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Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5857_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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S. No Type of organ
culture
5. Ovary culture In vitro method to produce haploids. The
6. Embryo culture Embryo culture can be defined as in vitro
7. Anther and pollen culture
Description Applications
nature of growth of ovaries under the influence of nutrients, vitamins and plant growth regulators
development of isolated mature or immature zygotic embryos from seeds in a suitable culture medium to form seedlings. Plant cells can also be induced to form embryos in plant tissue culture; these embryos are called somatic embryos. Two main steps in embryo culture are removal or excision of the embryo and taking care of nutritional requirement
Generally two procedures are followed to obtain haploid plants in anther and pollen culture: Direct culture of excised anthers on liquid medium or on agar and by removal of pollens from anther and its culture in a liquid medium
Example: Unpollinated ovaries of Citrus aurantifolia and C. sinensis produced embryos and plantlets in culture regenerated from the ovary wall
Provides a better and direct somatic embryogenesis system. Embryo culture may help shorten the breeding cycle, the production of monoploids , testing for seed viability, study of host pathogen interaction, germination of seeds of parasitic plants as well as rare plants, example: Musa bulbisiona, where seed do not germinate in nature but can be obtained through embryo culture.
Used for the production of haploids, which are of immense importance for the improvement of some crop plants like coffee, fruit trees where improvements of the species is difficult due to their heterozygous nature. Important for development of mutants. Also useful material for studying somatic cell genetics, especially for cell modification by the introduction of foreign organic matter. Applied in Datura innoxia and rapeseed plant
HAIRY ROOT CULTURE
PROTOPLAST CULTURE
Thecell wall is thick made-up of cellulose andpectin. Duringvarious proceses of crop improvementthrough varioustypesofcultureitactsasabarriersoitisdissolved bytheuseofcellulaseandpectinaseandanakedprotoplast canbe freed. Protoplast (cell without cell wall)can be developedinto individual plants orthey could be used tofusewithnakedprotoplastofothervarietiesorspecies
to produce what are called somatic embryo. Crossing the
protoplastshasbeengreatlyfacilitatedbychemicalssuch aspolyethyleneglycolorbyotherprocessessuchaselectro- fusion.Suchhybridisationiscalledsomatichybridisation. e.g.developingsomatichybridsbycrossingprotoplasts oftwo species in crops: Brassica, Nicotiana, Petunia and
Solanum.
Isolation of Protoplast
By mechanical method
Plasmolyticum enzymatic method
Micropropagation
Thetissueculturepropagationprocesscanbedenedin fourmainstages:
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
319
Stage. No.
I Small pieces of plant material, called explants, are
II The cells of the explants multiply in one of two ways The cells may form a callus, are supplied with the correct
III The plantlets have developed and are ready for root
IV The plantlets are removed from the glass container They are divided, planted in a sterile medium, and placed
Stages of tissue culture propagation Description of stage
The explants are cleaned and placed on sterile agar carefully removed from the parent plant. Explants are obtained from the actively growing part (shoot tips, sections of leaves, stems and roots, embryos, etc.) of a desired plant
formation
medium in glass bottles or test tubes
The sterile agar medium is a gel that contains water,
sugars, nutrients, and plant hormones to support and
promote plant growth
Tiny leaves, stems and roots make tissue culture possible
hormones in the medium, these callus cells can develop
into a normal plant. The explant may produce many new
explants
Shoots are transplanted to another medium containing
auxins, a hormone that induces the growth of roots
The plantlets are also given higher light intensity in
preparation
in a greenhouse.
Care must be taken during this transition to acclimatise
the plant to their new environment
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Select the media generally used in callus culture.
A. Liquid media B. Semi-solid media C. Solid media D. None of these
2. The process of formation callus from meristmatic state is known as ___________ .
A. Redifferentiation B. Cell division C. Dedifferentiation D. Both A and B
3. Select the process by which culture can be maintained for extended periods:
A. Primary culture
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
320
B. Totipotency C. Proliferating media D. Subculturing
4. In vivo callus culture can be occurred by:
A. Incorporating growth regulators B. Result of wounding or cut C. Incorporating cells in media D. All of the above
5. In vivo callus culture can be done by:
A. By incorporating cells on growth media B. Exogenous auxin C. Both A and B D. Endogenous auxin
6. Choose the method to induce in vitro callus formation.
A. Totipotency B. Endogenous auxin C. Endogenous cytokinen
D. Incorporating auxin
7. Cytokinin in high ratio results in formation of:
A. Root B. Leaves C. Shoot D. None of these
8. Auxin to cytokinin ratio if increases, it results in formation of:
A. Shoot B. Root C. Leaves D. None of the above
9. Media used in suspension culture is:
A. Solid media B. Agar media C. Semi-solid media D. Broth media
10. Select the type of culture vessels used in suspension culture.
A. Erlenmeyer flask B. Test tube C. Petri dish D. None of these
11. Callus culture is similar to suspension culture except addition of:
A. Tragacanth B. Agar C. Gum acacia D. None of these
12. Name the type of callus formed in callus culture:
A. Hard callus B. Semi-solid callus C. Stiff callus D. Soft callus
13. Incubation temperature of suspension culture is:
A. 50–55 ºC B. 20 ºC C. 35–40°ºC D. 25 ºC
14. Generally cultures are sealed with:
A. Double aluminium foil B. Single aluminium foil C. Parafilms D. Both A and B
15. Time duration to form cell suspension:
A. 4-6 weeks B. 3-4 days C. 2-4 weeks D. 24 hrs
16. Types of cells formed in callus culture:
A. Colenchyma cells B. Sclerenchyma cells C. Parenchyma cells D. None of these
17. Name the media used for callus culture:
A. Solid media B. Liquid media C. Semi solid media D. None of these
 18. Phenomenontogeneratewholeplantis known
as:
