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Файл:About Music at the Lessons of English. Хрестоматия по чтению на английском языке для студентов очного и заочного отделений специальностей 070100 «Музы.pdf
Classical Works
Instrumental Works
Symphony – симфония
e.g. Tchaikovsky's fifth symphony
Beethoven's early/later symphonies
In formal style, for example, in advertisements and printed programmes,
the following form is often used:
Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 5
Symphony is used adjectivally in the expressions:
symphony orchestra
meaning a large orchestra, as opposed to a chamber orches-
tra
symphony concert
a concert given by a symphony orchestra
Symphonic is used in symphonic poem, symphonic variations.
concerto – концерт
Note that there are two ways of translating концерт: concert and
concerto.
e. g. a. / went to a good concert last night.
b. Gilels played a concerto by Mozart. / a Mozart concerto.
Concertos are written for an orchestra with solo instrument(s) and the
instrument is often specified as follows:
a piano concerto
a violin concerto, etc.
Beethoven's third piano concerto
In formal style we often read:
Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 3
Concerto No. 3 for piano and orchestra
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Overture – увертюра
e.g. a. The concert began with Beethoven's "Egmont" overture.
b. They played the overture from "The Magic Flute" by Mozart.
suite – сюита
e.g. They played the ballet suite (from) "Romeo and Juliet".
sonata – соната
a work for solo instrument, sometimes with an accompa-
niment
e.g. a piano/violin sonata
Beethoven's piano sonatas
On printed programmes we read, for example:
Beethoven. Sonata No. 12
duet, trio, quartet, etc.
These are works composed for two, three or four performers. Here also
the instruments or type of instruments can be specified. The most common ex-
pression of this kind is string quartet.
The following terms are used of works for more than four instruments:
quintet – for five
sextet – for six
septet – for seven
octet – for eight
In practice these occur comparatively seldom.
Trio, quartet, etc. are also used to denote a group of three, four, etc.
players performing together.
e.g. There's a recital by a trio from Prague tomorrow.
movement, part
Symphonies, concertos and most other works mentioned above are di-
vided into movements (части).
e.g. a. The symphony is in four movements.
b. I liked the first movement best.
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Part is not appropriate here. It is used sometimes, however, mainly with
reference to choral works and to some instrumental works which depart from
the traditional form.
Part has two other meanings connected with music:
1. part of a concert (отделение),
e.g. I enjoyed the second part (of the concert) better than the first.
2. what a particular musician has to play or sing (партия)
e.g. The piano part was played by ... tenor / sung
special names for musical works
Some works have special names connected with their theme or with the
circumstances of their composition.
e.g. Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata
Emperor Concerto
Mozart's Jupiter Symphony
Schubert's Unfinished Symphony
On printed programmes the name is generally put in brackets.
e.g. Beethoven. Piano Concerto No. 5 (The Emperor)
Schubert. Symphony No. 9 (The Unfinished)
In conversation these names are often used in such sentences as:
a. I heard Richter play Beethoven's Emperor concerto.
the Emperor concerto.
b. (In a discussion of Beethoven's symphonies)
I like the Pastoral better than the Choral.
Vocal Works
song
Songs may be folk songs, or romances, or songs written by classical
composers, for which there is no special name.
The German word lieder is used to denote songs of a lyrical type com-
posed in the 19th century by such composers as Brahms, Schubert and Schu-
mann. It is used only in the plural form given here.
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madrigal
Madrigals are part-songs, that is, songs to be sung in parts – for unac-
companied voices, written mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries.
aria
Arias from operas are sometimes performed at concerts, although they
are not complete works.
cantata | oratorio | requiem – choral works
Performers and Instruments
Orchestra, Band, Group, Ensemble
orchestra
Orchestra is used for classical music, light music, and fairly often for
jazz too, although band is the traditional term. It occurs in the following ex-
pressions:
symphony orchestra
chamber orchestra
light orchestra
jazz orchestra
string orchestra
variety orchestra
one which plays for variety shows
band
Band is used for:
1. jazz, especially traditional jazz:
a jazz band
Big band often occurs in connection with traditional jazz.
However, band is not the only possibility. As mentioned above, orches-
tra is also used, and, in the case of small groups, trio, quartet, etc.,
e.g. The Oscar Petersen Trio
Oscar Petersen is a famous American jazz pianist with his
own trio
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The Modern Jazz Quartet
a famous jazz quartet formed in New York in the 1950s
under the leadership of composer and pianist John Lewis
2. a group consisting only of brass instruments (медные духовые инстру-
менты):
a brass band духовой оркестр
This may be a military band, or one composed of amateurs, who play
for recreation.
3. a group playing dance music:
a dance band
Band is the traditional word for a group of musicians playing in a
dance-hall or restaurant. If it is pop music, however, group tends to be used
instead, without dance.
group
This generally refers to folk or pop music:
a folk/pop group
Folk group could be used as a translation of народный оркестр, al-
though they are not quite the same thing. In a folk group the emphasis is on
singing, and instruments are used mainly as an accompaniment. The guitar is
the most common instrument here, although it is not a traditional English one.
(Folk singing was formerly unaccompanied.)
Folk instrument and folk orchestra are not usual in Britain, although
there is no reason why they should not be used here.
Group is also used in madrigal group, which is a small choir, usually
amateur, who specialize in singing madrigals.
ensemble
This is something smaller than an orchestra, but bigger than a quartet.
