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Ростовский Государственный Медицинский Университет
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STROPHANTHUS
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
239
DUBOISIA
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
240
SPEARMINT
RHUBARB
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
241
CINCHONA
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
242
Microscopy of Cinchona
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
243
OPIUM
Biological source
Synonyms: Opium poppy or breadseed poppy Botanical name: Papaver somniferum, Family: Papaveraceae
Partused:Driedlatexobtainedfromitsseedcapsule.
Morphological features
Itisavaluableornamentalandoweringplant.
Itisanannualherbhavingheightupto50–150cm.
It has grayish green appearance and it is strongly glaucous.
Thestem and leaves of this herb containa sparse distributionofcoarsehairs.
Theleavesarelobedinshape.
Flowershavewhite,mauveorredpetalsandhavedark
markings at the base sometimes.
Theshapeoffruitsisroundandcapsulated.
Flowers are solitary and nodding in the bud and they
alsohavecaducoussepals.
Theovaryisunilocularwhichcontainsnumerousovules
attached to parietal placentas.
Thecapsule of fruit is opened by themeans of small valves,whichareequalinnumberstothecarples.
It is situated below the stellate stigma.
Chemical constituents
Opiumcontains30typesofalkaloidswhicharelargelycombinedwithorganicacid,i.e.melonicacid.
Otherchemicalconstituentsofopiumaresugars,salts(sulphates).
They also contain albuminous substance, colouring matters and water.
Thepapaverinegrouphasabenylisoquinolinestructure.
Opiumconsistsofprotopineandhydrocotarninealkaloidsmostly.
Morphinemoleculealsoconsistsofbothphenolicandanalcoholichydroxylgroups.
Adulterants
Itisusedcommonlyasanadulterantsugaryfruits,gumandpowderedpoppycapsules.
Uses
It is used to relieve pain widely.
It has narcotic properties.
As hypnotics, they work only on sensory nerve cells of the cerebrum.
Codeine is used as mild sedative than morphine.
They are also used to allying coughing.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
244
IPECAC
Biological source
Synonyms: Brazilian or johore ipecac Family: Rubiaceae Botanical name: Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Rubiaceae
Part:Driedrootorrhizome
Morphological features
Therhizomeofipecacishorizontal,thinorsometimes
thick and annulated.
Itis5–15cmlongand6mmindiameterandusually
smaller.
The shape is cylindrical or slightly tortuous.
Chemical constituents
2–3%oftotalalkaloidsispresentintherootofipecac.
The other chemical constituents are emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine and psychotrine methyl ether.
Inthechemicalstructureofallthealkaloids,anisoquinolineringsystemispresent.
Emetinewhichisanactivechemicalconstituentofipecac,doesnotcontainafreephenolicgroup,thusitisknown asnon-phenolicalkaloid.
Thebaseofemetineisnon-crystallinebutitssaltsarecrystalline.
Uses
Ipecac works as an expectorant.
It is also used as diaphoretic.
It is used to treat amoebic dysentery.
It has local irritant action.
Ipecachasthepropertyofemetic.
Inchemicalconstituentofipecac,emetine has expectorant action more thanemeticactionandcephaelinehas
more emetic action.
Psychotrineandits o-methyl ether which isthechemical constituent of ipecacworkasselective inhibitors of humanimmunodeciencyvirus.
Adulterants
Aerialstemoftheplantisthemajoradulterantofthedrug.
Itisseparatedfromtherootoftheplantbythelongitudinalstriation.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
245
NUX VOMICA
Biological source
Synonyms:Dogbuttons,vomitnutandcrowg. Botanical name: Strychnos nux vomica Family: loganiaceae
Morphological features
Itisadeciduousandmedium-sizedtree.
It has short, crooked, thick trunk and the wood is white and hard.
Leavesareopposite,shortstalked.
Theshapeofleavesisovalandsmoothandshinyonbothsides.
Chemical constituents:
Alkaloidsarethemajorchemicalconstituentofnuxvomica.
It contains 1.25% strychnine and 1.5% brucine.