A. Dedifferentiation B. Cell division C. Organogenesis D. Redifferentiation
19. Which type of light is used in suspension culture during incubation?
A. Low intensity of light B. High intensity of light C. UV light D. None of the above
20. Name the component necessary for suspension culture.
A. High intensity light B. Incubation at 45 ºC C. Agar D. Continous agitation
21. Throughout susupension culture continuous agitation can be obtained at __________ rpm:
A. 10–20 B. 300–400 C. 100–200 D. No agitation needed
22. Select which one is type of suspension culture.
A. Continous culture B. Batch culture C. Protoplast culture D. Both A and B
23. Name the process which occurs during incubation period:
A. Cell differentiation B. Cell division C. Formation of primary metabolite D. All of the above
24. Why growth of cells halts after sometime in primary culture media?
A. Sufficient ingredient B. Initiation of lag phase C. Initiation of exponential phase D. Formation of toxic metabolites
25. The process of transferring inoculum’s primary media to secondary media is known as:
A. Primary culture B. Broth media C. Subculture D. All of these
 26. Phasediagramcurveisaplotbetween:
A. Cell colony vs time B. Time vs size C. Time vs cell size D. Cell number vs time
27. The phase at which toxic metabolites accumulates is:
A. Lag phase B. Exponential phase C. Linear D. Stationary
 28. Prolongationofstationaryphaseleadsto:
A. Lysis of cell B. Formation of toxic C. Extensive death D. All of these
29. Select the cell doubling time of nicotiana tobacum:
A. 36 hr B. 48 hr C. 22 hr D. 20 hr
30. What happens after addition of cellulose and pectinase in culture media?
A. Cell lysis B. Callus formation C. Cell dispersion D. Cell death
31. Select the disadvantage of batch cultures.
A. No period of steady state B. Exponential growth achieved C. Lage phase short time D. All of the above
32. Select the culture used to overcome no period steady state.
A. Batch culture B. Zygotic embryo culture C. Protoplast culture D. Continuous culture
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
321
33. Open type and closed type cultures are:
A. Batch cultures B. Zygote embryo cultures C. Continuous cultures D. Protoplast
34. Turbodiostat culture is a type of:
A. Open type continuous culture B. Batch culture C. Closed type continuous culture D. Protoplast culture
35. Which type of culture is chemostat?
A. Batch type B. Closed type C. Protoplast D. Open type
36. Select the main disadvantage(s) of continuous culture due to which it is not used in large scale:
A. Require lot of attraction B. Equipment not available C. No steady state period D. Both A and B
37. Name the type of protoplast fusion in which after enzymatic degradation protoplast fuse together form homokaryons.
A. Cybridisation B. Totipotency C. Spontaneous fusion D. Electrofusion
38. Select the option to reduce plasmodermatal connection.
A. Charophyceae B. Plasmolyticum C. Both A and B D. None of these
39. Solution of NaNO
used as:
3
A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic D. None of these
40. Name the inventer(s) of NaNO
fusion:
3
A. Kuster B. Carlson C. Pow et al D. Evans and Cocking
 41. Therstsomatichybridinplantbyusingfusogen
was developed by:
A. Keller and Melcher B. Kuster C. Carlson D. Evans and Cocking
42. Which method is not used in protoplast fusion?
A. Electroporation B. Chemical fusion C. Electrofusion D. PEG treatment
43. Kellers and Melcher used for which treatment
A. High pH and high Ca B. NaNo
treatment
3
2+
treatment
C. PEG treatment D. Mechanism of fusion
44. Select the pH of protoplast fusion of tobacco:
A. Weak acid B. Highly alkaline C. Neutral D. Weak base
45. Choose the concentration of Ca
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
322
protoplast fusion:
A. 1 mm B. 10 mm C. 50 mm D. 20 mm
2+
used for
 46. PEG acceptance asfusogen ofPlant protoplast
because
A. Formation of high frequency Hetrokaryons B. Lowcytotoxicity C. Both A and B D. Low heterokaryons formation
47. In which fusion of technique high formation of Binucleat , heterokaryons produced:
A. PEG treatment B. High PH and Ca
2+
C. NaNO3 treatment D. Electro fusion
 48. Problemassociated with highly alkaline
solution
A. Protoplast lysis B. Aggregration between two or three protoplast C. Large clumps of protoplast D. Low frequency heterokaryons
 49. MainadvantagesofPEGtreatmentoverprotoplast
fusion
A. Large clumpot protoplast achieved B. Aggregation between two or three protoplast C. Toxic method D. Low frequency heterokaryone
50. The widely used method for plant protoplast fusion is:
A. High PEG and high Ca2+ B. NaNO3 treatment C. Peg treatment D. High Ca and PH
 51. PEGperceutusedinprotoplastfusionare...
A. 10–15% B. 15–45% C. 60–70% D. 95%
 52. ChoosethecorrectopinionforPEGhigherthen
1000 mw causes
A. Adhesion B. High frequency fusion of protoplast C. Both A and B D. Cohesion
 53. ProlongationofincubationinPEGsolutionleads
to:
