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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5533_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Acknowledgements
- •Chapter 3
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •Chapter 7
- •Editor biographies
- •Vivek Kumar Chaturvedi
- •Anurag Kumar Singh
- •Jay Singh
- •Dawesh Prakash Yadav
- •Short description about chapters
- •Chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •Chapter 12
- •List of contributors
- •Introduction
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Nanotechnology in medical science
- •1.2.1 Nanomaterials in drug delivery
- •1.2.2 Use of nanomaterials in designing diagnostic nanosensors
- •1.2.3 Nanomaterials as theranostics
- •1.3 Artificial intelligence in medical science
- •1.3.1 Machine learning in diagnostics
- •1.3.2 Natural language processing in healthcare
- •1.3.3 Predictive analytics in patient care
- •1.4.1 Nanoscience in controlled drug release in the GI tract
- •1.4.3 Nanotechnology in gastrointestinal endoscopy
- •1.4.4 Nano-biotechnology in gastrointestinal cancer
- •1.5 Role of nanoparticles for the treatment of gastric cancer
- •1.6 Artificial intelligence in hepatitis and chronic liver disease
- •1.7 Artificial intelligence applications for clinical decisions support
- •1.9 Nanomedicines for liver fibrosis
- •1.10 Artificial intelligence-based colonoscopy
- •1.12 Summary and conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Causes
- •2.3 Mechanism
- •2.4 Diagnosis
- •2.5 Prognosis
- •2.6 Present methods of detection
- •2.7 Biosensors
- •2.7.1 Components of biosensors
- •2.7.2 Types of biosensors
- •2.7.3 Enzyme based biosensors
- •2.7.5 Immunosensors
- •2.7.6 Microbial biosensors
- •2.7.7 DNA-based biosensors
- •2.7.8 Phage sensors
- •2.7.9 Optical biosensors
- •2.7.10 Cantilever-based biosensors
- •2.7.11 Bio-MEMS
- •2.8 Physical biosensors
- •2.8.1 Thermometric biosensors
- •2.8.2 Acoustic biosensors
- •2.8.3 Magnetic biosensors
- •2.8.4 Wearable skins as biosensors
- •2.9 Electrochemical biosensors
- •2.9.1 Potentiometric
- •2.9.2 Coulometry methods
- •2.9.3 Conductometry methods
- •2.9.4 Potentiometric titration
- •2.10 Materials for biosensors
- •2.10.1 Nanomaterials for biosensors
- •2.10.2 Gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) biosensor
- •2.11 Summary and future perspectives
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Challenges in drug delivery to the GI tract
- •3.2.1 Residence time
- •3.2.4 Metabolism in the GI tract
- •3.3 Role of nanoscience in drug delivery
- •3.3.2 Targeted drug delivery
- •3.3.3 Increased bioavailability
- •3.3.4 Reduced toxicity and side effects
- •3.3.5 Imaging and diagnostic capabilities
- •3.3.6 Drug designing
- •3.3.7 Delivery system
- •3.4 Methods of nanomedicine formulation
- •3.5 Drug release strategies
- •3.5.1 Active targeting strategies
- •3.5.2 Stimuli-based delivery strategy
- •3.5.3 pH-dependent drug release
- •3.5.4 ROS-dependent drug release
- •3.5.5 Time-dependent dosage forms
- •3.5.6 Gastro retentive strategies
- •3.5.7 Photothermal and photodynamic approach
- •3.6 Types of nanoparticles in drug delivery
- •3.6.1 Liposomes
- •3.8 Application of AI in GI disease
- •3.9 Future perspectives and challenges
- •3.6.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
- •3.6.3 Metallic nanoparticles
- •3.6.4 Quantum dots
- •3.7 Approved nanomedicines
- •3.9.1 Diagnostics
- •3.9.2 Individualized treatment
- •3.9.3 Proactive patient monitoring
- •3.9.4 Decision support systems
- •3.9.5 Biomarker discovery and therapeutic development
- •3.9.6 Patient outcomes and quality of life
- •3.9.7 Regulation and ethical issues
- •3.10 Conclusion
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Challenges and barriers in drug delivery
- •4.3 Drugs used in IBD
- •4.4 Novel drug delivery system for inflammatory bowel disease
- •4.4.1 Vesicular delivery system
- •4.4.2 Nanoparticle drug delivery system
- •4.5 pH-dependent nano-delivery systems
- •4.6 Inorganic nanoparticles
- •4.7 Prodrugs based
- •4.8 Hybrid drug delivery systems
- •4.9 Enteric coated formulations
- •4.10 RNA interference-based novel drug delivery
- •4.11 Toxicity profiling of IBD
- •4.11.1 Corticosteroids
- •4.11.2 Immuno modulators
- •4.11.3 Biologic therapies
- •4.11.4 JAK inhibitors
- •4.11.5 Immune dysregulation in IBD
- •4.11.6 Gastrointestinal effects
- •4.11.7 Antibiotics
- •4.11.8 Cyclosporine
- •4.11.10 Surgery-related complications
- •4.11.11 Increased risk of colorectal cancer
- •4.12 Current prospective of IBD
- •4.12.1 Personalized medicine and immunological therapies
- •4.12.2 Disease monitoring and surgical advances
- •4.12.3 Development of IL-6 signaling inhibitors
- •4.12.4 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
- •4.12.5 Rare variant analysis
- •4.12.6 Functional genomics and gene expression studies
- •4.12.7 Therapeutic targets
- •4.12.8 Gene-environment interactions
- •4.13 Future prospective of IBD
- •4.13.2 Microparticles-based delivery systems
- •4.13.3 Biological therapies
- •4.13.4 Combination therapies
- •4.14 Conclusion
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Nanotechnology
- •5.3 Nanoparticles
- •5.4 Classification of nanoparticles
- •5.4.1 Polymer-based nanoparticles
- •5.4.2 Solid nanoparticles
- •5.4.3 Carbon-based nanoparticles
- •5.4.4 Lipid-based nanoparticles
- •5.4.5 Nanoemulsions
- •5.4.6 Nanoparticles in biomedical applications
- •5.4.7 Characteristics of nanoparticles
- •5.4.8 Characterization of nanoparticles
- •5.5 Intestinal endoscopy
- •5.6 Medical nanotechnology
- •5.6.1 Diagnosis
- •5.6.2 Nanotechnology in the early diagnosis
- •5.6.3 Theragnostic
- •5.6.4 Tissue engineering
- •5.6.5 Targeted imaging and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
- •5.6.6 Gene therapy delivery
- •5.6.7 Colitis therapy
- •5.6.8 Oral delivery of vaccines
- •5.6.9 Mitigation
- •5.6.10 Role in targeted drug delivery
- •5.7 Role of nanotechnology in intestinal tract
- •5.8 Nanotechnological aids
- •5.8.1 Nanopowder
- •5.8.2 Plastic stents
- •5.8.3 Capsule endoscopy
- •5.9 Quality control of nanotechnology
- •5.10 Artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal endoscopy
- •5.11 Future perspectives
- •5.12 Limitations of nanotechnology
- •5.13 Conclusion
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Global burden of gastric cancer
- •6.3 Gastric cancer risk factors
- •6.3.1 Infection with Helicobacter pylori
- •6.3.2 Age and sex
- •6.3.3 Cigarette smoking
- •6.3.4 Obesity and metabolic dysfunction
- •6.3.5 Dietary factors
- •6.3.6 Alcohol use
- •6.3.7 Medications
- •6.3.8 Host genetics
- •6.4 Other risk factors
- •6.4.1 Epstein–Barr virus infection
- •6.4.2 Autoimmune disorders
- •6.4.3 Ménétrier’s disease
- •6.5 Nanotechnology in cancer diagnostic and therapeutics
- •6.6 Nanotechnology and gastric cancer diagnostic
- •6.6.1 Fluorescence imaging and gastric cancer detection
- •6.6.2 Photoacoustic imaging and gastric cancer detection
- •6.6.3 Computed tomography and gastric cancer detection
- •6.6.4 Magnetic resonance imaging and gastric cancer detection
- •6.6.5 Multimodal imaging and gastric cancer detection
- •6.7 Nanotechnology and gastric cancer management
- •6.7.1 Nanomaterial and chemotherapy
- •6.7.2 Nanomedicine and radiotherapy
- •6.7.3 Phototherapy and gastric cancer detection
- •6.7.4 Combination therapies and theranostics for gastric cancer detection
- •6.8 Challenges and prospectives
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems
- •7.2.1 Advantages of nanoparticles for drug delivery
- •7.2.2 Types of nanoparticles used in gastric cancer treatment
- •7.2.3 Targeted drug delivery to gastric cancer cells
- •7.3 Nanoparticles for imaging and diagnosis
- •7.3.1 Nanoparticles in gastric cancer imaging
- •7.3.2 Contrast agents and theranostic nanoparticles
- •7.3.3 Molecular imaging and targeting approaches
- •7.4 Therapeutic applications of nanoparticles in gastric cancer
- •7.4.1 Chemotherapy with nanoparticle formulations
- •7.4.2 Photothermal and photodynamic therapy
- •7.4.3 Immunotherapy and nanoparticles
- •7.4.4 RNA interference (RNAi) and gene therapy
- •7.5 Nanoparticles for combination therapy
- •7.5.1 Synergistic effects of nanoparticle-based combination therapies
- •7.5.2 Sequential and simultaneous delivery of therapeutics
- •7.6 Challenges and limitations of nanoparticle-based therapy
- •7.6.1 Biocompatibility and toxicity concerns
- •7.6.2 Nanoparticle clearance and stability
- •7.6.3 Regulatory aspects and clinical translation
- •7.7.1 Preclinical studies and animal models
- •7.7.2 Clinical trials and human studies
- •7.7.3 Promising results and future directions
- •7.8 Nanoparticles in personalized medicine for gastric cancer
- •7.8.1 Biomarker-driven nanoparticle therapies
- •7.8.2 Individualized treatment approaches
