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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5857_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Plasma cholesterol levels are maintained by LDL
receptor-mediated uptake and HDL mediated reverse
transport system.
Insulin hormone favours the synthesis of
dephosphorylated form and results in an increase in
the rate to remove cholesterol synthesis.
ZONE I (outer zone) called zona glomerulosa— produces
mineralocorticoids like aldosterone.
ZONE II (middle zone) called zona fasciculate— produces
glucocorticoids like cortisol.
ZONE III (inner zone) called reticularis— produces adrenal
androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone.
Bile Acids
Synthesis site— liver (from cholesterol).
It increases the digestion of lipids in the intestine.
Primary bile acids examples are cholic acid and
chenodeoxycholic acid.
Secondary bile acids examples are lithocholic acid and
deoxycholic acid.
Biosynthesis of Androgen
Leydig cells are responsible for the biosynthesis of
androgen in interstitial cells in response to LH.
In little amount it is synthesised by adrenal glands in
both male and female.
Ovaries can also produce androgens but in a very small
amount.
Biosynthesis of androgen-cholesterol acts as a starting
material.
Cholesterol converted into pregnenolone with the help
of cytochrome p450.
Forms androstenedione either by progesterone or by
17- hydroxypregnenolone.
The conversion of pregnenolone to testosterone required
the following enzymes:
z
3β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase
z
∆5,4-isomerase
z
17α-hydroxylase and C17–20 lyase
z
17β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase.
Regulation of synthesis of androgens is regulated by LH
and FSH.
Physiological Functions of Androgen
Growth, development and functioning of the male
reproductive system
Sexual differentiation and secondary sexual characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Male pattern of aggressive behaviour
Enlargement of testes, penis and scrotum
z
Pubic and axillary hair
z
Bone growth, RBC mass, skeletal muscle mass
Deepening of the voice
Development of beard
Inhibition of fat deposition.
Source of Adrenocortical Hormones
The adrenal cortex is categorised into three main zones.
Each zone synthesises different steroids from cholesterol
and then release them.
Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids C
androstenedione C
steroid.
19
steroids
21
Biosynthesis
1. The first step is to the conversion of cholesterol into
pregnenolone.
2. Pregnenolone to various adrenocorticosteroids:
A. Mineralocorticoid synthesis or aldosterone synthesis:
z
Pregnenolone is converted to progesterone by two
smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzymes.
z
Progesterone is then form 11-deoxycorticosterone.
z
11-deoxycorticosterone is transported into
mitochondria where it produces corticosterone.
z
Corticosterone converted into
18-hydroxycorticosterone.
z
18-hydroxycorticosterone converted into aldosterone.
B. Glucocorticoids synthesis:
z
Cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone. Cortisol
and corticosterone synthesised from this pregnenolone.
z
Cortisol synthesis completed by three hydroxylases
that act sequentially on C
z
Pregnenolone is converted into 11-deoxycortisol by
, C21 and C11 positions.
17
the actions of microsomal enzyme.
z
11-deoxycortisol is then translocated to mitochondria,
where it to produce cortisol.
C. Sex steroid synthesis:
z
The zona reticularis cells are involved in this synthesis.
z
In sex steroid synthesis, basic pregnenolone formation
takes place from cholesterol.
Functions of Lipids
Energy storage, mobilization, and utilization
Prostaglandin, cytokine synthesis
Cell differentiation and growth
Cell membrane structure, myelination
Signal transmission
Hormone synthesis
Bile acid synthesis
Energy storage, mobilisation, and utilisation
Prostaglandin, cytokine synthesis
Cell differentiation and growth
Cell membrane structure, myelination
Signal transmission
Hormone synthesis
Bile acid synthesis.
Section 3 Biochemistry
399398
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Phospholipase A2 eliminate a fatty acid residue
from the lecithin molecule and changed it into:
A. Lecithin fragments B. Lysolecithin
C. Phospholipidic D. Glyceryl phosphate
2. In the human diet, all cholesterol comes from:
A. Animal products B. Vegetable products
C. Both A and C D. None of these
3. An example of major fat found in adipose tissues
of mammals is:
A. Phospholipid B. Sphingolipid
C. Triacylglycerol D. Cholesterol
4. Most animal tissues contain appreciable amounts
of lipid, when in the form of depot fat it consists
largely of:
A. Cholesterol ester B. Phosphatides
C. Chylomicrons D. Triacylglycerol
5. How many types of lipoproteins are there?
A. 2 B. 6
C. 8 D. 5
6. An example of phospholipid, which is a major
component of nervous tissue?
A. Glycerophospholipid
B. Sphingomyelin
C. Plasmalogen
D. Inositol
7. The condensed structural formula of caproic acid is:
A. CH3CH2CH2COOH
B. CH3(CH2)4COOH
C. CH3(CH2)14COOH
D. CH3(CH2)16COOH
8. Out of the following which is a correct statement
about eicosanoids?
A. Have four double bonds
B. Have arachidonic acid and sphingosine
C. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes have a ring
structure
D. Thromboxanes and prostaglandins both have
a carboxyl group
9. The key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid
production is:
A. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
B. AMP-activated protein kinase
C. Protein phosphatase
D. None of the above
10. Hypoglycaemia depresses insulin secretion and
thus increases the rate of:
A. Hydrolysis
Section 3 Biochemistry
B. Reduction
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Respiratory acidosis
11. Phospholipids are very important cell membrane
constituents because:
A. They have glycerol
B. Have both polar and non-polar characters
C. It forms bilayers in water
D. Combine covalently with proteins and
carbohydrates
12. The physical state of fat at room temperature is:
A. Solid B. Liquid
C. Gas D. Plasma
13. Responsible enzymes for β-oxidation are found
in:
A. Cell membrane B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria D. Nucleus
14. Out of the following which statements is correct
about fatty acids:
A. Arachidonic acid is a precursor of prostaglandins.
B. Phosphatidic acid is a common one
C. All have more than one double bonds
D. All of the above
15. Arachidonate has 20 carbon atoms and ___________
A. 4 double bonds B. 9 double bonds
C. 5 double bonds D. 6 double bonds
16. A compound named ______________ has
N-acetylneuraminic acid.
A. Cardiolipin B. Ganglioside GM2
C. Phosphatidylcholine D. Sphingosine
17. Daily output of urea in grams is:
A. 10–0 B. 15–20
C. 20–30 D. 35–45
18. Chylomicrons are synthesized in:
A. Intestine B. Blood
C. Gallbladder D. Eye
19. Out of the following all needed in the production
of fatty acids except:
A. Acetyl-CoA B. Biotin
C. NADH D. Malonyl-CoA
20. When α-glycerophosphate and acetyl-CoA
synthesize triglyceride, the rst intermediate of
this reaction is:
A. Phosphatidic acid B. β-diacyl glycerol
C. Acyl carnitine D. Monoacyl glycerol
21. Insects exoskeleton gives insulation against cold
and hot weather which is made-up of:
A. Carbohydrate B. Waxes
C. Cholesterol D. Proteins
22. Choose correct statement(s) about lipogenesis.
A. It happens in the cytosol of a cell
B. It involves a multienzyme complex system
C. It dependents on the FAD and NAD+ (oxidising
agents)
D. More than one correct response
23. Elimination of free fatty acids from adipose tissue
is enhanced by all, except:
A. Insulin B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine D. Norepinephrine
24. Glycerol, fatty acids and phosphoric acids form:
A. Phospholipids B. Acylglycerols
C. Triglycerides D. Fatty acids
25. Micelles of fatty acids in water are organized such
that the __________ faces the solvent and they
__________ are directed toward the interior.
A. Carboxylic acid groups, hydrocarbon chains
heads
B. Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
C. Hydrocarbon chains, carboxylic acid groups
D. Both A and B
26. HMG-CoA generated in the metabolism of:
A. Cholesterol, fatty acid and leucine
B. Arginine, leucine and isoleucine
C. Cholesterol, ketones and leucine
D. Ketones, proteins and lysine
27. Choose incorrect statement about fatty acid
synthase and the fatty acid oxidation systems:
A. Vitamin pantothenic acid derivative is involved
B. Acyl-CoA derivatives are intermediates
C. The processes occur in the mitochondrial matrix
D. The processes occur in different cell organelles
28. Sphingosine is not a part of:
A. Ceramide B. Cerebrosides
C. Cardiolipin D. Sphingomyelin
29. _____________ membrane lipid has an acidic
oligosaccharide.
A. Phosphatidylcholine B. Cerebroside
C. Ganglioside D. None of these
30. Free fatty acids of blood plasma:
A. Circulate in unbound condition
B. Circulate after binding with albumin
C. Circulate after binding with lipoproteins
D. Circulate after binding with fatty acid binding
protein
31. Out of the following which reaction is not possible
in humans?
A. Pyruvate conversion into acetyl-CoA
B. Acetyl-CoA conversion into pyruvate
C. Glucose conversion into fatty acid via acetyl-
CoA
D. All of the above
32. In the intestine which enzyme hydrolyses dietary
fats?
A. Triacylglycerol lipase
B. Salivary lipase
C. Protein kinase
D. Pancreatic lipase
33. Out of the following which fatty acid is not formed
in the body and has to be supplied in the diet?
A. Palmitic acid B. Linolenic acid
C. Palmitoleic acid D. Both A and C
34. A greater number of carbon atoms in chain results
in higher:
A. Boiling point B. pH
C. Melting point D. Stability
35. Identify the molecule which is derived from
sterols.
A. Arachidonic acid
B. Gangliosides
C. Phosphatidylglycerol
D. Vitamin D
36. Which property does this lipid share with a typical
triacylglycerol?
A. Both contain an ether bond
B. Both contain a long-chain alcohol
C. Both are amphipathic
D. Both are saponifiable
37. Conversion of acetate into triacylglycerols occurs
mainly:
A. In animals not in plants
B. In humans after ingestion of a rich carbohydrate
diet
C. In plants not in animals
D. None of the above
38. The carrier of the “two carbon units” used to
biosynthesize a fatty acid is:
A. Acetyl-CoA B. Acetyl-ACP
C. Malonyl ACP D. Malonyl-CoA
39. The rst lipoprotein to be secreted by the liver is:
A. HDL B. Nascent VLDL
C. LDL D. Both A and B
40. Fatty acids catabolism in eukaryotic cells occurs
in:
A. Ribosome B. Lysosome
C. Golgi complex
D. Mitochondrial matrix
41. Lipase can act only at pH:
A. 2.5–4 B. 3.5–5
C. 4–5 D. 5–7
42. The starting substance for ketogenesis
______________.
A. Oxaloacetic acid B. Pyruvate
C. Acetyl CoA D. Citric acid
43. Choose one incorrect statement about the
biological functions of lipids.
A. It is used as a stored form of energy
B. It provides a protective action in bacteria, plants,
and insects
C. It shows enhanced catalytic activity
D. It is the main structural constituent of
membranes
Section 3 Biochemistry
401400
44. Cholesterolemia means:
A. Lack of functional LDL receptors
B. Lack of functional HDL receptor
C. High sensitivity to fatty food intake
D. None of the above
45. A urea clearance test is used to determine the:
A. Glomerular filtration rate
B. Renal plasma flow
C. Ability of kidney to concentrate the urine
D. Measurement of tubular mass
46. In which cell organelles de novo fatty acid
synthesis occurs?
A. Ribosome B. Lysosome
C. Cytosol D. Endoplasmic
reticulum
47. How many ATP molecules are produced when
complete degradation of a C14 fatty acid molecule
occurs into CO
and H2O?
2
A. 118 B. 92
C. 122 D. 112
48. Name the reagent which is used in saponication?
A. Ammonia B. Acetic acid
C. NaOH/KOH D. Butanone
49. In obstructive jaundice, urinary bilirubin is:
A. Absent
B. Increased
C. Present
D. Present in a small amount
50. Out of the following, all correctly explain the
intermediate 3-OH-3-methyl glutaryl: CoA, except
A. It is produced enzymatically on mitochondrial
matrix
B. It blocks the first step of cholesterol synthesis
C. It is synthesized in the cytoplasm
D. It plays a role in the synthesis of ketone bodies
51. Which of the following substances is an example
of unsaturated fatty acid?
A. Dodecanoic B. Linoleic
C. Palmitic D. Tetra decanoic
52. Which of the following enzymes catalyse(s) the
conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA during
fatty acid synthesis?
A. Malonyl-CoA synthetase
B. Acetyl-CoA decarboxylase
C. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
D. Both A and B
53. The major lipid in chylomicrons is:
A. Triglyceride B. Phospholipid
C. Cholesterol D. None of these
54. The oil that contains cyclic fatty acids and once
Section 3 Biochemistry
used in the treatment of leprosy is:
A. Elaidic oil B. Rapeseed oil
C. Lanoline D. Chaulmoogric oil
55. Choose one of the characteristics of sphingolipids.
A. They all have a fatty acid joined to glycerol
B. They all have a long-chain alcohol joined to
isoprene
C. They all have a ceramide joined to a polar group
D. None of the above
56. Out of the following which is a general property
of cell membranes?
A. It has more lipid than protein
B. Membrane has proteins that have a polar head
and a non-polar tail
C. Membrane lipids are amphipathic in nature
D. None of the above
57. Glycosphingolipids are made-up of:
A. Glycerol + Galactose
B. Sphingosine + Galactose
C. Ceramide + One or more sugar molecules
D. Galactose + Phosphoric acid
58. The major function of bile is to _____________
during the digestion of triacylglycerols.
A. Formation of chyme
B. Act like an enzyme
C. Act like an emulsifier
D. All of the above
59. Kerasin consists of:
A. Nervonic acid B. Lignoceric acid
C. Cervonic acid D. Clupanodonic acid
60. All are the examples of ketones, except:
A. Ribulose B. Erythrose
C. Fructose D. Mannose
61. What is the solubility of lipids in water?
A. Soluble B. Partially soluble
C. Insoluble D. Partially insoluble
62. The unsaponicable matter of neutral fats is:
A. Triacylglycerol B. Phospholipid
C. Hydrocarbon D. Cholesterol
63. C22 and C24, fatty acids needed for the production
of sphingolipids in the brain are formed by:
A. De novo synthesis
B. Microsomal chain elongation
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
64. What is the allosteric regulator of acetyl-CoA
carboxylase?
A. Fatty acid B. ATP
C. Citrate D. Acetyl-CoA
65. What is the caloric value of lipid?
A. 4.9 kcal/gm B. 7.0 kcal/gm
C. 17 kcal/gm D. 9.0 kcal/gm
66. Which would move faster in thin layer
chromatography?
A. Beeswax B. Phosphatidylinositol
C. Cholesterol D. Steroid
67. Common property between triacylglycerols and
glycerophospholipids is:
A. Presence of fatty acids
B. Presence of glycerol and ether bonds
C. Presence of carboxyl groups and are amphipathic
in nature
D. Presence of negative charged at cellular pH level
68. A mixture of fatty acyl methyl esters is isolated on
the basis of:
A. Negative charge
B. Molecular weight
C. Ionic size
D. Chain length and degree of saturation
69. Leukotrienes cause:
A. Increase in capillary permeability
B. Aggregation of platelets
C. Bronchodilatation
D. None of the above
70. In which type of chromatography, solvents of
increasing polarity are passed through a column
of silica gel?
A. High performance liquid chromatography
B. Thin layer chromatography
C. Adsorption chromatography
D. Gas–liquid chromatography
71. The density of lipoproteins increases when protein
content:
A. Increases B. Slightly decreases
C. Highly decreases D. Slightly increases
72. Gaucher’s disease occurs because of lacking of
_____________ enzyme.
A. Sphingomyelinase B. Glucocerebrosidase
C. β-Galactosidase D. All of these
73. Out of the following which one is an incorrect
statement about lipids?
A. Strongly hydrophobic or amphipathic in nature
B. Has great solubility in water
C. Extraction of lipids from tissues
D. Has insolubility in water
74. Iodine number denotes:
A. Saponification number B. Acid number
C. Degree of unsaturation D. Acetyl number
75. Glycerol is converted into glycerol-3- phosphate
by:
A. Thiokinase B. Triokinase
C. Glycerol kinase D. All of these
76. Name the energy source of the brain during
starvation.
A. Fat B. Ketone bodies
C. Protein D. Carbohydrate
77. Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoA by the
enzyme-thiokinase:
A. NAD+ B. NADH
C. CoA D. None of these
78. Which of the following pathways is not used for
triacylglycerol synthesis?
A. Glycerol 3-phosphate pathway
B. Glyoxylate pathway
C. Monoacylglycerol pathway
D. Kennedy pathway
79. Salivary lipase is secreted by:
A. Parotid glands
B. Submaxillary glands
C. Dorsal surface of the tongue
D. None of the above
80. Oligosaccharide-pyrophosphoryl dolichol is
required for the synthesis of:
A. N-linked glycoproteins
B. O-linked glycoproteins
C. P-linked glycoproteins
D. All of the above
81. The highest phospholipids content is found in:
A. Chylomicrons B. VLDL
C. LDL D. HDL
82. HDL is synthesized in:
A. Adipose tissue B. Liver
C. Intestine D. Liver and intestine
83. The protein moiety of lipoprotein is known as:
A. Apoprotein B. Pre-protein
C. Post-protein D. Pseudoprotein
84. In obstructive jaundice, urine shows:
A. Absence of bile pigments and presence of
urobilinogen
B. Presence of bile pigments and urobilinogen
C. Presence of bile pigments and absence of
urobilinogen
D. Absence of bile pigments and urobilinogen
85. Deficiency of enzyme ___________ results in
alkaptonuria.
A. Maleylacetoacetate isomerase
B. Homogentisate oxidase
C. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
D. None of the above
86. Ketone bodies are synthesized in:
A. Adipose tissue B. Liver
C. Muscles D. Brain
87. Among the following, a test of glomerular function
is:
A. Urea clearance
B. PSP excretion test
C. PAH clearance
D. Hippuric acid excretion test
88. Faecal urobilinogen is increased in the following
condition:
A. Haemolytic jaundice
B. Obstruction of biliary duct
C. Extrahepatic gallstones
D. Enlarged lymph nodes
Section 3 Biochemistry
403402
89. Galactose intolerance can occur in:
A. Haemolytic jaundice
B. Hepatocellular jaundice
C. Obstructive jaundice
D. None of the above
90. Measurement of insulin clearance test is a measure
of:
A. Filtration factor
B. Renal plasma flow
C. Glomerular filtration rate
D. All of the above
91. According to Frederickson’s classication hyperlipoproteinemia in Type IV:
A. Increase IDL level
B. Increase LDL level
C. Increase VLDL level
D. Increase HDL level
92. De novo synthesis of fatty acids occurs in:
A. Nuclear membrane B. Peroxisome
C. Cytosol D. All of these
93. The molecular formula of cholesterol is:
A. C27H45OH B. C25H47OH
C. C23H49OH D. C23H41OH
94. β-Galactosidase is decient in:
A. Fabry’s disease B. Krabbe’s disease
C. Gaucher’s disease D. All of these
95. The deciency of both energy and protein causes:
A. Kwashiorkor B. Ketosis
C. Marasmus D. Beriberi
96. Which organ has the ability to synthesize
triacylglycerol?
A. Spleen
B. Skeleton muscle
C. Liver and intestines
D. Adipose tissues
97. The two products in the β-oxidation of odd chain
fatty acids are:
A. Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA
B. Propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA
C. Propionyl-CoA and acyl-CoA
D. Succinyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA
98. Examples of phospholipids are:
A. Plasmalogens and cerebrosides
B. Diacylglycerols and cephalins
C. Lecithin and sphingomyelin
D. Glycerol and gangliosides
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A
15. A 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. C 28. C
29. C 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. D 37. B 38. C 39. B 40. D 41. D 42. C
43. C 44. A 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. C 49. B 50. B 51. B 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. C 56. C
57. C 58. C 59. B 60. B 61. C 62. C 63. B 64. C 65. D 66. A 67. C 68. D 69. A 70. C
71. A 72. B 73. B 74. C 75. C 76. B 77. C 78. B 79. C 80. A 81. D 82. D 83. A 84. C
85. B 86. B 87. D 88. A 89. B 90. C 91. C 92. C 93. A 94. B 95. C 96. C 97. B 98. C
5. Vitamins
Definition: “Small organic molecules present in diet which
are required in small amounts.”
Vitamins are small organic molecules contained in the
diet that are necessary in small amounts to fulfil certain
biological tasks for the regular maintenance of optimum
growth and health of the organism. Because most vitamins
are not manufactured by the body, they must be received
through the diet. In the body, however, only a few
vitamins are produced. Some are present in the form of
predecessors.
The precursor forms of vitamins are called provitamins.
In the body, these provitamins are converted to vitamins.
Section 3 Biochemistry
Structure
Section 3 Biochemistry
405404
Contd...
George Whipple
George Richards
Minot William
Murphy
and nerve damage
affects bone
marrow, intestinal
6 µg Pernicious anaemia
Dairy, products, eggs,
fortied, cereals,
meats, poultry, sea
products
Paul György
tract and
rare in humans
neurological system
300 µg Biotin deciency is
Avocados, cauliower,
eggs, fruits, liver, pork,
Henry Mitchell
anaemia
400 µg Megaloblastic
salmon, whole grains
Asparagus, avocado,
beans and peas,
enriched grain
products, green leafy
vegetables, orange
juice
Paul György
adults
Dermatitis, fatigue,
and anaemia
2 mg It is rare in human
Chickpeas, legumes,
fruits (other than
citrus), egg yolk,
potatoes, sh
Roger J Williams
RW Truesdail
growth and anaemia
10 mg Fatigue, retarded
and peas, broccoli,
Conrad Elvehjem
It causes burning
feet, abdominal
cramps,
restlessness and
fatigue, loss of
fatigue in humans
20 mg Dermatitis, muscle
Beans, meat, enriched
heart, eggs, milk,
mushrooms, poultry,
seafood, yeast, sweet
potatoes
grain products, nuts,
)
+
Unknown
appetite pellagra
Dementia
cheliosis
1.7 mg Angular stomatitis
rice, poultry, seafood,
whole grains
Cereals, eggs,
vegetables, meats,
milk, mushrooms,
poultry, seafood,
yeast, liver
Section 3 Biochemistry
Vitamin Chemical name Function Co-enzyme Sources Daily need Deciency Who discovered
Water-Soluble Vitamins
For enzymes that
transfer methyl groups
and produce red blood
cells
Cure of neuro diseases,
anaemia
Red blood cell formation
Cobalamin Conversion of food into energy
12
Vitamin B
protein, carbohydrate, and fat
metabolism
Protein metabolism
Biotin Energy storage
7
Vitamin B
Folic acid Prevention of birth defects
9
Vitamin B
Pyridoxal phosphate
(PLP)
Red blood cell formation
function
Nervous system function
Protein, amino acid
Pyridoxine Important for healthy brain
6
Vitamin B
Coenzyme A Avocados, liver, beans
metabolism, red blood cell
formation
Conversion of food into energy
Fat metabolism
Hormone production
Nervous system function
Needed for glucose and
cholesterol synthesis
Reduces stress
Pantothenic
acid
5
Vitamin B
Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD
Conversion of food into energy
Niacin Cholesterol production
3
Vitamin B
Flavin adenine
dinucleotide
(FAD) and avin
mononucleotide
(FMN)
Digestion
Nervous system function
carbohydrate
Promote growth and tissue
repair
Red blood cell formation
Needed for good vision
Riboavin Helps in release energy from
2
Vitamin B
Albert Szent-
Györgyi
connective tissue,
slow-healing
wounds, and anemia
Scurvy
Elmer McCollum
and Marguerite
Davis
Degeneration of
myelin sheath occurs
Elmer McCollum
bones)
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Henrik Carl Peter
Dam
newborn
1.5 mg Beriberi Christiaan Eijkman
Outer coatings of food
grains like rice, wheat
and yeast. Nuts, pork,
Thiamine
pyrophosphate
60 mg Weakened
sunower seeds,
whole grains
Broccoli, gooseberries,
cantaloupe, citrus fruits
and juices, blueberries,
kiwifruit, red and
green vegetables,
strawberries, tomatoes
and tomato juice
5,000 IU Night blindness
Cantaloupe, carrots,
Dairy products, eggs,
yellow fruits, green
leafy vegetables,
pumpkin, red peppers,
sweet potatoes
400 IU Rickets (weakened
Eggs, sh, sh liver
oil, fortied cereals,
fortied dairy products,
fortied margarine,
30 IU Herbert M Evans
fortied orange juice,
fortied soy beverages
Fortied cereals
80 µg Haemorrhage in the
and juices, green
vegetables, nuts
and seeds, peanuts
and peanut butter,
vegetable oils
Green vegetables (e.g.
broccoli, kale, beef
liver, spinach, turnip
greens, collards, swiss
chard, mustard greens)
Nervous system function
Required for collagen and
Thiamin Conversion of food into energy
1
Vitamin Chemical name Function Co-enzyme Sources Daily need Deciency Who discovered
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin B
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Antioxidant
connective tissue synthesis
Immune function
Infection resistance
Wound healing
Needed for catecholamine
synthesis from tyrosine
Immune function
Reproduction
Fat-soluble vitamin
Vitamin A Retinol Growth and development
Red blood cell formation
Retinal is required for normal
and colour vision
Cancer cure and prevention
Heathy skin eyes,
bone formation
Bone growth
regulation of calcium
Vitamin D Calciferol Blood pressure regulation
metabolism
Immune function
Nervous system function
Formation of blood vessels
Inhibition of platelet
aggregation
Vitamin E Tocopherol Antioxidant
Improve immunity
Strong bones
Vitamin K Phylloquinone Blood clotting
Section 3 Biochemistry
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Deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency—night blindness; vitamin D
deficiency—rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults;
vitamin E deficiency minor neurological symptoms;
vitamin K deficiency—bleeding.
Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. The manifestations
of scurvy are related to the impairment in the synthesis
of collagen and/or the antioxidant property of vitamin C.
Megadoses of vitamin C are used in common cold,
wound healing, trauma, etc. Carotene, vitamin E and
ascorbic acid serves as antioxidants and reduce the risk
of heart attacks and cancers.
Distinct deficiency conditions of certain B-complex
vitamins are known.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Thiamine— beri-beri
Niacin— pellagra
Riboflavin— cheilosis, glossitis
Pyridoxine— peripheral neuropathy
Folic acid— macrocytic anaemia
Cobalamin— pernicious anaemia
A combined therapy of vitamin B12 and folic acid is
commonly employed to treat the patients of megaloblastic
anaemia.
Megadoses of niacin are useful in the treatment of
hyperlipidaemia.
Folic acid supplementation reduces elevated
plasma homocysteine level which is associated with
atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
1. Vitamin A deciency may cause:
A. Painful joints B. Night blindness
C. Loss of hair D. Loss of bone
2. Out of the following which is not an example of
fat-soluble vitamin?
A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin K
C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin A
3. A general feeling of irritability and tiredness may
be due to lack of:
A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates
C. Fats D. Vitamins
4. The most potent vitamin D metabolite is:
Section 3 Biochemistry
A. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
B. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
C. 24,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
D. 7-Dehydrocholesterol
5. Deciency of fat-soluble vitamins causes:
A. Internal bleeding of gums
B. Loosening of teeth
C. Painful swollen joints
D. Multiple fractures
6. Calcitriol synthesis involves:
A. Both liver and kidney
B. Intestine
C. Adipose tissue
D. Muscle
7. Megaloblastic anaemia is caused because of
lacking ___________.
A. Cobalamin B. Pyridoxine
C. Folic acid D. Niacin
8. Vitamin A can perform:
A. Restoration of epithelial tissues
B. Regulation of protein synthesis