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179
quality of the studies that were assessed. Further
primary research on the effectiveness of
perforator- based aps for burn scar contracture
release is needed. At present, no consensus
exists on when to use which kind of technique.
In order to clarify matters, Stekelenburg etal.
(2015) performed a systematic review of studies
evaluating the outcome of surgical techniques
(grafts, aps with random or dened vascularization, and dermal substitutes) for the treatment of burn scar contractures. All 17 studies
which met the inclusion criteria had methodological shortcomings and most used inappropriate statistical methods. No denitive
conclusions could be reached about the effectiveness of different techniques and, therefore,
no direct implications for daily practice could
be made. Improvement of the quality of primary
research will probably shed more light on the
effectiveness of the various surgical treatment
techniques for burn scar contracture release in
the neck.
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Index
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A
Abnormal lung function, 121
Abnormal radiographic ndings, 133
Abrasions, 6, 8, 21, 22
Accident & emergency (A & E) departments, 5
Aesthetics, ix
Age-dependent characteristic injury sites, 5
Airway edema, 133
Allograft, 135
Alveolar macrophages, 121
American Burn Association (ABA), 123, 131
American Burn Association’s grading system, 126
Anatomical mismatch, 168
Angiogenesis, 156
Anterior lateral neck contractures, 140
Anterolateral thigh ap (ALT), 142
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, 130
Assisted ventilation, 131
Associated inhalation injury, 132
Atraumatic technique, 139
Avulsions, 22–24
B
Blunt injuries, 98, 99
Brent’s original technique, 147
Bronchial hygiene, 133
Bronchial toilet and specimen collection, 122
Bronchopneumonia, 121
Bronchoscopy, 122
Burn(s)
adult population-based study, 7
ambulatory treatment, 124, 127–130
annual incidence of, 120
burn wound healing, 123
causes of, 120
deep dermal, 122
discomfort and pressure, 122
ears, 146–148
etiologies, 120
eyebrows, 139
eyelids, 137–139
fuel-related ames, 7
hospitalization and treatment decisions, 122
incidents, 119
inammatory response, 121
inhalation injury, 121
injury, 3
kidneys and gastrointestinal tract, 121
long-term sequelae of, 149
in low- and middle-income countries, 119
military burns, 120
moderate and severe burns, 131–134
mortality, 120
neck, 139–143
non-accidental injuries, 123
nose, 145, 146
pediatric burns, 7
perioral burns, 136, 137
risk factors, 7, 120
risk of death, 8
scalp, 143, 144
severity, 8
size of, 123
supercial dermal burns, 122
surgical wound care, 134–136
survival rate, 119
thermal burns, 119
total burn area, 8
traditional classication, 122
in US, 119
C
C5a, 155
Canthal ligament
anatomy, 41–44
Canthus, 174
Carbonaceous material, 121
Carbon monoxide (CO), 133
Care plans, 127
Cell phones, 6
Cervical postburn contractures, 140
Cervicomental angle (CM), 142
Cheek trauma
anatomy, 65
facial nerve injury, 69–74
parotid duct injury, 68, 69
parotid injury, 66–68
traumatic cheek defects, 73–75
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
C. A. Ioannidis, Soft Tissue Injuries of the Head and Neck,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14915-3
185
186
Index
Chemical injury, 132
Chemotaxis, 155, 156
Child abuse, 123
Chondrectomy, 147
Chondritis, 147
Clothing, 127
Colder substances, 128
Collagen defects, 169, 170
Concavities, 166
Conchal bowl intact, 147
Concomitant fractures, 7
Conservative treatment, 147
Contraction, 156
Contracture, 156, 161, 165, 172, 173, 177–179
Contusions, 8
Convexities, 166, 169
Craniomaxillofacial trauma, 5, 6
Cuboidal basal keratinocytes, 157
D
Dacryocystitis, 174
Dacryocystography, 175
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 50
Damaged respiratory epithelial cells, 132
Deep dermal burns, 122
Deep facial burns, 135
Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) ap, 137
Defect sites, 144
Deformities, 135
Deltopectoral aps, 141
Demarcation, 134
Depressed scar, 166–168
Diphoterine® solution, 138
Direct thermal injury, 147
Dissecting cellulitis (DSC), 170
Distant tissue transfer, 145
Dorsal scarred skin, 145