Itcontainsglucosideloganinandabout3%fattymatter.
Itcontainscaffeotannicacidandtraceofcopper.
Itconsistsof2.5–3.5%bitterindolealkaloids.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Strychnineisthemajorchemicalconstituentofnuxvomicawhichistherapeuticallyactiveandtoxicalkaloidwhich
246
islocatedinthecentralportionofendosperm.
Theanothermajorconstituentofnux-vomicaisbrucinewhichischemicallydimethoxystrychnineanditisless toxicwhichhasverylowphysiologicalaction.
Itisintenselybitterandusedasastandarddeterminingthebittervalueofmanybitterdrugs.
Uses
Itisusedtoincreaseappetite,i.e.itstimulatesperistalsisinchronicconstipationduetoatonyofthebowelitis oftencombinedwithcascaraandotherlaxativeswithgoodeffects.
Strychnineisthemajorchemicalconstituentofnux-vomicahelpstoincreasetheowofgastricjuice.
Themajorconstituentofnux-vomica,strychninehasastimulantactiononspinalcordandreexmovementsare
better.
Itisusedasasextonicandnervine.
Itisusedtotreatcardiacfailurebecausesmell,touch,hearingandvisionarerenderedmoreacuteandimproves
pulse and rises blood pressure.
Adulterants: Thecommonadulterantsofnux-vomicaareStrychnine potatorum and Strychnine nux blanda.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Select the botanical name of quassia?
A. Basella rubra B. Liatris spicata C. Monarda didyma D. Picrasma excelsa
2. Choose the plant family to which quassia belongs?
A. Rubiaceae B. Liliaceae C. Simarubaceae D. Solanicaeae
3. Select the correct match with respect to the chemical constituent of plants.
I. Opium a. Strychnine II. Kurchi b. Protopine III. Nux-vomica c. Scopoletin IV. Quassia d. Connesine
A. I-a, II-b, III-c, IV-d B. I-b, II-a, III-d, IV-c C. I-c, II-d, III-a, IV-b D. I-d, II-c, III-b, IV-a
4. Select the incorrect statement(s) with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Kurchi is used to treat diarrhoea. ii. Senna is used to treat chronic constipation. iii. Digitalis is used to treat congestive heart failure. iv. Quassia is used to treat congestive heart failure.
A. Both i and ii B. Only iv C. Both iii and iv D. Only i
5. Name the adulterant used to adulterate quassia wood.
A. Indigo dye B. Wrightia tinctoria C. Quassia amara D. Primrose leaves
6.Usesofquassiawood:
A. Stomachic B. Antifungal C. Antitumour D. All of these
7. What is the exact length of quassia leaves?
A. 25–30 cm B. 15–25 cm C. 10–12 cm D. 5–6 cm
8. Select the chemical constituent of quassia.
A. Vincristine B. Ephredrine C. Quassine D. Strychnine
9. Quassia wood is used in treatment of:
A. Diabetes B. Jaundice C. Asthama D. Atonic dyspepsia
10. Select the property quassia wood is lacking:
A. Antihypertensive B. Antileukemic C. Antifertility D. Antihelmintic
11. Botanical name of senna is:
A. Cassia senna L. B. Rudbeckia hirta C. Physalis franchetti D. Basella rubra
 12. Plantfamilytowhichsennabelongsis:
A. Rubiaceae B. Liliaceae C. Laguminosae D. Solaniaceae
13. Select the following with respect to the chemical constituents of plants.
I. Ipecac a. Purpurea A II. Kurchi b. Sennoside A III. Digitalis c. Conessine IV. Senna d. Emetine
A. I-a, II-b, III-c, IV-d B. I-d, II-c, III-a, IV-b C. I-b, II-a, III-c, IV-d D. I-c, II-d, III-b, IV-a
14. Select the incorrect statement(s) with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
I. Squill is used to treat chronic bronchitis. II. Duboisia is used to treat parkinsonism. III. Thevetia is used to treat rheumatism. IV. Senna is used to treat diabetes.
