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IOP Series in Articial Intelligence in the Biomedical Sciences
Nanobiotechnology and
Articial Intelligence in
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Edited by
Vivek K Chaturvedi
Anurag Kumar Singh
Jay Singh
Dawesh P Yadav
Nanobiotechnology and
Artificial Intelligence in
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-6134-7
IOP Series in Artificial Intelligence in the Biomedical Sciences
Series Editor
Ge Wang, Clark and Crossan Endowed Chair Professor,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy New York, USA
About the Series
The IOP Series in Artificial Intelligence in the Biomedical Sciences aims to develop a
library of key texts and reference works encompassing the broad range of artificial
intelligence, machine learning, deep learning and neural networks within all
applicable fields of biomedicine. There is now significant focus in using advancements in the field of AI to improve diagnosis, management, and better therapeutic
options of various diseases. Some examples and applications incorporated would be
AI in cancer diagnosis/prognosis, implementing artificial intelligence, data mining of
electronic health records data, ambient intelligence in hospitals, AI in virus
detection, AI in infectious diseases, biomarkers and genomics utilizing machine
learning and clinical decision support with AR. These are just a few of the many
applications that AI and related technologies can bring to the biomedical sciences.
The series contains two broad types of approach. Those addressing a particular field
of application and reviewing the numerous relevant artificial intelligence methods
applicable to the field, and those that focus on a specific AI method which will
permit a greater in-depth review of the theory and appropriate technology.
A full list of titles p ublished in this series can be found here:
https://iopscience.iop.org/bookListInfo/iop-series-in-artificial-intelligence-in-thebiomedical-sciences#series.
Nanobiotechnology and
Artificial Intelligence in
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Edited by
Vivek K Chaturvedi
Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
Anurag Kumar Singh
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology-Indian Institute of
Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama
State University, 915 S Jackson Street, Montgomery AL 36101-0271, USA
Jay Singh
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
Dawesh P Yadav
Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
ª IOP Publishing Ltd 2024
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
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under terms agreed with the appropriate rights organization. Multiple copying is permitted in
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Clearance Centre and other reproduction rights organizations.
Permission to make use of IOP Publishing content other than as set out above may be sought
at permissions@ioppublishing.org.
Vivek K Chaturvedi, Anurag Kumar Singh, Jay Singh and Dawesh P Yadav have asserted their
right to be identified as the editors of this work in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
ISBN 978-0-7503-6134-7 (ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-6132-3 (print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-6135-4 (myPrint)
ISBN 978-0-7503-6133-0 (mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-6134-7
Version: 20240801
IOP ebooks
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Published by IOP Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London
IOP Publishing, No.2 The Distillery, Glassfields, Avon Street, Bristol, BS2 0GR, UK
US Office: IOP Publishing, Inc., 190 North Independence Mall West, Suite 601, Philadelphia,
PA 19106, USA
To those who care, conserve, and protect but do not destroy the beauty
and unique characteristics of
Kshit (Earth)
Jal (Water)
Pawak (Fire)
Gagan (Sky)
and
Sameera (Air).
Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Editor biographies xxii
Short description about chapters xxv
List of contributors xxxiv
Introduction xxxviii
1 Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence 1-1
Anshu Singh, Vivek K Chaturvedi, Anurag K Singh, Jay Singh,
Kshitij R B Singh and Dawesh P Yadav
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Nanotechnology in medical science 1-3
1.2.1 Nanomaterials in drug delivery 1-3
1.2.2 Use of nanomaterials in designing diagnostic nanosensors 1-4
1.2.3 Nanomaterials as theranostics 1-4
1.3 Artificial intelligence in medical science 1-5
1.3.1 Machine learning in diagnostics 1-6
1.3.2 Natural language processing in healthcare 1-7
1.3.3 Predictive analytics in patient care 1-7
1.4 Synergies between nanotechnology and AI and their application in the
medical field
1.4.1 Nanoscience in controlled drug release in the GI tract 1-8
1.4.2 Novel drug delivery systems for inflammatory bowel disease 1-9
1.4.3 Nanotechnology in gastrointestinal endoscopy 1-10
1.4.4 Nano-biotechnology in gastrointestinal cancer 1-11
1.5 Role of nanoparticles for the treatment of gastric cancer 1-11
1.6 Artificial intelligence in hepatitis and chronic liver disease 1-12
1.7 Artificial intelligence applications for clinical decisions support 1-13
1.8 Role of artificial intelligence in an early diagnosis and prediction of
gastric cancer as an advanced therapeutic technique
1.9 Nanomedicines for liver fibrosis 1-15
1.10 Artificial intelligence-based colonoscopy 1-15
1.11 Clinical validation of artificial intelligence for gastrointestinal diseases 1-16
1.12 Summary and conclusions 1-16
Acknowledgments 1-17
References 1-17
1-8
1-14
vii
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
2 Nano-biosensors for diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases 2-1
Mazharul Haque, Mohammad Zafaryab and Komal Vig
2.1 Introduction 2-2
2.2 Causes 2-3
2.3 Mechanism 2-3
2.4 Diagnosis 2-4
2.5 Prognosis 2-4
2.6 Present methods of detection 2-5
2.7 Biosensors 2-5
2.7.1 Components of biosensors 2-6
2.7.2 Types of biosensors 2-6
2.7.3 Enzyme based biosensors 2-7
2.7.4 Affinity biosensors 2-7
2.7.5 Immunosensors 2-8
2.7.6 Microbial biosensors 2-8
2.7.7 DNA-based biosensors 2-9
2.7.8 Phage sensors 2-9
2.7.9 Optical biosensors 2-9
2.7.10 Cantilever-based biosensors 2-9
2.7.11 Bio-MEMS 2-10
2.8 Physical biosensors 2-10
2.8.1 Thermometric biosensors 2-10
2.8.2 Acoustic biosensors 2-10
2.8.3 Magnetic biosensors 2-10
2.8.4 Wearable skins as biosensors 2-10
2.9 Electrochemical biosensors 2-11
2.9.1 Potentiometric 2-11
2.9.2 Coulometry methods 2-11
2.9.3 Conductometry methods 2-11
2.9.4 Potentiometric titration 2-11
2.10 Materials for biosensors 2-14
2.10.1 Nanomaterials for biosensors 2-14
2.10.2 Gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) biosensor 2-15
2.11 Summary and future perspectives 2-20
References 2-20
viii
Nanobiotechnology and Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Diseases
3 Nanoscience in controlled drug release in the
3-1
gastrointestinal tract
Ritu, Bharmjeet, Nida-e-Falak, Asmita Das, Rahul Gupta
and Prakash Chandra
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Challenges in drug delivery to the GI tract 3-3
3.2.1 Residence time 3-3
3.2.2 Influence of the GI environment 3-3
3.2.3 Intestinal fluid volume 3-4
3.2.4 Metabolism in the GI tract 3-4
3.3 Role of nanoscience in drug delivery 3-5
3.3.1 Importance of nanotechnology-based techniques in controlled
drug release in the GI tract
3.3.2 Targeted drug delivery 3-5
3.3.3 Increased bioavailability 3-5
3.3.4 Reduced toxicity and side effects 3-5
3.3.5 Imaging and diagnostic capabilities 3-5
3.3.6 Drug designing 3-6
3.3.7 Delivery system 3-6
3.4 Methods of nanomedicine formulation 3-7
3.5 Drug release strategies 3-8
3.5.1 Active targeting strategies 3-8
3.5.2 Stimuli-based delivery strategy 3-9
3.5.3 pH-dependent drug release 3-9
3.5.4 ROS-dependent drug release 3-10
3.5.5 Time-dependent dosage forms 3-10
3.5.6 Gastro retentive strategies 3-11
3.5.7 Photothermal and photodynamic approach 3-12
3.6 Types of nanoparticles in drug delivery 3-12
3.6.1 Liposomes 3-12
3.6.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 3-15
3.6.3 Metallic nanoparticles 3-17
3.6.4 Quantum dots 3-18
3.7 Approved nanomedicines 3-18
3.8 Application of AI in GI disease 3-19
3.9 Future perspectives and challenges 3-23
3.9.1 Diagnostics 3-26
3-5
ix