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8 Animal Tribology
Table 8.1 Comparative studies of biomimetics between animals [109]
S. no. Animal type Class Biomimetic type
1 All
vertebrates
mammals
2 Gecko Reptile The Geckos feet represent extraordinary adhesion characteristics
3 Cockroaches Insects The wax produced by cockroaches has lubricating attributes that
4 Snail Mollusca The wet surface of the snail shell is hard to be contaminated
5 Lizard Reptile The upper layer of lizards skin has shown numerous functions,
6 Snake Reptile The specic ventral surface ornament of the colifornia king
7 Albatrosses Ave s Albatrosses that y very far contain dark upper wings. The
8 Mosquitoes Insects The non-smooth surface structure of mosquitoes having the
9 Crickets Insects The non-smooth surface structure of crickets having the effects of
10 Spider Arachnida Spider milk bres can absorb almost three times extra energy
11 Shark Pisces It can reduce Drag [117].
12 Catsh Pisces Catsh secrete mucus from their skin which allows them to
13 Penguins Ave s The phenomenon of air lubrication helps emperor penguins
Mammals Have uid named “Synovial” [5]. The interaction of sliding
materials with this uid play an important role in the
mechanism of lubrication that are expected to minimize Friction
and Wear [7].
due to the presence of ve hundred thousand hairs or Keratin
setae on one Geckos foot which are responsible for high
adhesion [8]. The skin of Gecko has an ability to exhibits super
hydrophobic and anti-wet characteristics and the ability to
self-clean by the rolling of nanometre-sized water droplets at
minimum speed [16]. Geckos can stick to Wet, Rough and Dirty
areas, but most synthetic imitations cannot maintain their
functions in similar system on the Gecko toes, as well as an
anti-adhesive system resulting from chemicals and structures,
Toe pads [14].
form a thin layer and can repel dust or self-cleaning [114].
because the superoleophobic property underwater makes the
snail hell clean [2].
especially tribology functions like Friction Reduction and wear
protection [6].
snake reduces wear by having a specic ventral surface
ornament that reduces the friction coefcient [115].
difference between the temperature found between upper dark
wings and light wings increase the temperature in the dark wings.
This decreases the drag force of the skin over the wing [11].
effects of reducing drag is adopted in the needle design.
Insect-inspired drones namely micro air vehicles are capable of
automatic ight, usually operating at low speed in the Reynolds
number regime or lower [116].
decreasing drag is adopted in the needle design. Crickets have
clavate hairs to sense the acceleration of gravity to get
information about their orientation. A clavate hair-inspired one
axis biomimetic accelerometer has been developed and fabricated
using SU-8 surface micromachining and lithography [3].
than Kevlar before breaking [4].
swim through the water easily by acting as a lubricant [15].
reach high speeds [12].
225
226
Fig. 8.6 Illustration of
nanotribology
R. Gour etal.
8.3.1 Nanotribology
The commercialization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), such as disk drives and other magnetic storage systems in the early 1990s, along with the development of new materials with nanoscale
thicknesses, have presented new tribological challenges [58, 62–67] (Fig.8.6).
The emergence of sophisticated scanning probe technologies and computational
techniques has given rise to the eld of nanotribology for investigations of processes at the atomic, molecular, and microscopic scale. Nanotribological studies are
helping to develop fundamental understanding of surface interfaces in micro/nanostructures used in a variety of modern applications [57, 68–78].
Some of these applications include chemical and biodetectors, advanced drug
delivery systems, information recording layers, molecular sieves, systems on a chip,
nanoparticle-reinforced materials, and a new generation of lasers [58, 79–93].
8.4 Green Tribology
The concept of “green tribology” was also introduced by Jost, who dened it as,
“The science and technology of the tribological aspects of ecological balance and of
environmental and biological impacts.”
There are a number of problems that can be addressed by green tribology. The
specic eld of green or environment-friendly tribology emphasizes the aspects of
interacting surfaces in relative motion, which are of importance for energy or environmental sustainability or which have an impact on today’s environment [58,
94–103]. The incorporation of an efcient cooling system aids in reducing energy
consumption [104, 105] and minimizing heat-related environmental impacts in tribological processes. Additionally, vacuum technology plays a crucial role in green
tribology by enabling precise control over environmental conditions, reducing
8 Animal Tribology
227
friction and wear, and facilitating cleaner and more efcient manufacturing processes [106, 107]. Furthermore, manufacturing methods such as CNC machining
contribute to green tribology by providing precise control over surface nishes,
minimizing material waste, and enhancing energy efciency in production processes [108].
Nosonovsky and Bhushan suggested the 12 principles of green tribology as the
minimization of these are:
1. Friction
2. Wear
3. The reduction or complete elimination of lubrication, including self-
lubrication
4. Natural
5. Biodegradable lubrication
6. Using sustainable chemistry and engineering principles
7. Biomimetic approaches
8. Surface texturing
9. Environmental implications of coatings [94, 97]
10. Real-time monitoring
11. Design for degradation
12. Sustainable energy applications [85, 86]
8.4.1 Main Areas ofGreen Tribology
Figure 8.7 shows the areas of green tribology (1) Biomimetics for tribological applications, (2) Environment-friendly lubrication, and (3) The tribology of renewableenergy application [104].
Fig. 8.7 Areas of green
tribology
228
R. Gour etal.
8.5 Conclusion
In conclusion, there are numerous fascinating tribological events that exist in nature.
There are many characters and behaviours in insects that involve tribology. All these
natural tribological events, particularly in insects can further be studied and adopted
in our lives to improve and enhance the quality of our daily lives.
Based on the results of the study, it was found that there were differences in the
characteristics of the biomimetic properties that were imitated from animals. The
types of animals that are most often imitated by biomimetic materials are reptiles
and insects. Researchers over the last decades have only focused on a few types of
macro-organism animals that were investigated to be imitated in making biomimetic materials for tribology purposes and still few have explored the types of small
animal microorganisms. For future research, researchers should prioritize biomimetic research rather than imitating the characteristics of microorganisms.
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102. Subramanian Y, Gajendiran J, Veena R, Azad AK, Sabarish VCB, Muhammed Ali SA, Kumar
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