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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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were negated by the lack of its ability to provide locomotion, which was, at the time, one
of the major uses of electricity.
Ex. 2. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
1. Development of nuclear power plants for civil use began in the mid-1950s. 2. The
microprocessor calculates the time taken to travel between the units. 3. The temperature
measuring element senses the bath temperature T and transmits a signal Tm to the
controller. 4. We can find substations of the indoor and outdoor type, depending upon the
degree of protection from the weather. 5. Instead of a coal-burning furnace a nuclear
power station has a nuclear furnace, i.e. - nuclear fission produces heat in a reactor. 6.
Overvoltages which we have already described rarely exceed three to five times the
normal phase to neutral «peak» voltage of the system. 7. It identifies each vehicle by its
number plates using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. 8. Their second pass
produced a new type of device that would detect ground faults of as little as 500
milliamps. 9. If we took a series of sinewaves with different frequencies and amplitudes
and added them all together, we would get another waveform that is completely different
than a sinewave. 10. Atmospheric discharges such as static charges or lightning strokes
produce external overvoltages. 11. By 1968, the National Electrical Code required the use
of GFCIs in the circuits used for the underwater lighting of swimming pools. 12. The
technical advances of the 19th century greatly broadened the field of engineering and
introduced a large number of engineering specialties. 13. The reduced impedance also
increases the efficiency, decreases the operating temperature, and provides better power
quality. 14. These capacitors acquire an electric charge, and they store it for a while. 15. If
you are driving in a remote area and you get lost, you can use GPS to locate your position.
Ex. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive tense.
1. In turn, in a few minutes, the resistor … (to heat) and escape into the air and into
space. 2. The ratio of majority to minority carriers can vary, depending on the way in
which the semiconductor material … (to manufacture). 3. These … (to call) primary cells.
4. Secondary cells can … also (to find) in consumer stores. 5. Increasingly, metering
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devices … (to design) so that they provide a direct readout. 6. Shelf life is the length of
time the battery will last if it … never (to use); this can be years. 7. When mercury cell
sand batteries are dead, they must … (to discard). 8. When a full circle (360°) … (to
complete), the vector once again points east. 9. At those times this effect … (to put) to use
by early seafarers and land explorers. 10. Originally, ac frequency … (to specify) in cycles
per second (cps). 11. An oscilloscope can … (to use) to determine whether or not an
amplifier … (to overdrive). 12. The presence of RF fields in your house does not
necessarily mean you … (to bug). 13. Arc-welding (to accomplish) by utilizing the heat
which (to generate) by an electric arc to fuse the metals together. 14. The trip circuit (to
close) immediately or after a definite time interval BY protective relays. 15. In spot
welding the heavy current which (to apply) for a fraction of a second melts the metal at the
interface of the lapped pieces of the work, which results incomplete welding of the two
pieces under the contact area of the electrodes.
4 The pronoun
4.1 The indefinite pronouns and their derivatives
Pronouns ‘some’ and ‘any’ denote the indefinite quantity of objects, substance,
material, etc. Some is used in affirmative sentences mostly, ‘any’ is used in negative and
interrogative sentences.
Combined with ‘one’, ‘body’ and ‘thing’, ‘some’ and ‘any’ form indefinite
pronouns ‘someone’, ‘somebody’ (with the meaning ‘some person’), ‘anyone, anybody’
(with the meaning ‘some person’ in interrogative and negative sentences), ‘something’
(with the meaning ‘some object’), ‘anything’ (with the meaning ‘some object’ in
interrogative and negative sentences). These pronouns are used instead of nouns and
usually perform functions of the subject or object in the sentence. They may also be used
in the possessive case: somebody’s device, someone’s invention. The verb after these
indefinite pronouns is used in the singular form.
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In special or general questions expressing request or offer ‘someone’, ‘somebody’
and ‘something’ are used (not ‘anyone’, ‘anybody’ or ‘anything’).‘Anyone’, ‘anybody’,
‘anything’ may be used with the meaning of ‘every’ or ‘at least one’, e.g.: Anybody can
do that. You may do anything you like.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Choose the correct indefinite pronoun.