Dutch Injury Surveillance System, 120
anatomy of, 31, 32
lacerations, 36–39
Eyelids, 137–139, 171–173
anatomy, 41–44
lacerations
canalicular involvement, 48–50
direction of incisions, 45
full thickness, 44, 47, 48
initial ophthalmologic examination, 44
lacrimal apparatus, 44, 45
lateral, 51, 52
medial, 50–52
partial thickness, 44, 46, 47
postoperative care, 48
special care, 47
traumatic eyelid avulsion, 48, 49
F
Face transplantation, 27
Facial attractiveness, 1
Facial burn, 120
Facial edema, 134
Facial injuries, xi
Facial nerve (FN) injury, 69–74
Facial recognition, 1, 2
Facial scars, 2
Fiber-optic bronchoscope, 121
Fibrin glue, 134
Fire-related burns, 7
Forehead
anatomy of, 31, 32
lacerations, 36–39
Forehead ap, 145
Free aps, 136
Free (para-)scapular ap, 142
Free split-cutaneous perforator anterolateral thigh aps,
142
Full-thickness skin grafts, 137
E
Ear, anatomy of, 85, 86
Ear injuries
auricular hematoma, 86–88
avulsions, 89–91
lacerations, 88, 89
reconstruction, 91, 92
Electrical facial injuries, 136
Endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, 175
Endovascular treatment (EVT), 27
Epidemiology, 7
Escalator-related injuries, 5
Evolutionary and socialization theory, 1
Excoriations, 6
Expanded skin aps, 143
Extended deltopectoral aps, 141
Extracellular matrix, 155–157, 178
Eyebrow(s), 139, 170, 171
G
Granulation tissue, 156
Gunshot injuries, 26, 27
H
Hair apposition technique (HAT), 34
Hematomas, 19, 20
Hemostasis, 155
Hormonal factors, 140
Hydroxycobalamin, 134
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), 133
Hypertrophic scars, 159, 161
I
Inammation, 155, 156
Inhalation injury, 121, 132
Index
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187
Injury Severity Score (ISS), x
Integra, 135
Interpersonal violence, x–xi
K
Keloid(s), 160, 161
L
Lacerations, 6
Lacrimal system, 175
anatomy, 41–44
Langer’s lines, 13
Language group, 2
Laser Doppler, 122
Latissimus dorsi aps, 141
Leech therapy, 24
Lichen planopilaris, 170
Lid xation, 138
Lid involvement, 137
Lip injuries
anatomy, 77, 78
avulsions, 81, 82
lacerations, 79–81
reconstruction, 82
Lips, 177, 178
Local aps, 141
M
Macrophages, 155, 156
Macrostomia, 137
Major Trauma Outcome Study (MTOS), 5
Malaligned or step-off scar, 168
Marjolin’s ulcers (MU), 169
Mechanical ventilation, 133
Medical evaluation, 131
Medi-Sol™ Adhesive Remover, 128
Mental Component Summaries (MCS) scores, 149
Mental well-being, 1
Micrografting technique, 139
Microsurgical reconstruction, 141
Microsurgical tissue transfer, 146
Microvascular reconstruction, 144
Minor scars, 172
Mouth splints, 136
Mucociliary system, 121
Mucosal V-Y advancement aps, 137
Multi-detector computed tomography angiography
(MDCTA), 25
N
Nasal septal abscess, 176
Nasal septal hematoma, 175
Nasal septal trauma, 176
Nasal trauma
bite injuries
allografts, 62
amputated tissue replantation, 60, 61
arteriovenous stula, 61
cartilage tissue engineering, 62
chemoprophylaxis, 59
composite graft survival, 61
culture results, 60
dog bite injuries, 58
forehead aps, 62
functional and aesthetic result, 61
HB envelope antigen, 60
HB surface antigen, 60
human bites, 58
pathogenic bacteria and viruses, 59
PEP, 60
primary wound closure, 60
rabies vaccine, 59
secondary suturing, 60
surgical debridement, 59
systemic anticoagulation, 61
tetanus immune globulin, 59
wound infection rate, 59
diagnosis, 54, 55
nasal lacerations, 56–58
septal hematoma, 55, 56
National Burn Repository, 119
Neck, 139–143, 178, 179
Neck, anatomy, 95–97
Neck contractures, 139
Neck injuries
air passages, 99–101
blunt injuries, 98, 99
neurologic injuries, 99, 111, 112
pharynx and esophagus, 109–111
PNI, 98, 99
submandibular gland injury, 113
thyroid gland injury, 112, 113
vascular injuries
arterial injuries, 102
blunt extracranial carotid, 105–107
carotid artery injuries, 104
computed tomography angiography (CTA), 104
false aneurysm, 104
hemodynamically stable patients, 103, 104
internal injuries, 103
jugular vein repair, 104, 105
mortality, 102
penetrating extracranial carotid injuries, 107–109
physical examination ndings, 105
routine surgical exploration, 104
surgical intervention, 103
vertebral artery injuries, 104
zone I, 102
zone II, 103
zone III, 103
Neck shoulder aps, 141
Neutrophils, 155, 156
