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Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
nanoparticles for the treatment of gastric cancer as a future cancer theragnostic.
Chapter 8 discusses the application of AI in chronic liver diseases, which is
considered one of the most compelling medicinal platforms of AI-based systems.
Artificial intelligence (AI) particularly in deep learning, has made it possible to
extract clinically relevant information from complex and diverse clinical datasets of
therapeutics, and also has great promise for improving the therapeutic index.
Chapter 9 emphasizes the role of AI applications in clinical decision support. A
detailed description of the idea of artificial intelligence (AI) based colonoscopy is
provided in chapter 10, along with information on how it can be used to monitor
systems that promise to improve colorectal polyp and cancer detection, classification, screening, and surveillance. Chapter 11 is dedicated to the utilization of
nanomedicines for liver fibrosis. Chapter 12 covers various aspects related to
artificial intelligence in GI colonoscopy. Overall, the chapters in this book are quite
useful because they were authored by one or more professionals who are knowledgeable about the subject matter. In this way, we hope to provide a comprehensive
resource for clinicians, scientists working in the area, undergraduate and graduate
students studying a variety of fields, including gastroenterology, biotechnology,
nanotechnology, pharmaceutical biotechnology, pharmacology, pharmaceutics,
nanomedicine, tissue engineering, biomaterials, etc, and allied subjects. Also, this
book is beneficial for those who work for numerous regulatory agencies, businesses,
and nanotechnological groups. We would like to express our gratitude to all the
contributors for their extraordinary efforts to present up-to-date knowledge on the
topics covered in their chapters.
xx
Vivek K Chaturvedi
Anurag Kumar Singh
Jay Singh
Dawesh P Yadav
Acknowledgements
It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge Bharat Ratna Mahamana Pt. Madan
Mohan Malviya Ji, founder of the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India.
Vivek K Chaturvedi gratefully acknowledges the Department of Health Research
(DHR), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, for support
through the Young Scientist Fellowship Grant R.12014/56/2022-HR.
Anurag Kumar Singh would like to acknowledge the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR), Government of India, for support through the Research
Associate (ICMR-RA) Award (No.: 3/1/2/110Neuro/2019-NCD-I).
Jay Singh and Dawesh P Yadav would like to acknowledge Institutes of
Eminence (IoE)-BHU Grant, Ministry of Education, India, for providing constant
assistance in all possible ways.
It is also our great pleasure to acknowledge and express our enormous debt to all
the contributors who have provided quality material to prepare this book. We are
grateful to our beloved family members, who joyfully supported and stood with us in
the many hours of our absence to finish this book project. We are also grateful to our
friends and colleagues who offered their support and encouragement throughout the
writing process. I would also like to acknowledge the publishing team at IOP Press
for their professionalism, enthusiasm, and belief in this project. Their expertise in
design, production, and marketing has been essential in bringing this book to life.
Vivek K Chaturvedi
Anurag Kumar Singh
Jay Singh
Dawesh P Yadav
xxi
Editor biographies
Vivek Kumar Chaturvedi
Dr Vivek Kumar Chaturvedi is a Young-Scientist Fellow
(Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare) at Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Before joining the laboratory
as a Young Scientist Fellow, He worked as a Postdoctoral
research associate at the Department of Gastroenterology, IMSBHU, Varanasi. He earned his PhD degree in Biotechnology from
University of Allahabad (a central university), Prayagraj, India.
He received his BSc degree in biological sciences and MSc degree in Biochemistry from
Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India. Dr Chaturvedi’s research
interests include the synthesis and functionalization of nano-biomaterials as well as
their fabrication for the development of various biosensors that may be useful for the
early detection and treatment of cancer and gastrointestinal diseases. Besides these, he
has published many original articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals along with
many internationally edited and authored books.
Anurag Kumar Singh
Dr Anurag Kumar Singh is currently working as a Research
Associate (ICMR-RA) in Department of Pharmaceutical
Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology
(Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India. Previously he has
worked as a Postdoctoral Research Assistant in Cancer Biology
Research and Training at the Department of Biological Sciences,
Alabama State University (USA) and Institute of Nanotechnology
and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Exact Science, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. He has more than 1.5 years postdoctoral
research experience to date. He has completed his doctoral degree from the Centre of
Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. He earned MPharm degree from the
School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer,
Rajasthan, India. His scholarly interests range from developing novel nano-particulate
systems for chronic pain, neurodegenerative disorders, brain-targeted drug delivery,
including dendrimer, nanoporous silica/silicon materials, and polymeric-based nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery to diagnostics and therapy. His research interests
include the development of nanoparticles/nanomedicines for biomedical and healthcare applications and building a bridge between engineering, pharmaceutical, and
medical research. He has published several research papers, including reviews, and
journal editorials in various peer-reviewed national and international journals. He has
xxii
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
more than two edited/authored books and has authored more than ten book chapters
of internationally reputed press for publications.
