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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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селе, остальные три – в Госпиче. Увлекшись электротехникой, Никола Тесла
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I will increase the current
capacity.
I will not (won’t)
increase the current
capacity.
Will you increase the
current capacity?
An electric cell will
consist of an electrolyte
and two electrodes.
An electric cell will not
(won’t) consist of an
electrolyte and two
electrodes.
Will an electric cell
consist of an electrolyte
and two electrodes?
посвятил несколько лет изучению тока во время учебы в Грацком техническом
училище. Затем стал учиться в Пражском университете. После первого же семестра
начал работать. Сначала Тесла служил в телеграфной компании, затем в
Континентальной компании Эдисона. Все это время Никола Тесла стремился
создать электродвигатель переменного тока.
После переезда в США Тесла стал работать у Томаса Эдисона. Но выполнив
свою работу по улучшению электрической машины Эдисона, Никола не получил
обещанных денег и уволился. Затем он основал с помощью друзей свою компанию
вместе с лабораторией в Нью-Йорке.
В начале 20 века Тесла получил несколько патентов, создав частотомер,
электрический счетчик и много других изобретений. 1915 год принес в биографию
физика Никола Тесла номинацию на Нобелевскую премию.
От сломанных рёбер после попадания под машину, Никола заболел
воспалением легких, умер 7 января 1943 года.
3.2.3 The future simple active
The future simple refers to the time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty.
In modern English will is preferred to shall. The future simple is used: 1) to predict a
future event; 2) to express a spontaneous decision (with I or we); 3) to express willingness;
4) in the negative form, to express unwillingness.
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Exercises
Ex. 1.Put the verbs in brackets either in the present or future simple form.
1. Insulators must also be selected according to the maximum temperature
they… (to encounter). 2. It …. (to consist) of a stretched or coiled filament of tungsten
metal sealed inside a bulb filled with a gas that…. (not to react) with the tungsten or the
bulb. 3. Use the lowest possible transmitter output power that … (to ensure) reliable
communications. 4. A geostationary orbit … (to require) constant adjustment, because a
tiny change in altitude … (to cause) the satellite to get out of sync with the earth’s rotation.
5. Many companies and individuals … (to refuse) to transfer money by electronic means
because they fear criminals… (to gain access) to an account. 6. Someday we … (to
commonly use) the terms petabyte (PB or P), which … (to refer) to 250 bytes or 1,048,576
GB, and exabyte (EB or E), which … (to refer) to 260 bytes or 1,048,576 TB.
Ex. 2. Translate into English using the future simple and other necessary
tenses.
1. Такие источники света являются немодулированными и не приведут в
действие датчик, разработанный для ответа только на модулированный свет.
2.Таким образом, звуковые волны, отраженные от этих поверхностей, не дойдут до
ушей слушателя в той же самой фазе. 3. Никакой усилитель не может улучшить звук
больше, чем позволят динамики. 4. Это будет гарантией того, что искажение звука
динамиком не случится во время сильных низкочастотных шумов. 5. Это
предотвратит физическое повреждение динамиков. 6. Результатом будет ухудшение
эффективности системы и низкой эффективности ее работы. 7. Соединение обоих
этих элементов заставит сигнал микрофона быть приглушенным сигналом от
тюнера. 8. Некоторые шаги могут быть предприняты при установке
высококачественной системы стерео, чтобы минимизировать вероятность
электромагнитной интерференции. 9. Ученые еще сделают большой вклад в
развитие науки. 10. Научные исследования будут зависеть от решения трудных
математических задач. 11. Электрические машины приводят в действие многие
электрические приборы. 12. Кроме того, мы применяем электричество в автоматике
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и научных исследованиях. 13. Изучение давления - очень важно. 14.Единица
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I am increasing the
current capacity.
I am not increasing the
current capacity.
Am I/Are you increasing
the current capacity?
Current is (‘s) passing
through a resistor and its
temperature is (‘s) rising
high.
Current is not (isn’t)
passing through a resistor
and its temperature is not
(isn’t) rising high.
Is the temperature of the
resistor rising high?
измерения сопротивления – Ом. 15. Если в цепи обрыв, то ток протекать не будет.
3.3 The continuous tenses
3.3.1 The present continuous active
The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb to be
and participle I (-ing form) of a verb. We use this tense to talk about the present: 1) for
something that is happening at the moment of speaking; 2) for something which is
happening before and after a given time; 3) for something which we think is temporary; 4)
for something which is new and contrasts with a previous state; 5) to show that something
is changing, growing or developing; 6) for something which happens again and again. We
also use this tense to talk about the future for something which has been arranged or
planned.
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Exercises
Ex. 1. Rewrite the sentences putting the verbs into the present continuous tense
if possible.
1. Digital systems replace analog ones at the same time that fiber optics supersedes
copper cables. 2. This voltage decreases again to zero as the loop reaches “1/2 cycle”. 3.
From this action the motor derives its name.4. The current flows in the opposite direction
on this side. 5. In motors a load consists of mechanical work to do, such as driving
machinery or vehicles.6. The compound generator furnishes power for motors for running
machine tools, fans, elevators, streetcars, and paper mills and for ship propulsion.7. The
direction of movement depends upon the direction of the current. 8. The same current
passes through brushes and commutator.
Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets either in the present simple or the present
continuous form.
1. The watt … (to be) the rate at which electric energy … (to be supplied) when
a current of one ampere … (to pass) at a potential difference of one volt. 2. … the energy
industry (to decrease) its activity? 3. The energy industry … (to undergo) considerable
development. 4. Particles having opposite electric charge from the protons … (to
surround) the nucleus of an atom. 5. Compounds often, but not always … (to appear)
greatly different from any of the elements that … (to make) them up. 6. All matter,
whether solid, liquid, or gas … (to be made of) molecules. These particles … always (to
move). 7. Sometimes an insulating material … (to get charred), or … (to melt down), or
… (to get perforated) by a spark. 8. A changing magnetic field … (to create) a fluctuating
electric field, and a fluctuating electric field … (to produce) a changing magnetic field. 9.
When calculating energy values, you must always remember the units you … (to use). 10.
Now we… (to produce) heat by an electric current. 11. Russian people …. (to play) an
outstanding part in the development of world science. 12. These students….. (to work) in
the laboratory at the moment. 13. When circuits are indirect-inductively coupled energy is
transferred from one circuit to another using electromagnetic field of the inductance
through which a varying current….. (to flow). 14. When the device …. (to operate) d.c.
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…(to flow) in the same direction. 15. Any electrochemical cell or battery…… (to have) a
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I was/ You were
increasing the current
capacity when you came.
I was not (wasn’t)/ You
were not (weren’t)
increasing the current
capacity when you came.
Was I/Were you
increasing the current
capacity when he came?
Current was passing
through a resistor and its
temperature was rising
high while we were in the
laboratory.
Current was not (wasn’t)
passing through a resistor
and its temperature was
not (wasn’t) rising high
while we were in the
laboratory.
Was the temperature of
the resistor rising high?
certain amount of electrical energy that can be obtained from it.
Ex. 3. Make up your own sentences in the present continuous tense using the
following vocabulary.
1. The motor, to convert, energy, into, mechanical, energy. 2. Current, to flow,
through, the coil. 3. The armature, to rotate. 4. The motor’s, brushes, to spark. 5. The
speed, the motor, to slow down. 6. The workers, to repair, shorting, the mechanism. 7. A
transformer, substation, to transmit, and, to distribute, electric, power.
3.3.2 The past continuous active
The past continuous is formed from the past tense of be with the -ing form of the
verb. We use the past continuous to talk about the past: 1) for something which continued
before and after another action; 2) for something that happened before and after a
particular time; 3) to show that something continued for some time; 4) for something that
was happening again and again; 5) with verbs which show change or growth.
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Exercises
Ex. 1.Read the text about the life of Michael Faraday. Put the verbs in brackets
either in the past simple or the past continuous form.
Faraday … (to be) a British chemist and physicist who … (to contribute)
significantly to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
Michael Faraday … (to be born) on 22 September 1791 in south London. His family
… (to be) not well off and Faraday … (to receive) only a basic formal education. When he
was 14, he … (to study) at a local bookbinder and during the next seven years, … (to
educate) himself by reading books on a wide range of scientific subjects. In 1812 Faraday
… (to attend) lectures given by the chemist Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. In
1813Davy … (to appoint) him to the job of chemical assistant at the Royal Institution.
In 1815 Faraday … (to work) at the Royal Institution and … (to help) with
experiments for Davy and other scientists. In 1821 he … (to publish) his work on
electromagnetic rotation. He … (to carry out) little further research in the 1820s, busy as
he … (to be) with other projects. In 1826, he … (to found) the Royal Institution’s Friday
Evening Discourses. This was the time when he … (to establish) his reputation as the
outstanding scientific lecturer of his time.
In 1831, Faraday … (to discover) electromagnetic induction, the principle behind
the electric transformer and generator. During the remainder of the decade he … (to work)
on developing his ideas about electricity.
In the early 1840s, Faraday’s health … (to deteriorate) and he … (to do) less
research. He … (to die) on 25 August 1867 at Hampton Court. When he… (to originally
describe) a unit of electrical charge but later a unit of electrical capacitance, he … (to give)
his name to the ‘farad’.
Ex. 2. Translate the text about the life of George Ohm into English using the
verbs in necessary tenses.
Георг Ом родился 16 марта 1787 года, в Эрлангене. Его отец – Иоганн
Вольфганг Ом, был потомственным слесарем, много времени уделявшим вопросам
самообразования. В молодости он занимался по учебникам математики, посещал в
26
Берлине школу технического рисования. В 1785 мастер Иоганн Ом возвратился в
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I/We will (‘ll) be
I/We will not (won’t) be
Will you be discussing
свой родной город Эрланген и получил разрешение на открытие собственного дела.
Когда Георгу было всего 10 лет, его мать умерла. Когда дети были маленькие,
Иоганн Ом уделял их воспитанию огромное внимание. Чтобы обеспечить семью, он
ежедневно с утра до вечера занимался выполнением кузнечных и слесарных заказов,
а каждую свободную минуту он посвящал детям. Два его сына стали профессорами:
Георг – физиком, а Мартин – математиком. Даже на памятнике Ому в Мюнхене он
изображен возле отца, крупного мужчины в рабочем фартуке, который, обняв за
плечи восторженно внимающего ему сына, серьезно и нежно о чем-то рассказывает
мальчику.
Преподаватели университета охотно занимались с одаренными сыновьями
кузнеца. Один из них, профессор математики К. Е. Лангсдорф, проэкзаменовал
Георга по окончании гимназии: «В течение пятичасовой беседы я проверил его
знания по всем важнейшим разделам элементарной математики: арифметике,
геометрии, тригонометрии, статике и механике, а также выяснил его знания в
области высшей геометрии и математического анализа. На все мои вопросы я
получал быстрые и точные ответы. Почти убежден, что оба брата из этой семьи …
обогатят науку, если найдут соответствующие внимание и поддержку». А в 1805
Георг Ом сам стал студентом Эрлангенского университета.
3.3.3 The future continuous active
The future continuous is formed from the future tense of be with the -ing form of
the verb. We mainly use the future continuous to indicate that we will be in the middle of
doing something in a specified time in the future. There are also two other uses: guesses
about the present or the future and polite questions about somebody’s intention.
27
discussing this problem at
the next meeting.
discussing this problem at
the next meeting.
this problem at the next
meeting?
In some time spark will
(‘ll) be jumping between
the plates.
Spark will (won’t) be
jumping between the
plates.
Will spark be jumping
between the plates?
Exercises
Ex. 1. Solve the following problems and develop them into situations to be
discussed. Use the future continuous form.
1. What will you be doing if the temperature rises high? 2. What will you be doing if
there is no electricity? 3. What will you be doing if the frame is unearthed? 4. What will
you be doing if the screen voltage rises? 5. What will you be doing if the line is under the
tension? 6. What will you be doing if a lead-covered cable is used? 7. What will you be
doing if the continuity and earthing of the conduit have not been previously tested.
3.4 The perfect tenses
3.4.1 The present perfect active
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past
participle of a verb. We use the present perfect tense: 1) for something that started in the
past and continues in the present; 2) for something we have done several times in the past
and continue to do (we often use a clause with since to show when something started in
the past: e.g., since last week; since we installed the system; since it started; 3) when we
are talking about our experience up to the present (using the adverb ever to talk about
experience up to the present and never for the negative form); 4) for something that
happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking.
We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just; only just; recently; or adverbials which include the present: ever (in questions); so
28
far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives). We do not use the present
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I have (‘ve) already
recharged the batteries.
I have not (haven’t)
recharged the batteries yet.
Have you recharged the
batteries yet?
The voltage has (‘s)
already reached
intermediate values.
The voltage has not
(hasn’t) reached
intermediate values yet.
Has the voltage reached
intermediate values yet?
perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished: yesterday, last week,
when we were at the laboratory, etc.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Fill in the gaps with recently, yet, already, just or since.
1. They have …. determined the main properties of the substance. 2. I have known
this scientist ….. 1970. 3. They have …. applied new methods in their research. 4. Our
country hasn’t developed into a powerful state….. 5. The introduction of the new
equipment has ……increased production. 6. Overvoltages which we have …. described
rarely exceed three to five times the normal phase to neutral «peak» voltage of the system.
7. Computer technology has …..made household appliances smarter and feature richer. 8.
The light bulb has undergone various improvements …. Edison’s work.
Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present perfect
tense.
1. Gagarin’s flight (to mark) the beginning of space exploration and thus (to open) a
new epoch in human history. 2. Engineers (to make) an electric car of original
construction. 3. The workers (to improve) methods of their work and (to get) good results.
4. Women (to make) a great contribution to education and scientific progress. 5. Other
individuals (to use) computers to electronically embezzle funds and alter credit histories.
6. The direct study of the lunar surface (to begin) with Moon landing by automatic space
stations.
29
Ex. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or present perfect form.
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I had (‘d) recharged the
batteries before you came.
I had not (hadn’t)
recharged the batteries
before you came.
Had you recharged the
batteries before I came?
By that moment the
voltage had (‘d) reached
intermediate values.
By that moment the
voltage had not (hadn’t)
reached intermediate
values.
Had the voltage reached
intermediate values by
that moment?
1. In 1878 British scientist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (to invent) the modern light
bulb, which (to use) carbon filaments in evacuated glass bulbs. 2. The latest laser devices
(to find) application in medicine. 3. Electricity (to provide) mankind with the most
efficient source of energy. 4. In experimenting with magnetism, Faraday (to make) two
discoveries of great importance; one (to be) the existence of diamagnetism. 5. The
consumption of electricity (to double) every ten years. 6. Our scientists (to succeed) in
obtaining a new generation of solid-state lasers. 7. Engineers (to carry) out experimental
work long before they (to proceed) with the design. 8. He independently (to discover) the
same device a year later in his work on the development of the electrical infrastructure that
(to enable) incandescent lamps to be widely used as a lighting system.
3.4.2 The past perfect active
We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect tense. It is used in
the same way as the present perfect, but it refers to a time in the past, not the present. We
use the past perfect tense: 1) for something that started in the past and continued up to a
given time in the past; 2) for something we had done several times up to a point in the past
and continued to do after that point (using a clause with since to show when something
started in the past); 3) for something that happened in the past but is important at the time
of reporting.
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