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Contents
20 Critical Closing Pressure in Acute Brain Injury: Usefulness of
Transcranial Doppler as Neuromonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Corina Puppo, Leandro Moraes, and Bernardo Yelicich
21 Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Pulsatility Index: Utility
and Clinical Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Oscar M. Pinillos, Camilo N. Rodríguez, and Ryan Hakimi
22 Transcranial Doppler in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Usefulness
in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cerebral Vasospasm . . . . . . . . . 377
Fabienne Perren
23 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) in the Neuro-ICU: Usefulness
of Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) for Delayed Cerebral
Ischemia (DCI) Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Frederick A. Zeiler and Jeanne Teitelbaum
24 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Endovascular
Treatment: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS)
for Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Laura Llull Estrany
25 Carotid Dissection in ICU: Usefulness of Bedside Ultrasound
Examination and Pupillary Early Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Claudio Baracchini and Filippo Farina
xiii
26 Carotid Disease: Usefulness of the Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Gyula Pánczél, Vendel Kemény, László Oláh, and László Csiba
27 Acute Neurologic Injury in the ICU: Role of Transcranial
Doppler in Disorders of the Vertebrobasilar Circulation . . . . . . . . . 461
Rick R. Gill, Brett L. Cucchiara, and Monisha A. Kumar
28 Intracerebral Venous System: Monitoring by Transcranial
Color-Coded Duplex Sonography (TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Dixon Yang, Marialaura Simonetto, Nelly Campo, Digna Cabral, and Tatjana Rundek
29 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) and Arteriovenous Fistula
in the ICU: Contributions of Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS)
to Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Eva Bartels
30 Stroke Prognosis: Monitoring the Hemodynamics and Blood
Pressure by TCD/TCCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Ricardo Varela, José Coelho, Sara Bernardo-Castro, Fernando Silva, and João Sargento-Freitas
xiv
Contents
31 Acute Ischemic Stroke in ICU: Monitoring of Arterial Recanalization
After Endovascular Treatment (EVT) by Transcranial Doppler
(TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
José I. Suárez
32 Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and Transcranial Color-Coded
Duplex Sonography (TCCS): Defining Collateral Cerebral
Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Maher Saqqur
33 Reversed Robin Hood Syndrome and Ischemic Stroke:
Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) to
Real-Time Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Sanjeev Sivakumar and Ryan Hakimi
34 Ischemic Stroke in the ICU: Bedside Monitoring of the Cerebral
Autoregulation Status by Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS)
in the Acute Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Pedro Castro and Ricardo Soares-dos-Reis
35 Sonothrombolysis: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler
Ultrasonography (TCDU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Jose C. Navarro, Cyrus G. Escabillas, and Vijay K. Sharma
36 Neurosonology in ICU: Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS)
and Microemboli Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Branko Malojcic
37 Stroke and Right-to-Left Shunt in ICU: Role of the Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Edoardo Vicenzini and Chiara Izzo
38 Neuro-Orbital Ultrasound: Ocular Color- Coded Duplex
Sonography (OCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Camilo N. Rodríguez, Milija Mijajlovic, and Juan Diego Ciro
39 Death by Neurological Criteria (DNC) in ICU: Usefulness of
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
José María Domínguez Roldán, Claudio García Alfaro, and Rosa Elena de la Torre Gómez
40 Intracerebral Hemorrhage in ICU: Dynamic Monitoring by
Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography (TCCS) . . . . . . . . . 679
Pol Camps-Renom
41 Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) and Traumatic Brain
Injury (TBI): Is There a Role? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Pierre Bouzat and Pierluigi Banco
Contents
42 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler
(TCD/TCCS) Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Juan Fernando Gómez Castro
Part IV Neurosonology: Beyond Usual Monitoring
43 Comatose Patient in ICU: Early Resuscitation Guided by
Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Francisco Tamagnone and Ezequiel Luna
44 Post-cardiac Arrest Care: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler
(TCD/TCCS) in Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring After
Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
C. Hoedemaekers
45 Large Hemispheric Infarction (LHI): Usefulness of
Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Claudio E. Scherle Matamoros
46 Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE) in ICU: Bedside
Usefulness of TCD in Comatose Patient Diagnosis. When the
EEG Is Too Far . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Alshimaa Shaban Othman and Foad Abd-Allah
47 Patient with Preeclampsia in ICU: Usefulness of the Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) to Monitor and Predict the Most Common
Neurological Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Teelkien Van Veen and Ronney B. Panerai
xv
48 ECMO Patient in Intensive Care Unit: Usefulness of Neurosonology
in Neurologic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Loïc Le Guennec and Alain Combes
49 Neuro-ICU: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) to
Monitoring of Neurological Impact from Mechanical Ventilation
and Prone Position in ARDS Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Anna Teresa Mazzeo, Giulia Catozzi, Simone Caccia, and Luciana Mascia
50 Acute Liver Failure (ALF) in ICU: Usefulness of Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Anselmo A. Abdo-Cuza
51 Sepsis in the ICU: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler
(TCD/TCCS) to Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Ilaria Alice Crippa and Fabio Silvio Taccone
52 Infective Endocarditis and Stroke: Active Embolization
Risk Monitoring by Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . 841
Carla Venegas, Leilani Johnson, and Aarti Sarwal
xvi
Contents
53 Neurosurgical Patient in ICU: Usefulness of Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) in Postoperative Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Camilo N. Rodríguez and Thomas Geeraerts
54 Perioperative Cardiovascular Surgery: Transcranial Doppler
(TCD/TCCS) As a Tool in Predicting Neurological Outcome . . . . . . 887
Leandro Aguirre and Francisco Klein
55 Decompressive Craniectomy in the ICU: Usefulness of Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) in the Monitoring of Hemodynamic
Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Sebastián Vásquez, Juliana Mendoza Mantilla, María Natalia Suárez, Luis A. Bustamante, Joffre Guzman, and Andrés M. Rubiano
56 Therapeutic Hypothermia (TH) in ICU: Cerebral Hemodynamics
Monitoring by Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Sanjeev Sivakumar and Christos Lazaridis
57 Management of Brain Tumors in ICU: Monitoring the Neurological
Impact by Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Mohammed F. Kananeh and Syed Omar Shah
58 Point-of-Care Ultrasound: Guidance for Lumbar Puncture . . . . . . 937
Camilo N. Rodríguez and Tiffany Fong
59 Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness (ICUAW): Usefulness
of Bedside Ultrasound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Paolo Formenti, Michele Umbrello, and Davide Chiumello
60 POCUS Application in Neurocritical Care Patients: Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) as a Part of POCUS, from the Brain
Ultrasound to Monitoring the Systemic Complications . . . . . . . . . . 975
Raffaele Aspide, Chiara Robba, and Federico Bilotta
61 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) in ICU: Cerebral Hemodynamics
Monitoring by Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
Juliana Caldas and Ronney B. Panerai
62 Brain Parenchyma: Usefulness of Transcranial Color-Coded
Duplex Sonography (TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Silvana Svampa
63 ICP Management by Osmotherapy with Mannitol and Hypertonic
Saline in ICU: Real-Time Effect on Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter
Monitoring by Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Yoann Launey
64 Neuroanesthesia: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) . . . . . 1037
Marta García-Orellana and Nicolás de Riva Solla
Contents
65 Traumatic Brain Injury in Neuro-ICU: Usefulness and
Experience of Robotic Transcranial Doppler (TCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Frederick A. Zeiler
66 Prehospital Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography (TCCS):
Usefulness for the Diagnosis and Early Stroke Treatment . . . . . . . . 1057
Felix Schlachetzki, Mustafa Kilic, Markus Webert, Michael Ertl, Dobri Baldaranov, and Sandra Boy
67 Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCD) and Ultrasonography:
A Useful Tool in the Aeromedical Transport. What Should We
Consider? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Anselmo Caricato and Eleonora Stival
68 Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring and Renal Replacement
Therapy (RRT) in ICU: Usefulness of the Transcranial
Doppler (TCD/TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Camilo N. Rodríguez and Jorge Cerdá
69 Central Nervous System Infection in ICU: Usefulness of
Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) to Cerebral Hemodynamics
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Martin Müller, Mareike Österreich, Lehel Lakatos, and Manuel Bolognese
xvii
70 Pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg Position During
Abdominal Surgery: Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD/TCCS) to Non-invasive Intracranial Pressure
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Karthikka Chandrapatham, Chiara Robba, and Danilo Cardim
71 Transcranial Doppler (TCD): Role for Patients After
Concussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
Alexander Razumovsky
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

Contributors

RuneAaslid, PhD Hemodynamics Ag, Bern, Switzerland Foad Abd-Allah, MD Kasr-Alainy School of Medicine, University of Cairo,
Cairo, Egypt Anselmo A. Abdo-Cuza, MD, PhD Medical Surgical Research Center, La
Habana, Cuba LeandroAguirre, MD Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
ClaudioGarcíaAlfaro, MD University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain Pablo F. Amaya, MD Hospital Universitario Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali,
Colombia Raffaele Aspide, MD IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna,
Anesthesia and Neurointensive Care Unit, Bologna, Italy
ElsaAzevedo, MD
Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Neurology, Universitary Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal Committee Member - ESNCH, Oslo, Norway
Milene Azzam, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
DobriBaldaranov, MD Department of Neurology, Center for Vascular Neurology and Neurointensive Care, University of Regensburg, medbo Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
PierluigiBanco, MD Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, CHU Grenoble Alpes Trauma Center, Grenoble, France
ClaudioBaracchini, MD, FESO Director of Stroke center and Neurosonology Lab, University of Padua School of Medicine, President - ESNH, Padova, Italy
Neurologist, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental
xix
xx
Contributors
EvaBartels, MD, PhD Neurologist, Center for Neurological Vascular Diagnostics, Munich, Germany
Educational Coordinator - ESNCH, Oslo, Norway WilliamBeaubien-Souligny, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart
Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal,
Montreal, QC, Canada
Francis Bernard, MD
Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal,
Montreal, QC, Canada Sara Bernardo-Castro, MD Neurosonology Laboratory, Centro Hospitalar e
Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Federico Bilotta, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Section of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Manuel Bolognese, MD Department of Neurology, Luzerner Kantonsspitals, Lucerne, Switzerland