Jay Singh
Dr Jay Singh is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, since 2017. He received his
PhD degree in Polymer Science from Motilal Nehru National
Institute of Technology in 2010 and obtained his MSc and BSc
from Allahabad University, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has held
postdoctoral fellowships at the National Physical Laboratory, New
Delhi, Chonbuk National University, South Korea, and Delhi
Technological University, Delhi. Dr Jay has been honoured with prestigious
fellowships such as CSIR (RA), DST-Young Scientist Fellowship, and DSTINSPIRE Faculty Award. His research focuses on the development of chemically
and biologically synthesized nanomaterials and their nanobiocomposites, conducting polymers, and self-assembled monolayers. He is dedicated to creating clinically
significant biosensors and sensors for the estimation of various bioanalytes based on
enzymes, antibodies, DNA, and toxic chemicals and gases. With over 140 international research papers published and a total citation count exceeding 5000, Dr Jay
possesses an h-index of 42. He has successfully completed or is currently running
various research projects funded by different agencies. Moreover, he has authored/
edited more than 17 books and contributed over 50 book chapters for internationally renowned publishers such as Elsevier, Springer Nature, IOP, Wiley, and CRC.
Dr Jay has also handled special issues in esteemed journals for Elsevier, Wiley,
Springer, MDPI, and Frontiers. Currently, his active research involves the fabrication of sustainable metal oxide-based biosensors for clinical diagnosis, food packaging applications, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. His work has significantly
contributed to the understanding of interfacial charge transfer processes and sensing
capabilities of metal nanoparticles.
Dawesh Prakash Yadav
Dr Dawesh Prakash Yadav is presently working as Associate
Professor of Gastroenterology at Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi (India). He did his MBBS and MD (General Medicine)
from Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), BHU Varanasi, India.
He is the Member of Indian National Association for the Study of
the liver (INASL), the Indian Society of Gastroenterology and
received many other prestigious awards. Dr Yadav worked as a
senior resident in All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),
New Delhi from 2013 to 2017. He joined as an Assistant Professor in IMS, BHU in
2017. In 2019 he was promoted to associate professor in the Department of
Gastroenterology; IMS-BHU. Dr Yadav has been carrying out his research on
xxiii
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
various aspects of inflammatory bowel disease, liver cirrhosis and nanobiotechnology
over the last decade. He has published more than 45 research papers and book
chapters in peer-reviewed high-impact journals along with many international book
chapters. He has currently edited three editorial books in Bentham Sciences. He has
been serving as an editorial board member of many reputed journals.
xxiv
Short description about chapters
Chapter 1
Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence
Anshu Singh
R B Singh
1
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
2
Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology-IIT, BHU,
Varanasi, India
4
Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences,
Alabama State University, 915 S Jackson Street, Montgomery AL 36101-0271,
USA
5
Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of
Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
*Corresponding author (jaysingh.chem@bhu.ac.in) (Phone +918920993654)
The convergence of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) in medical
science heralds a transformative era, promising groundbreaking innovations in
diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine. Nanotechnology, operating at
the scale of individual atoms and molecules, facilitates the design of advanced
materials with unique properties, enabling precise drug delivery, diagnostic imaging,
and theranostics. On the other hand, AI, with its prowess in machine learning and
data analysis, enhances medical decision-making, diagnostic accuracy, and patient
care. This chapter explores the revolutionary synergy between nanotechnology and
AI, examining their individual contributions and the synergistic effects when
integrated. In the realm of nanotechnology, the utilization of nanomaterials for
drug delivery systems is explored, showcasing their ability to enhance targeting,
reduce side effects, and revolutionize treatment, with a particular focus on successful
applications in cancer therapy. Additionally, the development of nanosensors for
diagnostics is discussed, emphasizing their role in early disease detection, real-time
monitoring, and imaging.
1
, Vivek K Chaturvedi2, Anurag K Singh
5
and Dawesh P Yadav
2
3,4
, Jay Singh
1,*
, Kshitij
Chapter 2
Nano-biosensors for diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases
Mazharul Haque
1
School of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, USA
1
*, Mohammad Zafaryab1and Komal Vig
1
*Correspondence author (mazharcirbsc@gmail.com)
The alteration in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract leads to the various gastrointestinal diseases. The common GI ailments include indigestion, irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS), acid reflux, hemorrhoids and colon cancer etc. The affected
population was estimated as 3.7% of the population worldwide in 2016 (a 23%
xxv
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
increase from 1990) and still elevation in these figures is the prime focus of concern.