A. Cell lysis B. Homokaryon formation C. Decreased heterokaryon formation D. Increased heterokaryon formation
54. Increase in Mechanism of fusion protoplast adhesion is:
A. Temperature dependent B. Temperature independent C. pH independent D. None of the baove
55. Select the nature of charge on plant protoplast.
A. Amphiphiles B. Negative charge C. Positive charge
D. No charge
56. Charge on protoplast vary up to:
A. +10 to +40 mv B. – 40 to – 60mv C. 0 to – 10 mv D. –10 to – 30 mv
57. In mechanism of membrane fusion, the membrane must have molecular distance of:
A. 20 Å B. 30 Å C. 100 Å D. 80 Å
2+
58. Select the disadvantage of high pH, high Ca
ion
treatment:
A. Increase in negative charge B. Neutralic charge C. Tight adhesion D. Reduces heterokaryon formation
59. Select the concentration which completely removes the charges from tobacoo:
A. 10 mm CaCl B. 30 mm CaCl C. 60 mm CaCl D. 100 mm CaCl
. 2H2O
2
. 2H2O
2
.2H2O
2
. 2H2O
2
 60. SelectthebondwhichbindPEGmoleculeswith
protein bohydrate:
A. Hydrogen bond B. Covalent bond C. Ionic bond D. Weak van der waal force
2+
61. In treatment with Ca
andPEG,Ca2+ works via:
A. Bridge between negative protein and PEG B. Bridge between molecules of protoplast C. Hydrogen bond D. Strong covalent bond
 62. PEGtreatmentusedinanimalcellculturescauses:
A. Hydrogen bond formation B. Chemical charge
C. Structure alteration D. None of the above
 63. When PEG is used, the aggregation of
intramembranous protein occurs in:
A. Plant cell B. Animal cell C. Both A and B D. None of these
64. Disadvantage(s) of chemical fusion:
A. Toxic fusogen B. Produces random multiple cell aggregates C. Fusogen must removed before culture D. All of the above
65. Select the rapid method of fusion:
A. NaNO B. High pH and high Ca
treatment
3
2+
C. Mechanism of fusion D. Electrofusion
66. The time duration to complete electrofusion is:
A. 15 minutes B. 30 minutes C. 1 hour D. 2 hours
 67. Select themore benecialfusion for Solanum
tuberosum:
A. NaNO
treatment
3
B. Electrofusion C. High PEG D. All of the above
68. Solanun Brevidens produced more effectively by:
A. Nano
treatment
3
B. Electrofusion C. PEG treatment D. All of the above
 69. Electrofusionofprotoplastwasrstdemonstrated
by:
A. Senda et al B. Zimmermann C. Abkong D. Kao and Wetter
ANSWER KEY
1 B 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 D 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 A 11 B 12 D 13 D 14 D 15 A 16 C 17 C 18 D 19 A 20 D 21 C 22 D 23 B 24 D 25 B 26 D 27 D 28 D 29 B 30 C 31 A 32 D 33 C 34 A 35 D 36 D 37 C 38 B 39 A 40 D 41 C 42 A 43 A 44 B 45 C 46 C 47 A 48 C 49 B 50 D 51 B 52 C 53 C 54 B 55 B 56 D 57 A 58 B 59 A 60 A 61 A 62 C 63 B 64 D 65 D 66 A 67 B 68 B 69 A
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
323

20. Herbal Cosmetics

HERBAL PLANTS FOR SKIN CARE
Latin name Common name Part used Uses
Acorus calamus Sweet flag Rhizome Aromatic, dusting powders, skin lotions Allium sativum Garlic Bulb Promotes skin healing, antibacterial controls sore, pimples
and acne
Aloe vera Aloe Leaf Moisturizer, sunscreen, emollient Alpinia galanga Galanga Rhizome Aromatic, dusting powders Avena sativa Oat Fruit Moisturizer, skin tonic Asparagus
racemosus Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Antiseptic, reduce dark spots, antibacterial Andropogon
muricates Adhatoda vasica
Nees Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh Leaf Check skin eruption and useful in skin creams and lotions Buchanania lanzan Chironnji Seed Skin ointments, rashes, spots Butea frondosa Dhak Leaf, seed Leaf used for pimples and seed used for fungal infection Carica papaya Papaya Fruit Skin soft and remove blemishes Cassia tora Panwar Leaf and seed Skin infection, ringworm and eruption Citrus limon Nimbu Fruit Skin nourishment, useful as facial ingredients Cocos nucifera Nariyal Oil Skin itches and rashes Cucumis sativus Khira Fruit and seeds Protect skin from sunburn Curcuma longa Haldi Rhizome Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enhances colour of skin Curcuma amada Amhaldi Dry rhizome Face pack, acne and blemishes Cuscuta refexa Akash Bhel Whole plant Dermatitis, itching and ringworm Callicarpa
marcophylla Echinacea
purpurea Centella asiatica Gotu kola Plant Wound healing Symphytum
officinale Crocus sativus Kesar Flowering top Skin cleansing lotion Eclipta alba Bhringraj Whole plant Skin diseases and eczema Euphorbia
thymifolia Jasminum
grandiflorum Juniperus
communis
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Lavendula vera Lavender Essential oil Antiacne cream
324
Shatavari Roots Used to wrinkle on the face
Khas Root Cure irrigated skin and allergies
Vasca Leaf Skin affection and control of scabies
Priyangu Dry fruits Treat acne, pimples and allergic skin patches
Echinacea Roots, stem, and
leaves
Comfrey Leaves Cell regeneration, stimulates the growth of new cells
Choti Dhudhi Whole plant Ringworm and skin infections
Chameli Flowers Skin diseases, protection from sunburn.
Aaraar Whole plant Skin rejuvenation
Skin regeneration
Contd...