A. Both I and II B. Only II C. Both III and IV D. Only IV
15. The shape of leaves of senna is:
A. Needle shaped B. Lanceole shaped C. Obovate shaped D. Cordate shaped
16. The main chemical constituent of senna is:
A. Emetine B. Aloe-emodine C. Sennoside A D. Thevetin A
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
247
17. Name the common adulterant of seena.
A. Indigo dye B. Malic acid C. Dog senna D. All of these
18. Senna is used in treatment of:
A. Diabetes B. Cancer C. Constipation D. All of these
19. Palthe senna adulterats which plant?
A. Vinca B. Senna C. Strophanthus D. Ipecac
20. Select syndrome which can be treated by administration of senna.
A. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome B. Irritable bowel syndrome C. Ackerman syndrome D. Cohen syndrome
21. Select botanical name of aloe.
A. Monarda didyma B. Gaillardia aristata C. Liatris spicata D. Aloe barbadensis miller
22. Select the formulation which uses aloe as ingrediant.
A. Lotion B. Beverages C. Desserts D. All of these
23. Select the correct match with respect to the chemical constituents of plant.
I. Opium a. Anthranol II. Ephedra b. Protopine III. Cascara c. Ephedrine IV. Aloe d. Emodin
A. I-a, II-b, III-c, IV-d B. I-b, II-c, III-a, IV-d C. I-b, II-a, III-c, IV-d D. I-c, II-b, III-d, IV-c
24. Select the incorrect statement(s) with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Cascara is used to treat constipation. ii. Digitalis is used to treat congestive heart failure. iii. Aloe is used to treat syphilis. iv. Ipecac has emetic property.
A. Both i and ii B. Only iii C. Both iii and iv D. Only ii
25. Name chief chemical constituent of aloe.
A. Vincristine B. Strychnine C. Protopine D. Emodine
26. Select adulterant of aloe.
A. Malic acid B. Glucose C. Indigo dye D. Both A and B
27. Select the characteristic of leaves of Aloe:
A. Rosette shaped B. Thick C. Fleshy D. All of these
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
 28.Plantfamilyofaloeis:
248
A. Apocynaceae B. Liliaceae C. Rubiaceae D. Solaneacae
29. Aloe is used to treat:
A. Vaginal infection B. Allergic reaction C. Herpes D. All of these
30. Select the chemical constituents of aloe.
A. Amino acids B. Enzymes C. Minerals D. All of these
31. Botanical name of podophyllum is:
A. Podophyllum hexandrum B. Asciepias tuberose C. Cobaeas candens D. Physalis franchetti
32. Biological source of podophyllum is:
A. Root B. Stem C. Rhizome D. Both A and C
33. Select the type of extract used for preparation of podophyllin.
A. Aqueous B. Alcoholic C. Butane hash oil D. Ice
34. Main chemical constituent of podophyllum is:
A. Resin B. Vincristine C. Protopine D. Scillaren
35. Name the adulterant of podophyllum.
A. Crystal violet B. Indigo dye C. A. latifolia D. Prussian blue
36. Name the chemical constituent(s) of podophyllum.
A. Podophyllin B. Podophyllotoxin C. Alpha-peltatin D. All of these
37. Select the disease treated by podophyllum.
A. Diabetes B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Asthma D. Cancer
38. Select the property of podophyllum.
A. Purgative B. Antiseptic C. Anti-malarial D. All of these
39. The amount of podophyllin present in Indian podophyllum is:
A. 5–6% B. 9–10% C. 6–12% D. 8–9%
40. The amount of alpha-peltatin present in podophyllum is:
A. 0.25% B. 0.15% C. 0.13% D. 0.90%
41. Select the botanical name of digitalis:
A. Digitalis pupurea B. Gaillardia aristata C. Dicenta spectabilis D. Liatrisspicata
42. Name the biological source of digitalis:
A. Seeds B. Leaves C. Roots D. Bark
43. Select the match with respect to the chemical constituents of plants:
I. Cascara a. Cocaine II. Coca b. Vincristine III. Vinca c. Purpurea A IV. Digitalis d. Anthranol
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