The unprecedented burden due to intestinal and intestine-originated disorders has
been primary concern for researchers and clinicians. In this chapter we will address
the application of nano-biosensors for detection and diagnosing gastrointestinal
related diseases and point out the utmost importance of combining diagnosis and
treatment. The future application of nano-biosensors in detecting GI related
biomarkers for early diagnosis and expect to integrate material science and medical
fields will be also addressed. Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened new
dimensions in the diagnosis and treatment of GI derived disorders. The advancement due to integration of these fields may prove as an important mediator in
improving the clinical translation. The technology based on Nanoparticle improves
the precision of diagnosis when combined with biosensor with limited side effects
and advanced diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Currently,
focus towards development of nano-biosensor by the researchers from the various
fields has shown considerable interest to achieve advancement in applications in
order to improve the sensitivity and specificity. The introduction of nano materials
based sensors which is commonly known as nano-biosensors is currently most
widely investigated method since last decades for the various applications in
healthcare. These nano-biosensors have been employed for detection of numerous
target analytes includes, microorganisms, virus, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins for
the early diagnosis of pathogens causing pathogenesis. These nano based biosensors
enabled us to detect the target analytes very quickly and efficiently in the system.
The nano materials are very reactive in nature which enhances the catalytic, physical
as well as chemical characteristic of the biosensor give rise to enhanced sensitivity
and specificity. The new techniques have been proved as breakthrough in improving
the sensitive detection and quantifi cation of certain parameters. These nanobiosensors have emerged with many possibilities due to unique properties such as
sensitivity, simplicity, robustness and cost effectiveness providing the bridge between
diagnosis and treatment.
Chapter 3
Nanoscience in controlled drug release in the gastrointestinal tract
Chandra
110042, India
1
Ritu
, Bharmjeet1, Nida-e-Falak1, Asmita Das1, Rahul Gupta2and Prakash
1*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi
2
Department of Information Technology, Delhi Technological University, New
Delhi 110042, India
*Corresponding author (prakashchandra@dtu.ac.in)(Phone number+917782020444)
The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery has the potential to revolutionize the
field by improving the efficacy, safety, and convenience of therapeutic interventions.
However, the complexity of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents unique challenges that require sophisticated and precise drug release strategies. In recent years,
xxvi
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool for optimizing drug
delivery systems. Machine learning algorithms can be used to analyze large amounts
of data and predict how drugs will behave in different physiological conditions,
allowing for the development of more accurate and personalized drug delivery
systems. Moreover, AI can be combined with nanoscience to create intelligent drug
delivery systems that respond to the needs of the patient in real-time. This book
chapter will explore the latest advances in the field of nanoscience and AI for
controlled drug release in the GI tract and different types of nanomaterials that can
be used for drug delivery will be discussed, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers. Also, various methods for controlling drug release will
also be covered, including pH-sensitive systems, enzyme-sensitive systems, and
stimuli-responsive systems. The use of AI in the development of intelligent drug
delivery systems, such as microrobots and smart capsules, will also be discussed. In
conclusion, the combination of nanoscience and AI has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery in the GI tract, leading to more effective, personalized, and safe
therapies. This book chapter will provide an in-depth review of the latest advances in
the field and will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in nanoscience, drug
delivery, and AI.
Chapter 4
Novel drug delivery systems for inflammatory bowel disease
Ashutosh Kumar
1
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles,
California-90095, USA
2
Maharaja Agrasen School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Atal
1
, Pratistha Singh1, Rajesh Kumar2and Sunil Dutt
2
Shiksha Kunj, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
*Corresponding author (rajdhiman60@gmail.com) (Phone +919817893170)
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis constitute the majority of the chronic and
recurrent inflammatory disorder known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These
are incurable and complex disease states. The treatment of IBD is complex because
of GI tract inflammation and epithelium damage. Several approaches have been
used to treat this chronic illness. To treat the inflamed region of the GI tract selective
and site-specific drug delivery methods continue to be important. Antibiotics,
steroids, immunosuppressive and high non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have
used for the treatment of IBD. Targeted drug delivery to the specificinflammatory
area of the bowl increases therapeutic efficacy and allows for localized treatment,
which lowers systemic toxicity. Some drug formulations have been formulated as
targeted delivery to reduce the early signs of inflammation. Drugs made from
nanoparticles (NPs) have recently received a lot of attention due to their potential to
address these issues. There is various type of nanodrug delivery system, which can
deliver the drug into the inflamed or targeted area of the gut for the prolonged and
desired action. Some novel drug delivery has been developed for targeting the
inflamed area of the gut. These novel drug delivery systems are now frequently
employed to deliver medications, proteins, DNA, RNA, genes, polypeptides,
xxvii
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
medicines, and even vaccinations. Enteric-coated pills, prodrugs and hybrid drug
delivery systems are the examples of some novel drug delivery systems. A stable and
functionally developed novel drug delivery system is required in order to deliver the
drugs specifically to the disease site, increase the duration of the drug’s residence
time, and reduce systemic effects. This chapter will discuss the type and the role of
novel drug delivery system in the treatment of IBD along with challenges and future
aspects in the treatment of IBD.