PierreBouzat, MD CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
Sandra Boy, MD Department of Neurology, Asklepios Clinic Bad Tölz, Bad Tölz, Germany
Gretchen M. Brophy, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP, FCCM, FNCS Virginia
Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA, USA
JoséManuel Velasco Bueno, RN Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
LuisA.Bustamante, MD Trauma Intensive Care Unit, San Fernando/Valle Salud Clinic, Cali, Colombia
Digna Cabral, MD Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
SimoneCaccia, MD Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
JulianaCaldas, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesia, University of Sao Paulo, Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Critical Care Unit Hospital São Rafael Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
Contributors
xxi
LeanneA.Calviello, BA, MSc Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Nelly Campo, MD Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
PolCamps-Renom, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
DaniloCardim, MD, PhD
Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery,
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Anselmo Caricato, MD Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, NeuroIntensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico Universitario “A.Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
JorgeCarrizosa, MD, MSc, NVS Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fé, Bogotá, Colombia
Neurointensive Care section - AMCI, Bogotá, Colombia JuanFernandoGómezCastro, MD Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital
Universitario Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia Pedro Castro, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental
Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São
João, E.P.E, Porto, Portugal GiuliaCatozzi, MD Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Anesthesia and
Intensive Care, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Jorge Cerdá, MD, MSc, FACP, FASN Nephrology Division, Department of
Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA KarthikkaChandrapatham, MD Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated
Diagnostics, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
DavideChiumello, MD SC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale San Paolo– Polo Universitario, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
xxii
Contributors
Centro Ricerca Coordinata di Insufcienza Respiratoria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Juan Diego Ciro, MD, MSc Anesthesiology – Intensive Care Medicine, ICU Department, Clínica Las Américas, Medellin, Colombia
Neurointensive Care Section– AMCI, Bogotá, Colombia JoséCoelho, MD Neurosonology Laboratory, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário
de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal AlainCombes, MD, PhD Reanimation Service, Institute of Cardiology, Groupe
Hospital Pitié–Salpêtrière, Public Assistance – Hospital of Paris, Paris, France Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Institute of Cardiometabolism
and Nutrition, Paris, France EtienneCouture, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute,
Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada IlariaAliceCrippa, MD Department of Intensive Care, University of Brussels,
Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium LászlóCsiba, MD, PhD, DSci, MHAS Neurologist, Department of Neurology,
Clinical Center Debrecen University, Advisory Board - ESNCH. Hungarian Neurological Society, Debrecen, Hungary
BrettL.Cucchiara, MD Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Thomas J. Cusack, MD, MSc Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Marek Czosnyka, PhD Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
RosaElenade la TorreGómez, MD
National Medical Center of Western IMSS,
Guadalajara, Mexico AndréY.Denault, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit,
Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Nicolás de Riva Solla, MD, PhD Neuroanesthesia Division, Anesthesiology
Department, CLINIC Hospital, Barcelona, Spain Bahattin B. Ergin, BSN, RVT Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Michael Ertl, MD Department of Neurology, University Clinic Augsburg,
Augsburg, Germany Cyrus G. Escabillas, MD Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila,
Philippines
Contributors
xxiii
Laura Llull Estrany, MD Cerebral Vascular Pathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
DavidH.Evans, PhD, DSc Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
FilippoFarina, MD Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
FelixSchlachetzki, MD
Department of Neurology, Center for Vascular Neurology
and Neurointensive Care, University of Regensburg, medbo Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
RyanFillmore, MD Department of Neurology-Neurocritical Care, The University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
TiffanyFong, MD, FACEP Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
PaoloFormenti, MD SC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale San Paolo– Polo Universitario, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
Marta García-Orellana, MD Neuroanesthesia Division, Anesthesiology
Department, CLINIC Hospital, Barcelona, Spain Thomas Geeraerts, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care,
University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, Toulouse, France
RickR.Gill, MD Department of Neurology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA Joffre Guzman, MD Neuroscience Institute, El Bosque University, INUB –
Meditech Research Group, Bogotá, Colombia RyanHakimi, DO, MSc, FNCS, NVS Neuro ICU, TCD Services, Prisma Health-
Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA Department of Medicine (Neurology), USC School of Medicine-Greenville,
Greenville, SC, USA American Society of Neuroimaging (ASN), Minneapolis, MN, USA
AntoineHalwagi, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
C.Hoedemaekers, MD, PhD Department of Intensive Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
ChiaraIzzo, MD Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurosonology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy