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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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20. The force gets stronger as the magnets are brought near each other.
Subject pronouns
Full form
Contracted form
I
am
‘m
You
are
‘re
He/she/it
is
‘s
We
are
‘re
You
are
‘re
They
are
‘re
Am
I?
Are
you?
Is
he/she/it?
Are
we?
Are
you?
Are
they?
3 The verb
3.1 To be, to have, there + to be
The verb to be is the most important verb in the English language. It is difficult to
use because it is an irregular verb in almost all of its forms. In the simple present tense it
has the following forms:
Affirmative forms of the verb to be
Interrogative forms of the verb to be
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Negative forms of the verb to be
Subject pronouns
Full form
Contracted form
I
am not
‘m not
You
are not
aren’t
He/she/it
is not
isn’t
We
are not
aren’t
You
are not
aren’t
They
are not
aren’t
Positive statement
Negative statement
Question
Singular
I have (I’ve)
I have got (I’ve got)
I do not have (I don’t have)
I have not got (I haven’t got)
Do I have ...?
Have I got ...?
You have (You’ve)
You have got (You’ve
got)
You do not have (You don’t have)
You have not got (You haven’t
got)
Do you have ...?
Have you got ...?
He/she/it has (He/she/it’s)
He/she/it has got
(He/she/it’s got)
He/she/it does not have (He/she/it
doesn’t have)
He/she/it has not got (He/she/it
hasn’t got)
Does he/she/it have...?
Has he/she/it got ...?
Plural
We/you/they have
(We’ve/you’ve/they’ve)
We/you/they have got
(We’ve/you’ve/they’ve
got)
We/you/they do not have
(We/you/they don’t have)
We/you/they have not got
(We/you/they haven’t got)
Do we/you/they have
...?
Have we/you/they got
...?
The verb to have has the meaning ‘to possess’. Study its possible forms in the table:
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We use there is and there are to say that something exists. In positive sentences we
use there is for singular countable and uncountable nouns and there are for plural
countable nouns, e.g.: There is (there’s) one resistor in the circuit. There are some
resistors we can use. There is good material for this case. In negative forms we put not
after is or are, e.g.: There is not (there isn’t) a resistor in the circuit. There are not (aren’t)
any resistors we can use. There isn’t good material for this case. To form a question we
place is/are in front of there, e.g.: Is there one resistor in the circuit? (Yes, there is. / No,
there isn’t). Are there any resistors we can use? (Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.) Is there
any good material for this case?
Exercises
Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with the verbs to be or to have in the correct form.
1. A locomotive engineer ….. professional training in pure and applied
science. 2. No material … a perfect conductor of electricity. 3. Fiber optics ….. likewise
immune to interference; they also ….. tremendous carrying capacity, and …. extremely
light and inexpensive to manufacture. 4. Each resistor … a maximum temperature to
which it may be heated without a trouble. 5. Faraday also established the principle that
different dielectric substances …. different specific inductive capacities. 6. The
materials used as insulators, although they do conduct some electricity, …. a resistance
to the flow of electric current as much as 2.5 × 1024 greater than that of good electrical
conductors such as silver and copper. 7. Materials that … good conductors …. a large
number of free electrons available to carry the current. 8. Some resistors … a constant
value – these … fixed resistors, the value of other resistors may be varied – these are
variable resistors. 9. The tremendous forces produced by electromagnets …. of use in
industry.10. Some ac waves …. only one frequency.
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the construction
there is/are.
1. Существует два вида частоты: европейский стандарт и американский
стандарт. 2. На этом двигателе отсутствует напряжение. 3. Когда нет тока в цепи
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катушки реле, пружина возвращает якорь, и контакты размыкаются. 4. В
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I want to increase the
current capacity.
I do not (don’t) want to
increase the current
capacity.
Do you want to increase
the current capacity?
An electric cell consists
of an electrolyte and two
electrodes.
An electric cell does not
(doesn’t) consist of an
electrolyte and an
electrodes.
Does an electric cell
consist of an electrolyte
and two electrodes?
настоящее время используются разные виды предохранителей. 5. Есть ли в этой
программе какие-то ошибки, которые можно игнорировать? 6. Есть ли в вашей
лаборатории неисправные механизмы? 7. Проблемы с транспортировкой топлива
нет. 8. Сегодня существует много видов изоляционных материалов на ваш выбор.
9. Есть разные виды ядерных реакторов. 10. Есть два главных различия между
атомной электростанцией и парогенераторной электростанцией. 11. В дополнение
к инструментам для измерения тока и напряжения существуют также приборы для
измерения мощности. 12. Когда свет проходит через плотное вещество в менее
плотное вещество, образуется угол, который называется критическим. 13. Есть
также ток, протекающий через сопротивление. 14. Есть батарейки, которые
вырабатывают высокое напряжение. 15. Существует много видов батареек, и
постоянно разрабатываются новые.
