Although wear resistance and friction coefcient are crucial for the long-term sur­vival of articial joints, improper tribological design leading to excessive wear and aseptic loosening poses the greatest threat to their performance and effectiveness [13]. Optimizing the articulating surfaces’ tribological properties has become a key focus in bio-tribology research. Two main material combinations are employed: hard-on-hard and soft-on-hard. The exceptional combination of impact resistance and tensile strength exhibited by Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and its modied forms renders them the material of choice for “soft” components with demanding mechanical requirements. At the same time, the “hard” counterpart often comprises titanium alloys, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, zirconia-toughened alumina composite ceramics (ZTA) or zirconia, and alumina. However, UHMWPE’s softness is the primary cause of wear and debris, as evi­denced by normal wear characteristics in retrieved acetabular cups [14]. Consequently, extensive research has been dedicated to enhancing UHMWPE’s wear resistance, with recent advancements like highly cross-linked UHMWPE showing signicant promise. Notably, irradiated UHMWPE exhibits a substantial decrease in wear rate with increasing cross-linking gamma irradiation [15]. While hard-on-hard pairings (metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic) hold promise for articial joints, their durability presents distinct challenges. Thanks to effective lubrication, metal-on-metal boasts impressive initial wear rates under ideal condi­tions. However, its vulnerability to lm breakdown under stress drastically increases wear, raising concerns about its long-term viability and contributing to its clinical decline. Ceramic-on-ceramic’s superior hardness and scratch resistance, leading to sustained low wear, have driven its wider clinical adoption, particularly in knee replacements [16]. However, further research is needed to ensure the long-term durability of surface coatings used on metallic counter-faces, as their potential impact on soft surfaces remains unclear. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) boasts impressive biocompatibility, radiation permeability, and enhanced wear resistance via carbon or glass ber reinforcement (CFR-PEEK, GFR-PEEK) [17]. However, the clinical benets of traditional total hip designs remain elusive compared to established alternatives like HXLPE or ceramic liners. The emergence of Ultra-low­wear polyethylene (ULWPE), with its superior wear properties due to its highly linear structure and narrow molecular weight distribution, further challenges PEEK’s dominance in the eld. Fixation methods for articial joints primarily rely

On the surface where screws and bone plates connect, corrosion and abrasion com­monly appear. The mechanical and tribological properties of Ti6Al4V were exam­ined in research by Bartolomeu etal. using various processing techniques, including standard casting, SLM, and hot pressing [19]. Due to a very diverse microstructure, their research showed that SLM produced the best toughness and wear resistance levels. Proteins and reactive oxygen species are among the many living elements in the invivo milieu of bone complex dish surfaces. Zhang etal.’s study examined Ti6Al4V’s corrosion behavior in physiological saline, emphasizing the effects of albumin and H2O2 [20]. According to their ndings, albumin greatly speeds up cor­rosion over a longer time (120h) but rst prevents dissolving over brief periods (less than 24h). This phenomenon is associated with a thinner oxide coating that results from the erosion-producing coating dissolving under the action of albumin. The slipping frictional behaviors of bovine cortical bone and Ti–6Al–4 V plates were studied in a range of bio-lubricants, such as physical saline, simulated bodily uids, and fetal bovine serum [21]. It was observed that the friction pair with the highest wear rate and friction coefcient was lubricated with fetal bovine serum. Bio-lubricants caused corrosion wear, which increased the rate at which bones wore out at greater sliding velocities and normal loads. Attabi etal. examined the tribo­logical behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy treated with ion nitriding in different research [22]. They found notable improvements in microhardness and a decreased coef­cient of friction. The wear behavior of TiO2 nanotube-coated Ti6Al4V bone plates was studied by Wang etal. Their ndings showed a reduction in wear volume and friction coefcient, which they attributed to better lubrication by increased hydro­philicity and decreased elasticity [23]. More recently, topology optimization was used by Al-Tamimi etal. to enhance the xation plate’s mechanical, biological, and tribological performance. Their results demonstrated a respectable level of wear resistance and a signicant improvement in biological function [7].