of ability or skill in the future): He is able to do it himself. 2) Ability in
the past, with realized action (substitute for ‘could’): He was able to draw the scheme
himself.
Must: 1) strong necessity/obligation (affirmative statements): I must finish the
project today. 2) Prohibition (negative statements): You must not leave the office at lunch.
3) Strong probability (affirmative and negative statements, present and past): His bag is on
the table. He must be here. His bag was on the table. He must have been there.
Have to: 1) necessity (affirmative statements and questions): I have to finish the
project today. 2) Absence of necessity (negative statements): You don’t have to finish the
project today.
Need: 1) necessity (affirmative statements and questions): I need to check
everything before it starts working. 2) Absence of necessity (negative statements): You
don’t need to finish the project today. 3) Waste of time and effort (negative statements):
You needn’t have hurried to finish the project.
Be to: 1) strong expectation/obligation (affirmative and negative statements): You
are to be there at nine sharp. 2) A planned action not performed in the past (negative
statements): He was to have arrived at 6.
Should: 1) advice (affirmative and negative statements and questions): You
shouldn’t argue with your boss. 2) Strong expectation/strong probability (affirmative and
negative statements, future and past): This scheme should be productive.
64
Ought to: 1) advice (usually affirmative statements): You ought to correct the
scheme. You ought to have corrected the scheme. 2) Strong expectation/strong probability
(usually affirmative statements, future and past): This project ought to be interesting.
May: 1) polite request (affirmative questions): May I use your computer, please? 2)
Formal permission (affirmative and negative statements and affirmative questions): You
may work in the laboratory only three days. 3) Possibility (affirmative and negative
statements): I’m not sure, but he may be at the laboratory now. He may not have talked
with the engineer yet.
Might: 1) possibility (affirmative and negative statements): I’m not sure, but he
might be at the laboratory now. He might not have talked with the engineer yet.
Shall: suggestion and asking for consent or directive (affirmative questions): Shall I
stop it?
Will: 1) willingness (affirmative and negative statements and questions): We are
failing the project. – I’ll take care of it. He won’t tell me about his plans. This machine
won’t start. 2) Polite request (affirmative questions): Will you please pass this information
further on to our partners? 3) Polite offer (negative questions): Won’t you sit down?
Would: 1) polite request (affirmative questions): Would you please pass this
information further on to our partners? Would you mind opening the window? 2)
Preference and desire (affirmative and negative statements): I’d rather not talk about it. 3)
Polite offer (affirmative questions): Would you like to continue the project? 4) Repeated
action in the past (affirmative statements): When I worked at that factory, we would use
only that type of resistors.
65
Exercises
Ex. 1. Define the type of modality expressed by modal verbs in the following
sentences.
1. In science, you can talk about qualitative things or quantitative things. 2. Oxygen
will cause metal to corrode, but nitrogen will not. 3. All that can be done is to say that an
electron will just as likely be inside a certain sphere as outside. 4. Some cells and batteries,
such as lead-acid car batteries, can be recharged by driving current through them, and
others, such as most flashlight and transistor-radio batteries, cannot. 5. The full-scale
deflection of a meter assembly cannot easily be changed. 6. Contemporary diodes can do
almost everything that the old ones could, and also some things that people in the tube era
could only dream about. 7. The reason for providing negative feedback in an op amp
circuit is the fact that without it, the gain may be too great. 8. You might sometimes hear
of ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI). 9. The charge must be replenished frequently, or it
will be lost through discharge. 10. Eventually, your microprocessor will no longer be able
to run contemporary software at reasonable speed, no matter how much memory you have.
11. Sometimes you need use the power equation to find currents or voltages. 12. Then you
should use I = P/E to find current, or E = P/I to find voltage. 13. There are infinitely many
different combinations of resistances that will work here! 14. Kirchhoff reasoned that dc
ought to behave something like water in a network of pipes, and that the current going into
any point ought to be the same as the current going out of that point. This, Kirchhoff
thought, must be true for any point in a circuit, no matter how many branches lead into or
out of the point. 15. In this case the matrix does not have to be symmetrical.16. This is
crucial if batteries are to be used for operation.
Ex. 2. Fill in can, can’t, must, mustn’t, needn’t, should or have to. Translate the
sentences into Russian.
1. And the electrician …. do his or her part to make sure there are no technological
glitches. 2. Fortunately, we ….. count electrons or measure the strength of magnetic fields
in order to measure current in the real world. 3. Everything in the system …. be oversized
to deliver the same amount of power - the generator, power distribution cables,
66
transmission towers, switches, transformers, breakers, and connectors all …. be oversized
to handle the increase in current. 4. Once the nature of the atom is understood, then we …..
begin to understand the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, which is the
fundamental relationship known as Ohm’s law. 5. The formulas for these calculations …..
take into account the phase angle or power factor. 6. So, while they’re good at
conventional phase-control - switching on during the voltage cycle - they …..be used for
reverse phase-control dimming - switching the voltage off during the voltage cycle. 7. Just
as with forward phase-control dimming, the two half cycles ….. mirror each other or a DC
offset will be produced, possibly damaging circuit components. 8. Make no mistake about
it: electricity ….. kill. 9. According to the standard, it …. trip at 6 milliamps of leakage
current and ….. trip below 4 milliamps of leakage current. 10. Each and every circuit …..
be properly grounded and have a safety grounding wire bonded between conductive
metallic enclosures and a grounding rod to ensure the safety of the system. 11. Feeder
cable …..be sized according to the “maximum load that the switchboard is intended to
control in a given situation,” meaning that a dimmer rack, breaker panel, or portable power
distribution unit ….. be fed to its full nameplate capacity if it is not fully loaded. 12. When
switchgear malfunctions or another problem causes a dead short it …… create a huge ball
of fire with intense heat that engulfs the immediate surroundings and then dissipates in a
fraction of a second. 13. The spare capacity of the load curve …… determine the size of
units. 14. If we have a run of 300 feet, then we ….. pay attention to the voltage drop
caused by the resistance of the length of wire. 15. It uses this type of switching device
because a triac or SCR ….. only turn on during the voltage cycle but …… turn off until
the voltage is at zero.