3.2 The simple tenses
3.2.1 The present simple active
The present simple tense in English is used to describe: 1) repeated or regular
actions in the present time period; 2) facts; 3) habits; 4) things that are always/generally
true.
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Exercises
Ex. 1. Put the following sentences into interrogative and negative forms.
1. Tunnel diodes work well as amplifiers in microwave receivers. 2. Tunnel diodes
generate very little unwanted noise. 3. Some semiconductor diodes emit radiant energy. 4.
As the current rises, the brightness increases. 5. The LCD technology has advantages over
LED technology. 6. Some modern telephone systems make use of modulated light. 7. A
basic fiber-optic system consists of a transmitting device, an optical-fiber cable and a
receiver. 8. Fiber optics makes use of certain special conditions, under which all of the
light encountering the surface between two materials is reflected, to reduce loss. 9. A light
bulb converts electricity into radiant energy that you can see. 10. A changing magnetic
field creates a fluctuating electric field.
Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple form.
Electric Cells
An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It … (to consist) of an
electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they … (to connect) the
cell to the circuit – current … (to pass) through the terminals and the bulb lights. Cells can
be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel.
In case a cell … (to have) a trouble it … (to stop) operating or … (to operate) badly.
This cell should be substituted by another one.
Audio-Taper Potentiometer
In some applications, linear taper potentiometers … (not to work) well. The volume
control of a radio receiver or hi-fi audio amplifier … (to be) a good example. Humans …
(to perceive) sound intensity according to the logarithm of the actual sound power. If you
… (to use) a linear-taper potentiometer as the volume control for a radio or other sound
system, the sound volume will vary too slowly in some parts of the control range, and too
fast in other parts of the control range. To compensate for the way in which people … (to
perceive) sound level, an audio-taper potentiometer is used. In this device, the resistance
between the center and end terminal … (to increase) as a nonlinear function of the angular
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shaft position. The device is sometimes called a logarithmic-taper potentiometer or log-
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I wanted to increase the
current capacity.
I did not (didn’t) want to
increase the current
capacity.
Did you want to increase
the current capacity?
An electric cell consisted
of an electrolyte and two
electrodes.
An electric cell did not
(didn’t) consist of an
electrolyte and an
electrodes.
Did an electric cell
consist of an electrolyte
and two electrodes?
taper potentiometer because the nonlinear function … (to be) logarithmic. This precisely
… (to compensate) for the way the human ear-and-brain “machine” … (to respond) to
sounds of variable intensity.
Audio-taper potentiometers are manufactured so that as you … (to turn) the shaft,
the sound intensity … (to seem) to increase in a smooth, natural way. Figure 6-10 … (to
be) a graph of relative resistance versus relative angular shaft displacement for an audiotaper potentiometer.
3.2.2 The past simple active
The past simple tense is used to talk about: 1) something that happened once in the
past; 2) something that happened again and again in the past; 3) something that was true
for some time in the past. We often use phrases with ago with the past tense.
NB: questions to the subject group: Who wanted to increase the current capacity?
What consisted of an electrolyte and two electrodes?
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3.2.2.1 The regular and irregular verbs
V1 Base form
V2 Past simple
V3 Participle II
be
was, were
been
beat
beat
beaten
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
bite
bit
bitten
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
build
built
built
burn
burned or burnt
burned or burnt
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
cut
cut
cut
dig
dug
dug
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
All English verbs are divided into regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs follow
the rules above. Irregular verbs have special forms for the past simple tense (the second
column in the table) and for participle II (the third column in the table). Below you will
find the list of irregular verbs you need to know.
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dream
dreamed or dreamt
dreamed or dreamt
drive
drove
driven
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fly
flew
flown
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
got (sometimes gotten)
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
learn
learned or learnt
learned or learnt
leave
left
left
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lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
put
put
put
read
read
read
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
show
showed
showed or shown
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
speak
spoke
spoken
spend
spent
spent
stand
stood
stood
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
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tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
understand
understood
understood
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
win
won
won
write
wrote
written
Exercises
Ex. 1.Give the past forms of the following verbs.
Tear, apply, tell, move, pass, say, prevent, speak, operate, talk, find, substitute,
freeze, start, use, understand, think, see, teach, connect, win, rise, ring, spend, supply,
consist.
Ex. 2. Make up your own sentences in the past using the following vocabulary
(add articles and prepositions where necessary).
1) engineer, to increase, power frequency, machine, to eliminate, defects, mechanism.
2) electrician, to connect, relay, circuit, to implement, galvanic isolation.
3) to install, capacitor, circuit, rectified voltage, student, to get rid of, high-frequency
interference.
past simple tense.
Первый учебный год школы в биографии Николы Теслы был проведен в родном
4) to implement, soft start and braking, engineer, to set up, inverter.
5) engineer, to manage, to improve, work, machine, to change, control law,
proportional control mode, PID control mode.
Ex. 3.Translate a short biography of Nikola Tesla, a famous scientist, using the
Родился Никола Тесла в селе Смиляны в Австро-Венгрии в семье священника.
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