Chapter 5
Nanotechnology in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Rajesh Kumar
Kumar
Shiksha Kunj, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
3*
1
Maharaja Agrasen School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Atal
2
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
3
Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
1
, Sunil Dutt1, Ankush Goyal1, Ashutosh Kumar2and Brijesh
University, Varanasi, India
*Corresponding author (rajdhiman60@gmail.com, asthwal@rediffmail.com)
Nanotechnology is a field which deals with the development of intentional design
and characterizations of nanoscale particles (1–100 nm) for the diagnosis, treatment,
mitigation of illnesses as well as other desirable uses. These engineered devices are
controlled by their size and shape through physical characteristics to produce the
intended impact at subcellular and molecular level with unique attributes. These
nanoparticles, which can cross the blood–brain barrier and have the capacity to
avoid immune system interception, have a longer half-life than microparticles,
making them suitable for use as drug delivery vehicles. Quantum dot and cadmium
selenide semiconductor nanoparticles are two diagnostic techniques that may
simultaneously scan a blood sample for various proteins, viruses, and other desirable
compounds. Environmental nanoparticles can reach the human body through
several pathways, including the gastrointestinal tract. As soon as anything is
consumed, it easily passes through the mucus layer and interacts with the enterocytes. Nanopowder as hemostatic agent in gastric ulcer bleed, prevention of
clogging of plastic stents, nano‑based capsule‑endoscopy, molecular imaging and
optical biopsy, bio‑sensing and maneuvering technology, nanorobots are some tools
used in the diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy such as the endoscopic hemostasis
of peptic ulcer bleeding, prevention of clogging of plastic stent and advance capsule
endoscopy. These nanoparticles, which are either approved for clinical use or are
undergoing clinical trials, have technical challenges and potential adverse reactions
like back pain, vasodilatation and acute urinary retention, fever, cytopenia, mild
renal toxicity, and peripheral sensory neuropathy because of their diverse range.
Hence, toxicity investigations and quality control studies for these nanoparticles will
serve as a benchmark for the unfulfilled potential of nanotechnology in the
diagnostic and therapeutic fields, along with endoscopy.
xxviii
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
Chapter 6
Nano-biotechnology in gastrointestinal cancer
Mohammad Zafaryab
1
School of Biological Sciences, CNBR, Alabama State University, USA
1*
, Mazharul Haque1and Komal Vig
1
*Corresponding author (zafar.cirbsc@gmail.com)
The incident of Gastrointestinal cancer worldwide is 26% with all cancer related
death is 35% as per Globocan database. Gastrointestinal cancer, which includes
tumors of the stomach, esophagus, liver, biliary system, pancreas, and colon, is one
of the most common cancers and the largest cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Gastrointestinal related cancer has same weightage in term of diagnosis and
therapeutic as well. Developments in nanotechnology have explored new edges in
the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nano-biotechnology is emerging field that
utilize the optimized nanoscale system to overcome, issue in related to diagnostic
and therapeutic of cancer. As far as diagnosis of Gastroinstestinal cancer is concern,
the routine systematic imaging like Magnetic resonance image, Computational
tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography, local imaging that convers
endoscopy and ultrasound is also have large apprehension. Conventional use of
contrast agent in this imaging system has low specificity, quick maintenance time
period, severe side effect as well. Currently, the advancements in field of nanotechnology, contributed the nanoparticles like quantum dot, gold nanoparticles and
iron oxide nanoparticles, have presented many aids in Gastroinstinal cancer imaging
as bearing nano size, manipulative surface properties and having good retention
time in body. There is search going on to combined the existing traditional
diagnostic method with nanoparticles significantly improving the imaging of
digestive track to early diagnosis and predict the accuracy of cancer stages.
Traditional drug has large number of side effect due low to its low specificity and
non-targeted delivery. However, there is huge study demonstrated that nanosized
drug were found effective against the gastrointestinal cancer as its optimized nano
system in order to improve specificity, targeted delivery and reduce the toxicity as
well. Here, we discuss the most recent research on the application of nanoparticles to
the detection and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer.
Chapter 7
Role of nanoparticles for the treatment of gastric cancer
Ravi Kumar Yadav
Navneet Yadav
1
Department of Botany, Kashi Naresh Government Post Graduate, College,
Gyanpur, Bhadohi, U.P. 221304, India
2
Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
3
Mahant Avaidyanath Government Degree College, India
4
1
*, Shefali Singh1, Zeba Azim2, Niraj Kumar Goswami3and
The second-leading cause of cancer-related fatalities worldwide is gastric cancer.
The advancement in medicine will probably be linked to the research of cancer
xxix