- •7.9 Nanoparticle-based theranostics for gastric cancer
- •7.9.1 Diagnostic and therapeutic integration
- •7.9.2 Multifunctional nanoparticle platforms
- •7.10 Future perspectives and concluding remarks
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Artificial intelligence role in hepatitis disease
- •8.3 Artificial intelligence role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- •8.4 Artificial intelligence role in hepatocellular carcinoma
- •8.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Overview of clinical decision support
- •9.2.2 Medical imaging and diagnostic services
- •9.2.3 Virtual patient care
- •9.2.4 Patient safety
- •9.2.5 Diagnostic support
- •9.2.6 Medical research and drug discovery
- •9.2.7 Rehabilitation
- •9.2.8 Administrative applications
- •9.3 Types of AI algorithms in CDS
- •9.3.1 Machine learning algorithms
- •9.3.2 Bayesian Gaussian regression
- •9.4 Supervised learning
- •9.4.1 Diagnosis and treatment prediction
- •9.5 Unsupervised learning
- •9.6 Deep learning and neural networks
- •9.7 Natural language processing (NLP) techniques
- •9.7.1 Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for medical image analysis
- •9.7.2 Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for signal processing
- •9.8 Current AI-based clinical data support system
- •9.9 Challenges and considerations
- •9.9.1 Current AI-based CDS systems
- •9.10 Regulatory and ethical issues (HIPAA, GDPR, etc)
- •9.11 Challenges for clinical translation
- •References
- •9.12 Obstacles, restrictions, and missing knowledge
- •9.13 Future trends
- •9.14 Future trends and developments
- •9.14.1 Advancements in AI algorithms
- •9.15 Expansion to point-of-care devices
- •9.16 AI-driven drug discovery
- •9.17 AI in public health and epidemiology
- •9.18 Conclusion
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Developing history of AI
- •10.3 AI’s role in the early detection of GC
- •10.3.1 Screening of GC by AI
- •10.3.2 Accuracy of sampling from early endoscopic diagnosis
- •10.3.3 Digital pathological diagnosis
- •10.4 Role of AI from endoscopic diagnosis to treatment
- •10.5 Artificial intelligence in surgery
- •10.6 Molecules and genes
- •10.7 AI models’ function in prognosis prediction
- •10.7.1 Metastasis and staging prediction
- •10.7.2 AI aided treatment decisions
- •10.7.3 Clinical massive data analysis and prognostic prediction
- •10.8 Survival analysis
- •10.9 Conclusion and future prospects
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Stages of liver fibrosis
- •11.3 Etiology of liver fibrosis
- •11.3.1 Chronic viral hepatitis
- •11.3.2 Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD)
- •11.4 Pathogenesis
- •11.5 Symptoms
- •11.6 Diagnosis
- •11.7 Invasive approach
- •11.7.1 Liver biopsy
- •11.7.2 Limitations of liver biopsy
- •11.8 Non-invasive approach
- •11.8.1 Ultrasonographic based
- •11.9 Non-surgical tests
- •11.9.1 Serum biomarkers
- •11.10 Treatment
- •11.11 Limitations of antifibrotic therapy
- •11.12 Role of nanomedicines in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis
- •11.13 Type of nanoparticles currently in use for LF
- •11.13.1 Phytochemical compound for LF
- •11.13.3 siRNA derived NPs
- •11.14 HSC targeted nanoparticle delivery
- •11.15 Advantage of nanomedicine for LF
- •11.15.2 Enhanced drug delivery
- •11.15.4 Reduced adverse effects
- •11.15.5 Improved pharmacokinetic properties
- •11.16 Challenges of nm for LF
- •11.17 Future of nm in the treatment of LF
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Medical requirement for colonoscopy
- •12.3 Limitation of colonoscopy
- •12.4 Advancement of colonoscopy
- •12.5 High-definition and ultra-high-definition imaging technology
- •12.6 Computed tomography
- •12.7 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
- •12.8 Advancement in patient experience
- •12.9 Capsule endoscopy
- •12.10 Simulated detection systems
- •12.11 Improved training and workshop programs
- •12.12 Future of colonoscopy
- •12.13 Multi-spectral imaging
- •12.14 Machine learning algorithms integration
- •12.15 Robotic-assisted colonoscopy
- •12.16 Virtual colonoscopy
- •12.17 Tailoring colonoscopy screening
- •12.18 Patient-compatible techniques
- •12.19 Remote monitoring and consultations
- •12.20 Alternative bowel preparation methods
- •12.21 Preventive measures enhancement
- •12.22 Conclusion
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