1. In real-world circuits, there is almost always … (some; something) mutual
inductance between or among solenoidal coils. 2. … (anybody; some) substances have
dielectric constants that multiply the effective capacitance many times. 3. … (Any;
anything) length of wire has some inductance. 4. If … (anybody; anything) in the room
changes position, there is a change in the intensity of the received energy. 5. There are
numerous dwell frequencies, so the signal energy is diluted to the extent that, if …
(someone, anyone) tunes to any particular frequency in the sequence, the signal is not
noticeable. 6. If the transmitting and receiving operator do not divulge the function to …
(something, anyone), and if they do not tell … (anyone, any) about the existence of their
contact, then no one else on the band will know the contact is taking place. 7. The unit
looks … (anything, something) like a photocopier. 8. But in … (some, anything)
situations, stray inductance can cause serious equipment malfunctions. 9. With capacitors,
there is rarely … (some, any) mutual interaction. 10. If two or more capacitors are
connected in parallel, and one of the capacitances is far larger than … (anything, any) of
the others, the total capacitance can be taken as approximately the value of the biggest
one. 11. This is because … (some, any) coil has … (some, any) resistance; no wire is a
perfect conductor. 12. … (Someone, anything) has to make sure the robots keep working
properly! 13. It looks … (anything, something) like a miniature vacuum-cleaner head, or
one of the bar-code readers in retail stores. 14. In the record mode, the tape moves past the
erase head before … (anything, anybody) is recorded on it. 15. This makes it possible for
the user of the portable unit to place calls to, or receive calls from, …..(anyone, someone)
else in the system, whether those other subscribers have cell phones or regular phones.
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Ex. 2. Insert the correct indefinite pronoun.
1. When you want to pick … up, you go through the normal motions with your own
hands. 2. Sometimes, mutual inductance has no detrimental effect, but in … situations it is
not wanted. 3. If … knows the frequencies at which a cordless handset and base unit
operate, and if that person is determined to eavesdrop on conversations that take place
using that system, it is possible to place a wireless tap on the line. 4. … can use ham radio,
provided they can pass the tests necessary to obtain a license. 5. … two pieces of
conducting material, when they are brought near each other, can act as a capacitor.6. In
this case, you must convert to the same size units before doing … calculations. 7. In …
cases, especially in radio communications equipment, the inductance of, and among, wires
can become a major problem. 8. By multiplying or dividing the amplitude and the wave
length of … sine wave, it can be made to fit exactly along the curve of … other sine wave.
9. You cannot have … better than a perfect conductor. 10. How will a robot be able to feel
… and transmit these impulses to the human brain? 11. If there’s … health hazard with
ELF, therefore, it is greater for … sitting off to the side of an electromagnetic CRT
monitor, and less for … watching the screen from directly in front at the same distance.
12. Inductance doesn’t have … practical effect with pure dc. 13. Almost … that will
combine with oxygen to form energy has been considered. 14. In … cases, enclosing
individual circuits in metal boxes can prevent stray inductance from causing feedback and
other problems. 15. Kirchhoff reasoned that dc ought to behave … like water in a network
of pipes, and that the current going into … point ought to be the same as the current going
out of that point. 16. … can build or obtain a shortwave or general-coverage radio
receiver, install a modest outdoor antenna, and listen to signals from all around the world.
17. Conversely, … capacitors with small values take up large physical volumes.
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5 The numeral
1
one
11
eleven
21
twenty-one
31
thirty-one
2
two
12
twelve
22
twenty-two
40
forty
3
three
13
thirteen
23
twenty-three
50
fifty
4
four
14
fourteen
24
twenty-four
60
sixty
5
five
15
fifteen
25
twenty-five
70
seventy
6
six
16
sixteen
26
twenty-six
80
eighty
7
seven
17
seventeen
27
twenty-seven
90
ninety
8
eight
18
eighteen
28
twenty-eight
100
a/one hundred
9
nine
19
nineteen
29
twenty-nine
1,000
a/one thousand
10
ten
20
twenty
30
thirty
1,000,000
a/one million
5.1 The cardinal numerals
Cardinal numerals from 1 through 1,000,000
Separation between hundreds and tens. Hundreds and tens are usually separated
by ‘and’ (in American English ‘and’ is not necessary).
110 – one hundred and ten
1,250 – one thousand, two hundred and fifty
2,001 – two thousand and one
Hundreds. Use 100 always with ‘a’ or ‘one’: 100 – a hundred / one hundred. ‘a’
can only stand at the beginning of a number, e.g.:2,100 - two thousand, one hundred.
Thousands and millions. Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with ‘a’ or ‘one’,
e.g.:1,000 – a thousand / one thousand, 201,000 – two hundred and one thousand. Use
commas as a separator, e.g.: 57,458,302.
The Number 1,000,000,000. In English this number is a billion. This is very tricky
for nations where ‘a billion’ has 12 zeros. 1,000,000,000,000 in English, however, is a
trillion.