Nonsteroidal anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 128
Nose, 176, 177
Nose, anatomy of, 53, 54
Nostril stenosis, 145
188
Index
O
Opioids, 128
Oral commissures, 136
Otochondritis, 146
P
Parotid duct injury, 68, 69
Parotid injury, 66–68
Partial-thickness wounds, 128
Penetrating laryngotracheal injuries, 99–101
Penetrating neck injuries (PNI), 98, 99
PEP, 60
Perioral burns, 136, 137, 177
Permanent visual impairment, 138
Physical trauma, x
Postauricular fascia, 148
Postauricular skin, 148
Post-trauma facial scars, 2, 3
Progressive hoarseness, 131
Proliferation, 156
Psychological ramications, 2
Q
Quality of life (QoL), 2, 3
R
Randomized controlled trials, 134
Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital (RXH), 7
Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), 26
Remodeling, 156, 157
Repeated excisions, 138
Rhomboid trapezoid mucosal aps, 137
Ringer’s lactate solution, 131
Road trafc accidents (RTAs), x
Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital (RACH), 7
Silver sulfadiazine, 134
Skin grafting, 130
Skin grafts, 141
Small scalp defects, 143
Smoke inhalation injury, 132, 133
Social class, 2
Social communication, 2
Social functionality, 2, 3
Social relationships, 1
Soft-tissue injuries, ix, x
Soft-tissue lacerations, x
Spastic-frontalis syndrome, 170
Stacked tongue depressors, 136
Stretched scars, 165
Submandibular gland injury, 113
Supercial dermal burns, 122
Supercial injuries, xi
Supportive clinical treatment, 134
Surgical techniques, 143
Surgical treatment, 147
Suture marks or crosshatching, 166
T
Tagliacozzi ap, 145
Tangential excision, 130
Tarsorrhaphy, 138
Temporary wound closure, 134
Temporoparietal fascia, 148
Thermal airway injury, 132
Thermal burns, 119
Thermal injury, 120, 133
Thinner customized aps, 142
Thyroid gland injury, 112, 113
Topical antibiotics, 128
Total percentage of body surface area (TBSA), 123
Trapdoor scars, 168
Traumatic extrusion, 144
Triage criteria, 127
S
Safety design, x
Scald, 143
Scalp, 143, 144, 170
anatomy of, 31, 32
avulsed scalp, 35
hypertrophic scarring, 35
ischemia times, 35
lacerations, 33, 34
postoperative monitoring, 35
survival, 35, 36
wounds, 34
Scapular aps, 141
Scar transition zone, 145
Self-consciousness, 3
Self-esteem, 1, 2
Self-injurious behavior, 170
Self-satisfaction, 3
Septal hematoma, 55, 56
Severely burned tissue, 148
U
Unilateral eyebrow reconstruction, 139
Unstable scars, 169
V
Vascular injuries
arterial injuries, 102
blunt extracranial carotid, 105–107
carotid artery injuries, 104
computed tomography angiography (CTA), 104
false aneurysm, 104
hemodynamically stable patients, 103, 104
internal injuries, 103
jugular vein repair, 104, 105
mortality, 102
penetrating extracranial carotid injuries, 107–109
physical examination ndings, 105
routine surgical exploration, 104
Index
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189
surgical intervention, 103
vertebral artery injuries, 104
zone I, 102
zone II, 103
zone III, 103
Ventilator strategies, 133
W
Wound extracellular matrix remodeling, 157
Wound healing
anatomical mismatch, 168
collagen defects, 169, 170
complications
canthus, 174
eyebrow, 168, 170, 171
eyelids, 170–173
lacrimal system, 175
lips, 177, 178
neck, 178, 179
nose, 166, 175–177
scalp, 170, 171
concavities, 166
convexities, 166
depressed scar, 166–168
malaligned or step-off scar, 168
mechanisms, 157
pathologic responses
contractures, 165, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179
hypertrophic scars, 159–165
hypo- and hyperpigmentation, 158
keloids, 159–165
phases
hemostasis, 155
inammation, 155, 156
proliferation, 156
remodeling, 156, 157
stretched scars, 165
suture marks or crosshatching, 166
trapdoor scars, 168
unstable scars, 169
Wound management
abrasions, 21, 22
avulsions, 22–24
gunshot injuries, 26, 27
hematomas, 19, 20
patient management principles, 9–13
penetrating injuries, 24–26
suturing technique
factors, 17, 18
insertion of, 15
instrumental tying, 15
interrupted buried sutures, 15–17
postoperative edema, 16
simple loop suture, 16, 17
three-point suture, 17, 18
vermillion cutaneous border, 15
vertical mattress suture, 16–17
wound edges, 15
wound preparation, 13, 14
X
Xenon isotope, 122
Z
Z-plasty, 137, 173
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