Latin name Common name Part used Uses
Leucas aspera Hul Khusa Leaves Control scabies, skin psoriases, chronic skin, skin eruption
and eczema
Mallotus
Kamala Flower Controls scabies, ringworm
philippensis Mangifera indica Mango Plant Antioxidant Matricaria
Babuna Leaves Antiacne
chamomilla Mimosa pudica Lajwanti Plant Skin cream and controls itching Ocimum sanctum Tulsi Leaves Skin infection and rejuvenation Phyllanthus
Amla Fruit Antioxidant
emblica Prunus amygdalus Badam Fruit Skin beautification Psoralea corylifolia Babchi Seed Skin diseases Rosa damascena Lal Gulab Flowers Beautification, smoothness and protection from sunburns Rubia cordifolia Manjit
Dry roots and stem
Dark spots on face
Santalum album Chandan Hardwood Skin beautification, protection of sunburn, antioxidant
properties
Saussurea lappa Kuth Root Treatment of chronic skin diseases Sesamum indicum Til Seed Skin protection and rejuvenation Swertia chirayita Til Bark Antioxidant Withania somnifera Aswagandha Root Skin cleansing formulations and antioxidant
HERBAL PLANT FOR HAIR CARE
Latin name Common name Part used Uses
Emblica officinalis Acacia concinna Ritha, Shikakai
Aloe barbadensis Aloe Azadirachta indica Neems Callicarpa
macrophylla Eclipta prostrata Bhringraj Lawsonia inermis Mehandi Centella asiatica Brahmi
Eclipta alba Bhringraj Hair tonic Cocos nucifera Coconut fruit Oil of coconut fruit is used in different hair formulations
Eucalyptus globulus
Lawsonia inermis Henna Leaves Hair colour Azadirachta indica Neem Leaves Hair tonic and conditioners Hibiscus rosa
sinensis
Amla Dry fruits Hair care, hair tonic
Pods Hair growth, prevent hair splitting, hair falling and
dandruff Leaves Hair falling, dandruff, sunburn Whole plant Hair and scalp care
Priyangu
Fruits Prevent acne
Whole plant Keep hairs in their original colour Leaves Colour the hairs Herb
Maintains proper bodily environment that leads to
healthy hairs
such as shampoos and hair oil
Eucalyptus Fruit Prevents Dandruff
Gurhal Petal Prevents premature graying, hair loss and scalp
disorders.
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
325
Latin name Common name Part used Uses
Nardostachys jatamansi
Trigonella foenum graecum
Juniperus virginiana
Rosmarinus officinale
Arnica montana Arnica Flower Tonic and stimulates hair follicles Betula pendula Birch Leaves Antidandruff Calendula
officinalis Carthamus
tinctorius Centella asiatica Mandukaparni Whole plant Growth and maintenance of hairs Ficus racemosus Bargad Root Checks hair fall Salvia officinalis Sage Whole plant Hair conditioner Sapindus
mukorossi Saussurea lappa Kuth Root Hair dyeing Terminilia bellirica Behera Seed Hair dyeing preparations
Thymus serphyllum Banajwain Whole Herb Preparing hair tonic
Jatamansi Rhizomes Hair tonic and impart blackness to hairs.
Fenugreek Seeds Hair grow, preserves natural colour, keeps hair silky and
also cures dandruff
Cedar wood oil Woods Hair loss and dandruff
Rosemary OIl Promote hair growth and shining
Marigold Flowers Hair cream for smoothing effect
Safflower Whole plant Hair tonic
Ritha Fruit Natural shampoo and hair cleanser
Introduction
Intellectualproperty rights (IPRs) defined as ideas, inventions,andcreativeexpressionsbasedonapublic willingnesstobestowthestatusofproperty.
IPRsprovideexclusiverightstotheinventorsorcreatorsof
that property, in order to enable them to reap commercial
benetsfromtheircreativeeffortsorreputation.
Thereareseveraltypesofintellectualpropertyprotection
like patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
IPRsis prerequisite forbetter identication, planning, commercialisation,rendering,andtherebyprotectionof inventionorcreativity.Pharmaceuticalindustrycurrently hasanevolvingIPRstrategyrequiringabetterfocusand
approach in the coming era.
Types of Intellectual Properties and their Description
Originally, only patent, trademarks, and industrial
designswere protected as ‘industrial property’, but nowtheterm‘intellectualproperty’hasamuchwider meaning.IPRenhancestechnologyadvancementinthe followingways: a. It provides a mechanismof handling infringement,
piracy, and unauthorized use.
b. Itprovidesapoolofinformationtothegeneralpublic
sinceallformsofIParepublishedexceptincaseoftrade
secrets.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
IPprotection can be sought for a variety ofintellectual
326
effortsincluding:
I Patentsarerecognitionforaninvention,whichsatises
thecriteria of global novelty, non-obviousness, and
industrial application.
II Industrial designsrelates to featureof any shape,
conguration,surfacepattern,compositionoflinesand coloursappliedtoanarticlewhether2-D,e.g.textile, or3-D.
III Trademarks relate to unique mark, name or logo
underwhichtradeisconductedforanyproductor serviceandbywhichthemanufacturerortheservice provideris identied. It can bebought, sold, and licensed,hasnoexistence apart fromthegoodwill oftheproductorserviceitsymbolises.Atrademark isamark(i.e.thenameoftheproductpresentedon
signs or packages) which can be used to protect an
herbalmedicine’sreputation.Manufacturersidentify afederally registered trademark with acircled R symbol,i.e.“®”.Trademarksareconsumer-oriented offerstheenduser a guaranteeofquality,service,
and product image.
IV Copyright relates to expressionofideas in material
formandincludesliterary,musical,dramatic,artistic,
cinematography work, audio tapes, and computer
software.
V Geographicalindications are indications, which
identifyas good as originating in the territory ofa
country or a region or locality in that territory where
agivenquality,reputation,orothercharacteristicof
the goods is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.
IPR Laws in India
Asa member of the variousinternational conventions andagreements,Indiaisboundtoenact/amendrelevant domesticlaws to gearup and face the challenges of globalisation.Inordertoconrmtothestipulationsinthe TRIPS(Trade-relatedAspectsofIntellectual Property Rights)
Agreement, IPRs related laws in India are undergoing changes.
APatentAct(1970)whichwasoneofthemostimportant milestonesinthehistoryofIPRlawsinIndiaamendments bygovernmentin1999,2002and2005.Themainchanges
brought through the amendments do not substantially
affect traditional knowledge, farmers’ rights and biodiversity.Therearealsofewprovisions,whichattempt toreduce biopiracy. As an example,the scope ofan ‘invention’hasbeenexpandedtocoverallgroundsofnew scienticcreations.Despite,newusesofknownsubstances, includingtheduplicationoftraditionalknowledgehave beenspecicallyexcludedfrompatentability.Inaddition, thenondisclosureofthesourceofgeographicaloriginof atraditionallyknownmaterialhasbeenmadeabasisfor thechallengeofapatent.
TheBiologicalDiversityAct,2002wasadoptedfollowing India’sraticationoftheBiodiversityConvention(CBD). Itaims to conserve biodiversity, sustainableuse of biologicalresourcesandequitablesharingofbenetsthat arisefromtheiruseortraditionalknowledge.Itmandates thesettingupofinstitutionsatnational,stateandlocal levels,forthepurposeofregulationofbiologicaldiversity. TheActattempts to regulate accessto biodiversity for commercialpurposes,toghtbiopiracy,andrecognise community rights overtraditional knowledge and biodiversity.
Plant Varieties Protection and Farmers Rights (PVPFR) Act, 2001 was enacted under the obligations set out in
AgreementonTrade-relatedIntellectualPropertyRights (TRIPS)whichmandatestheprotectionofplantvarieties
either by patents. The Indian legislation on Plant Varieties
Protection (PVP) is being perceived as a progressive
legislation when compared to the PVP Acts adopted by
theother developing nations. The PVPFRAct of India, inadditiontoofferingprotectiontoplantbreedersinthe formofplantbreeder’srights,alsoprotectstherightsof thefarmerstosave,use,sow,re-sow,exchange,shareor sellfarmproduceincludingtheseedsofanyunprotected variety,withanexemptiontopreventthesaleofbranded seeds.This law incorporates some principlesof the Conventionon Biological Diversity (CBD) likeprior informedconsentandsharingofbenetswithfarmers.
PATENTS
Patentsmay provide the strongest IP protection, most difculttoobtainfornaturalorherbalmedicines.Patents providethe patentee the rights to exclude othersfrom making,using,selling,offeringforsale,orimportingthe patentedinvention.Itisagrantbyastatetoaninventor orto his assignee,giving exclusive rights tomake, use, exerciseandvendtheinventionsforalimitedperiod,in exchangefordisclosureinapatentspecication.According
toPatentAct,1970,itisdenedasnewinventionwhich shouldbeuseful,newandnon-obviousnotusedpreviously inuseinIndiainvention.
Objectives
1. Giving a legalmonopoly to the patentee toreap the economicbenetsfromhisinvention.
2. Facilitatingthe improvements or providing the alternativeapproachestodevelopthenewideasorand
products.