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Numbers are usually written in singular, e.g.: two hundred Euros, several thousand
light years. The plural is only used with ‘dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion’, if
they are not modified by another number or expression, e.g.: hundreds of Euros, thousands
of light years.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Read the sentences naming the cardinal numerals correctly.
1. You might throw a switch, and something that masses 10 kg feels as if it masses
only 1 kg. 2. This might be called “strength × 10” mode. If you switch to “strength ×
100”mode, a 100-kg object seems to mass only 1 kg. 3. The moon is approximately 1.3
light-seconds away from the earth; that means that any command sent to a telechir from
the earth to the moon takes 1.3 s to get there, and any data from the telechir takes another
1.3 s to get back. 4. Suppose an antenna has a radiation resistance of 35 Ω and a loss
resistance of 15 Ω. 5. Suppose an antenna has a radiation resistance of 35 Ω and its feed
line has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. 6. Ina household electric circuit, a 100-watt
light bulb draws a current of about 6 followed by 18 zeros charge carriers per second.7. A
coulomb is equal to approximately 6,240,000,000,000,000,000 electrons or holes. 8.
Ordinary household electricity has an effective voltage of between 110 and 130; usually it
is about 117. A car battery has an EMF of 12 to 14 volts. The millivolt (mV) is equal to
0.001 of a volt. The microvolt (µV) is equal to 0.000001 of a volt. 9. 1 kilovolt (kV) is
1,000 volts. 1 megavolt (MV) is 1,000,000 volts or 1,000 kilovolts (kV). 10. The nominal
phase-to-phase voltage is 398.4V (sometimes indicated as 400V) and the phase-to-neutral
voltage is 230V.
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into English, paying attention to the cardinal
numerals.
1. Это вынуждает уже при длинах линии 2400+-3000 км и более (для /= 50 Гц)
снижать передаваемую мощность до значений, меньших натуральной мощности
линии, и тем заметнее, чем длиннее линия. 2. Зоны защиты молниеотводов высотой
h ^ 30 м были определены в 1936 - 1940 гг. А. А. Акопяном на основе обширных
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лабораторных исследований. 3. В качестве аналога молнии использовался искровой
1
st
first
11
th
eleventh
21
st
twenty-first
31
st
thirty-first
2
nd
second
12
th
twelfth
22
nd
twenty-second
40
th
fortieth
3
rd
third
13
th
thirteenth
23
rd
twenty-third
50
th
fiftieth
4
th
fourth
14
th
fourteenth
24
th
twenty-fourth
60
th
sixtieth
5
th
fifth
15
th
fifteenth
25
th
twenty-fifth
70
th
seventieth
6
th
sixth
16
th
sixteenth
26
th
twenty-sixth
80
th
eightieth
7
th
seventh
17
th
seventeenth
27
th
twenty-seventh
90
th
ninetieth
8
th
eighth
18
th
eighteenth
28
th
twenty-eighth
100
th
onehundredth
9
th
ninth
19
th
nineteenth
29
th
twenty-ninth
1,000
th
onethousandth
10
th
tenth
20
th
twentieth
30
th
thirtieth
1,000,000
th
onemillionth
разряд, происходивший под воздействием импульсов 1,5 /1000 мкс положительной
полярности с максимальным значением, близким к 50%-му разрядному
напряжению. 4. Для молниеотводов высотой h > 30 м в принятом масштабе
моделирования устанавливались значения H = 600 м для стержневых и H = 300 м
для тросовых молниеотводов. 5. Отношение дополнительных потерь к потерям в
схеме прямой последовательности практически не зависит от мощности
трансформатора и значения нагрузки и составляет 26 - 29% при схеме соединения
обмоток «звезда – звезда - нуль» и 11 - 12% при схеме соединения «звезда - зигзагнуль». 6. При числах полюсов 2p = 6t группировки (30) для d=3 повторяются 2t раза
и максимально возможное число ветвей a (max) =2t, а для d = 6 ряды в (30)
повторяются t раз и обмотка может иметь a (max) =t ветвей. 7. При q=1 + 2 /3 (b = 1,
с = 2, N = 5 ), р = 3 обмотка имеет z = 6 (3+ 2) = 30 пазов, содержит 6р = 18
катушечных групп при их группировке 212122221, повторяемой дважды. 8. В
Великобритании данный документ известен под названием британские стандарты
BS7671: требования, предъявляемые к электроустановке (“проводка РЭС”).