It generally refers to classical music and occurs mainly in proper names.
e.g. The London Harpsichord Ensemble
вокально-инструментальный ансамбль
The nearest equivalent in Britain is the pop group. However, since they
are not quite the same thing, the Russian expression may be translated more or
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less literally, as vocal and instrumental group. This is not a set expression, but
is clear enough. The use of ensemble here is possible, but not to be particularly
recommended.
эстрадный ансамбль
This has no English equivalent. There are variety orchestras, as men-
tioned under orchestra, but they are larger, and the singers and other artists
who appear with them are not permanent, but vary from show to show.
A Symphony Orchestra
(Instruments and Players)
A symphony (or chamber) orchestra consists of several sections, as
shown below. The word section is confined mainly to formal style. These sec-
tions will now be listed, with the names of the instruments in each, and the
players.
the string section or the strings (струнные)
Note that strings is generally used here instead of string(ed) instru-
ments. However, only the plural can be used in this way. We say, for exam-
ple:
The violin is a string(ed) instrument.
In the above type of sentence strings is not used even in the plural.
e.g. a. The guitar and the balalaika are slring(ed) instruments.
b. The orchestra contains several unusual string(ed) instruments.
violin – скрипка
viola – альт
cello – виолончель
violinist
viola-player
cellist
double-bass – контрабас (pl. double-
double-bass (player)
basses)
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the woodwind (section) деревянные духовые
flute – флейта
clarinet – кларнет
oboe – гобой
bassoon – фагот
These are (wood)wind instruments.
the brass (section) медные духовые
trumpet – труба
trombone – тромбон
French horn – валторна
These are brass instruments.
flautist
clarinettist
oboist
bassoon-player
trumpeter, trumpet-player
trombonist, trombone-player
French horn player
the percussion (section) ударные
This section consists of various kinds of drums барабаны, cymbals
тарелки and other instruments for certain works.
conductor, leader
Conductor corresponds to дирижер. Не rehearses the works to be per-
formed with the orchestra and conducts at concerts. Conductor may be quali-
fied as follows:
resident conductor
the conductor who regularly rehearses and conducts a certain or-
chestra
guest/visiting conductor
a conductor who conducts at only one or a few concerts with an
orchestra, and who may be the resident conductor of another or-
chestra
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assistant conductor
a conductor who assists the main, resident conductor
The leader of the orchestra is the first violin, who is the most important
member of the orchestra and assists the conductor at rehearsals. It corresponds
to первая скрипка, концертмейстер. First violin is also used.
Names of English Orchestras
Symphony orchestra is widely used in the names of English orchestras.
e.g. The London Symphony Orchestra
The BBC Symphony Orchestra
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
Philharmonic and philharmonia also occur.
e.g. The London Philharmonic Orchestra
The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
The New Philharmonia Orchestra
The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
Philharmonic society is used in some cases.
e.g. The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society
However, this generally includes the management, and is therefore not
often used with reference simply to the orchestra.
A few orchestras are named after their founder. For example, the oldest
professional symphony orchestra in Britain, the Halle Orchestra, in Manches-
ter, is named after its founder, Charles Halle.
The word orchestra may be omitted when implied by the context.
e.g. I'm going to hear the London Philharmonic tonight.
There is also a tendency to refer to some well-known orchestras by their
initials.
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e.g. the LSO – London Symphony Orchestra
the CBSO – City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
Chamber may be included in proper names.
e.g. The English Chamber Orchestra
Use of “on” with names of instruments
We say: to play the piano/guitar/violin with no preposition but: to play
smth. on the piano/guitar/violin.
e.g. a. She plays the piano (very well).
b. She played some Strauss waltzes on the piano.
Singers and Choirs
choir, chorus
A group of singers is generally called a choir. Most schools in England
have a choir, and there are also many adult choirs, both amateur and professional. Some symphony orchestras have their own choir. Here, however, cho-
rus is sometimes used instead of choir. For example, the London Philhar-
monic Orchestra has a choir, and the New Philharmonia Orchestra a chorus,
with no difference of meaning. The distinction between the two words is not
clear-cut.
As already mentioned, chorus is always used in opera. In addition it has
the meaning "refrain", that is, part of a song for everyone to sing, recurring after each verse.
e.g. David sang the verses and everybody joined in the chorus.
In chorus is used in the sense of "all together", with reference to both
singing and reading.
Most choirs have four groups of voices:
sopranos
contraltos
or altos
especially in children's choirs, where they may be either girls or
boys
tenors
basses
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They generally sing in parts (на несколько голосов), for example, in
two, three or four parts, but they sometimes sing in unison, that is, all to-
gether.
They are trained by a choir-master, sometimes called a chorus-master.
types of choir
The following types of choir exist in Britain:
school choir
student/university/college
choir
church choir
boys'/girls' choir
male voice choir
English choirs do not usually specialize in folk-singing, and the expres-
sion folk choir is rarely if ever heard. However, it can be used as a translation
of народный хор. There are folk groups in England. But besides being
smaller than most народные хоры (usually four, five or six people), they de-
liberately avoid training their voices and polishing their performance, often
cultivating a spontaneous and unprofessional effect.
(Хоровая) капелла in the sense of "choir" has no equivalent
in English and simply choir or chorus, or choral society should be used.
Chamber is not applied to choirs. There is no special expression for
a small choir in English.
Some Common Musical Terms
Note, Music, Score
Note corresponds to нота in such sentences as:
a. She couldn't reach the top note.
b. He played a lot of wrong notes.
However, note is not used in the plural to mean notes printed on sheets
of paper, like the Russian ноты. This is sheet music, or simply music.
e.g. a. The soloist hardly looked at his music.
b. He played from music/without music.
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