Ex. 3. Translate from Russian into English using different modal verbs and
their substitutes.
1. Малейшее изменение в атоме может вызвать громадные изменения в его
поведении. 2. Вы можете жить, вдыхая чистый кислород, но вы не сможете выжить
в чистом азоте. 3. Дерево быстро сгорит в атмосфере из чистого кислорода, но даже
не воспламенится в чистом азоте. 4. Электроны могут довольно свободно
67
переходить от одного атома к другому в некоторых материалах. 5. Напряжение не
может взяться ниоткуда! 6. Высокого напряжения можно достичь, соединив
последовательно гигантские панели солнечных батарей. 7. В математическом и
философском курсах, которые включают в себя логику, вы можете увидеть другие
символы для обозначения сцепления и дизъюнкции. 8. Усилитель может включать в
себя полную интегральную схему. 9. Инженеры по акустике должны это учитывать
при разработке звуковых систем и концертных залов. 10. Робот, который работает
при ярком солнечном свете, не нуждается в умении хорошо видеть в темной пещере.
11. Для этого курса вам не нужны математические либо другие научные знания. 12.
Сердечник должен быть железный или из другого какого-либо материала, который
легко магнитится. 13. В одном из своих ранних научно-фантастических рассказов
известный писатель Айзек Азимов впервые упомянул слово «робототехника», а
также сформулировал три фундаментальных правила, которым, по его мнению,
должны следовать все роботы. 14. Это гарантирует, например, то, что усилитель или
осциллятор будет функционировать самым возможно эффективным, надежным
способом. 15. Важно помнить, что все единицы измерения должны быть приведены
в соответствие при подсчетах.
3.13 The passive voice
Generally, you need the passive voice in the following cases: 1) when it is not
known or not necessary to mention who performs the action (e.g.: The output is taken
from the emitter or source, not from the collector or drain); 2) when it is necessary to draw
more attention to the receiver of the action (e.g.: In recent years, country abbreviations
have been increasingly used at the ends of Internet addresses, such as “us” for United
States, “de” for Germany, “uk” for United Kingdom, and “jp” for Japan.).
A phrase with the preposition “by” is used if it is necessary to show by whom the
action is performed. If there are two objects in the active construction, i.e., direct object
and indirect object, either of them can become the subject of the passive construction,
68
though passive constructions in which the indirect object has become the subject are
Present simple
am/is/are + V
3
This is called chat.
Past simple
was/were + V3
Later, this view was
modified further.
Future simple
will be + V3
But if you put a 100-watt
bulb at the outlet, the
charge difference will be
maintained as the current
flows.
Present continuous
am/is/are being + V3
It doesn’t come to a stop
during those instants
when the current is being
switched in polarity.
Past continuous
was/were being + V3
An oscilloscope could be
used to determine whether
or not an amplifier was
being overdriven.
Present perfect
have/has been + V3
The computer can control
the antennas for the
station, and can keep a log
of all stations that have
been contacted.
Past perfect
had been + V3
These filter capacitors
considered to be more common.
Tenses in the passive voice
The passive construction has the same meaning of the tense as the active
construction, and the same adverbs of time are used with the tenses in the active and in the
passive. As a rule, the present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future perfect
continuous, and future continuous are not used in the passive.
69
held the full output
voltage of the supply,
even after the supply had
been turned off.
Future perfect
will have been + V3
All the chemical energy in
the acid will have been
turned into electrical
energy as current in the
wire and galvanometer.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the
passive voice constructions.
1. Some electrical cells, once their chemical energy has all been changed to
electricity and used up, must be thrown away. 2. But if you take care of them, these
rechargeable cells can be used hundreds of times and will pay for themselves several times
over if you use a lot of batteries in everyday life. 3. The battery in your car is made from
secondary cells connected in series. 4. The device is set up in a container. 5. More often,
though, it is given in ampere-hours (Ah). 6. However, in recent years, audio tuning has
been largely taken over by active components, particularly integrated circuits. 7. Some
types of cells and batteries approach this level of perfection, which is represented by a flat
discharge curve. 8. The presence of the geomagnetic field was first noticed in ancient
times. 9. If the load impedance is much different from the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line, excessive power is wasted in heating up the transmission line. 10.
Larger data units are being used as memory and storage media continue to grow. 11.
Direct-current high-tension transmission lines are being considered for future use. 12. All
inductances must be expressed in the same size units. 13. Before very much was known
about electricity, current flow was defined to correspond to the flow of positive charges.
14. Over the years, measures have been developed and refined for the proper use and
construction of these systems. 15. Therefore, all the advantages of AC power distribution
70
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]