3. Inventionofnewdrugs.
Objective of Patents
RATIONALE OF PATENT
Patentis recognition to the formof IP manifestedin invention.Patentsaregrantedforpatentableinventions, whichsatisfytherequirementsofnovelty and utility under
the stringent examination and opposition procedures prescribed in the Indian Patents Act, 1970, but there is
noteven a prima-facie presumption as to the validity ofthe patent granted. Most countries have established nationalregimestoprovideprotectiontotheIPRwithinits jurisdiction.Exceptinthecaseofcopyrights,theprotection grantedtotheinventor/creatorinacountry(suchasIndia) oraregion(suchasEuropeanUnion)isrestrictedtothat territorywhere protection is sought and is notvalid in
other countries or regions. For example, a patent granted
inIndiaisvalidonly for India and notintheUSA.The basicreasonforpatentinganinventionistomakemoney throughexclusivity,i.e.,theinventororhisassigneewould haveamonopolyif: a. Inventorhasmadeanimportantinventionaftertaking
intoaccountthemodicationsthatthecustomer.
b. Patentagenthasdescribedandclaimedtheinvention
correctlyin the patentspecification drafted, then theresultant patent would give the patent owner an exclusivemarket.
Thepatentee can exercise his exclusivityeither by marketingthepatentedinventionhimselforbylicensing
it to a third party.
PROCEDURE FOR PATENTING
1. FILLINGANAPPLICATION
 A.Name,addressandnationalityoftheapplicant  B.Title,name,addressandnationalityoftheinventor,
ifheisnottheapplicantorco-applicant.
 C.Specications(provisionalandcomplete)givingthe
detailsoftheinvention.
 D.Claims,denitionandscopeoftheinvention.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
327
2. EXAMINATIONOFTHEAPPLICATION
 A.Priorapprovedpatentsorapplicationsled  B.Novelty  C.Usefulness  D.Natureofclaims
3. OPPOSITION
 A 3-month timeperiod is given for any opposition.
Contraryclaimscanbeledandcontested.
4. GRANTING ANDSEALINGOFPATENT
 Incaseofnooppositionorclearingsatisfactorilyallthe
objections by the applicant, patent is granted and sealed
bythepatentofcebypublishingintheofcialgazette.
5. REVOCATION
 The validity ofthe patent canbe challenged inHigh
Courtunder specified grounds. The patent will be revokedifthecourtupholdsthechallenge.
6. VALIDITYOFAPATENT
 Patent for food and medicines and drugs produced
bychemicalprocesses5yearsperiodfromthedateof grantingthepatentor7yearsperiodfromthedateof lingapplicationorwhicheverisearlier.
Procedure of patent
Patentcanbeclaimedbythefollowing:
1. Anypersonclaimingtobethetrueandrstinventorof theinvention.
2. Anypersonbeingtheassigneeofthepersonclaiming tobethetrueandrstinventorinrespectoftheright
to make such application.
3. Anylegalrepresentativeofanydiseased person who immediatelybeforehisdeathwasentitledtomakesuch
an application.
Thefollowingwouldnotqualifyaspatents:
1. Aninvention, which isfrivolous or whichclaims anything obvious or contrary to the well-established
natural law.
2. An invention, the primary or intended useof which
would be contrary to law or morality or injurious to public health.
z
A discovery, scientific theory, or mathematical method.
z
A mere discovery of any new property or new use for a known substance or of the mere use of a known process, machine, or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant.
z
A substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the properties of the components thereof or a process for producing such substance.
z
A mere arrangement or re-arrangement or duplication of a known device each functioning independently of one another in its own way.
z
A method of agriculture or horticulture.
z
Any process for the medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic diagnostic, therapeutic or other treatment of human beings or any process for a similar treatment of animals to render them free of disease or to increase their economic value or that of their products.
z
An invention relating to atomic energy
z
An invention, which is in effect, is traditional knowledge.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
328
PATENTABLE
Newprocessofmanufacture
New chemical entities
Newformulationprocesses
Newcompositionofmatter
NONPATENTABLE
Discoveries
Methods of detection, diagnosis or treatmentofdiseases
Analytical methods
Methodsofagriculture/cultivation
The products made by chemical synthesis
Animal,plant,andbiologicalmethodsfor
growing and rearing them.
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