5.2 The ordinal numerals
Ordinal numerals from 1 through 1,000,000
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Spelling of ordinal numerals. Just add –th to the cardinal number, e.g.: four –
fourth, eleven – eleventh. Exceptions: one – first, two – second, three – third, five – fifth,
eight – eighth, nine – ninth, twelve – twelfth.
In compound ordinal numerals, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal
number, e.g.: 421st – four hundred and twenty-first, 5,111th – five thousand, one hundred
and eleventh. When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added
to the ordinal number, e.g.: first – 1st, second – 2nd, third – 3rd, fourth – 4th, twenty-sixth
– 26th, hundred and first – 101st.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Form the ordinal numerals and insert them into the sentences.
1. The sensitivity of the D’Arsonval-type meter, and of similar designs, depends on
several factors. … (1) is the strength of the permanent magnet (if the meter uses a
permanent magnet). … (2) is the number of turns in the coil. 2. The … (1) method
involves adding P1, P2, and P3.3. The120-Hz wave is the … (2) harmonic; the 180-Hz
wave is the … (3) harmonic; the 240-Hz wave is the … (4) harmonic; and so on. 4. The …
(1) set of numbers above represents standard resistance values available in tolerances of
plus or minus 10 percent (±10%). 5. If the … (1) wire carries sine-wave ac of a certain
frequency, then the induced current is sine-wave ac of the same frequency in the … (2)
wire. 6. You need only remember the … (1) of these formulas in order to derive the others.
7. The… (1) way to use Ohm’s Law is to determine current in dc circuits. 8. The… (2) set,
along with the … (1) set, of numbers represents standard resistance values available
intolerances of plus or minus 5 percent (±5%). 9. These were the … (1) electrochemical
cells. 10. The… (2) way to calculate the power factor is to find the ratio of the resistance R
to the absolute-value impedance Z. 11. The … (5) digit from the right in a binary number
carries which decimal value?
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Ex. 2. Open the brackets, define the type of numerals (cardinal or ordinal ones)
and write them with letters.
1. During that time - the late (1800) and early (1900) - one of (1) practical uses of
electricity was to illuminate common areas such as city streets and town squares. 2. The
specific number of neutrons, protons, and electrons depends on the element, for example,
copper atoms normally have (29) protons, (35) neutrons, and (29) electrons. 3. The voltage
at the point of consumption varies from (90) or (100) volts in Japan to (120) volts or (208)
volts in North America, (230) volts in many parts of Europe and various other locations,
and (240) volts in Australia, England, and many other parts of the world. 4. He wanted the
magnetic field in (1) coil to somehow induce the current to flow in (2) coil. 5. For
example, if the fundamental frequency is (50) Hz, (2) harmonic is (100) Hz, (3) is (150)
Hz, and so on. 6. The dark blue line is the fundamental, the magenta line is (3) harmonic,
the yellow line is (5) harmonic, and the cyan line is the sum of (1) three. 7. By placing an
RLC circuit with the right values in series between the neutral conductor and the neutral
terminal of the secondary on a delta-wye transformer, (3) harmonic currents present very
high impedance while the currents of the fundamental frequency see none. 8. Connections
should be made by qualified personnel, and the equipment grounding conductor should be
made (1) and broken last, the grounded conductor should be made (2) and broken (2)to
last, and (3) ungrounded conductors should be made last and broken (1).
6 The adjective
6.1 The degrees of comparison of adjectives
1-syllable and 2-syllable (-ow, -y, -er, -le, or with the 2nd syllable stressed)
adjectives:
small – smaller – the smallest NB: [g] is pronounced in :
large – larger – the largest long – longer – the longest
big – bigger – the biggest young – younger – the youngest
gay – gayer – the gayest
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happy – happier – the happiest
clever – cleverer – the cleverest
narrow – narrower – the narrowest
able – abler – the ablest
polite – politer – the politest
sincere – sincerer – the sincerest
common – commoner – the commonest
2-syllable and 3-syllable (or more) adjectives:
active – more active – the most active
famous – more famous – the most famous
comfortable – more comfortable - the most comfortable
Irregular forms:
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
little – less – the least
much, many – more – the most
old – older – the oldest
elder – the eldest
far – farther – the farthest
further – the furthest
Exercises
Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with the proper adjective in the proper form.
good(x3), little, much, great, thin, important, efficient, high, heavy, far(x2),
early.
1. The metals are the ……conductors of heat. 2. From the ….. times, people
dreamed of air flights. 3. The greater the energy of the revolving electron, the ….. from the
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