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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5857_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Activity Crude Drugs
Carminatives Fennel, Coriander, Clove
CNS stimulant Strychnine, Brucine, Caffeine
Mydriatics Atropine, Homatropine
Antiamoebic Ipecac root, Kurchi bark
Myotics Physostigmine, Pilocarpine
Hypertensive Ephedrine
Hypotensive Reserpine, Veratrine
Vermifuge Pelletierine
Local anesthetic Cocaine
Antimalarial Quinine
Antiemetic Emetine
Muscle relaxant Curare
Antispasmodic Papaverine
Uterine stimulant Ergometrine
Antigout Colchicines
Antiasthmatic Ephedra, Lobelia
Purgatives Senna, Rhubarb
Expectorant Tulsi, Balsam of tolu
Chemical Classification of Crude Drugs
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds containing the elements
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are either aldehyde or
ketonic alcohols in which hydrogen and oxygen are present
in the same ratio as in water.
Glycosides
Glycosides are non reducing substances that, on hydrolysis
brought about by reagents or enzymes, yield one or more
reducing sugars among the products of hydrolysis. The nonsugar part of the molecule is called the aglycone or genin;
the sugar component is called the glycone.
Tannins
Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous derivatives of
polyhydroxy benzoic acids.
Volatile Oils
Volatile oils are odorous principles found in various parts of
the plant. They are called volatile oils because they are volatile
in steam and at higher temperatures evaporate.
Lipids
The term lipid refers to fixed oils, fats, and waxes. They are
esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols and closely
related derivatives. They are stored in seeds, spores, and
vegetative perennial organs such as bulbs
Resins and Resin Combinations
The term resins are brittle secretions or exudations of plant
tissues, either produced normally or as the result of pathogenic
conditions. Resins, as a class, are hard, transparent or
translucent brittle substances. They are generally heavier
than water (sp. gr. 0.9–1.25).
Examples
Acacia arabica, Astragalus gummifer, Cyamopsis
tetragonolobus and Plantago ovata
Examples
Anthraquinone Glycosides: Cassia acutifolia, Aloe perryi,
Rheum emodi.
Saponins Glycosides: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia arjuna
Cyanophore Glycosides: Prunus serotina
Isothiocyanate Glycosides: Brassica alba
Cardiac Glycosides: Strophanthus Kombe, Digitalis
purpurea
Bitter Glycosides: Picraena excelsa, Swertia chirata
Examples
Emblica officinalis, Terminalia arjuna, Uncaria gambier ,
Acacia catechu and Terminilia chebula
Examples
Foeniculum vulgare, Peucedanum graveolens, Carum Carvi
Examples
Fixed oils: Ricinus communis, Oleum Olivae, Prunus
amygdalus and Hypoprion brevirostris
Fats: Theobroma cacao
Waxes: Apis mellifera, Prunus amygdalus
Examples
Podophyllum hexandrum, Cannabis sativa, Ipomoea purga,
Capsicum annuum, Curcuma longa, Ferula foetida, and
Zingiber officinalis.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Contd...
149
Alkaloids
The term alkaloid can be defined as a plant base. Alkaloids
mean “alkali-like,” referring to the basic nature of these
plant constituents. They are essentially basic nitrogenous
compounds of vegetable origin, possessing some marked
physiological action
3. Factors Influencing Quality of Crude Drugs
Examples
Pyridine and Piperidine: Lobelia inflata, Nicotiana tabacum
Tropane: Theobroma cacao, Atropa belladonna , Datura
metel and Hyoscymus niger
Quinoline: Cinchona calisaya
Isoquinoline: Papaver somniferum, Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Indole: Claviceps purpurea, Rauwolfia serpentina
Purine: Tea, coffee
Protein: Gelatin, Ficin, Papain
Vitamins: Yeast
Triterpenes: Rasna, Colocynth
Environmental Conditions:
Plant growth and development are controlled environmental
conditions.
The long-term climatic conditions for a region determine
the type of vegetation in that region, and regional
environmental factors affect growth and development of
the plants.
The ecologically important environmental factors affecting
plant growth are light, temperature, humidity, rainfall and
altitude.
Effect of Altitude on Cultivation of Plants
Plant Altitude (meters)
Saffron Up to 1250
Clove Up to 900
Coffee 1000–2000
Cinnamon 250–1000
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
150
Tea 1000–1500
Camphor 1500–2000
Effect of Climate on Plants
Plant Climate
Pyrethum Dry weather
Saffron Cold
Camphor and coffee Cannot withstand frost
Composition of Soil with Its Volume
Components Volume
Air 20–30%
Soil solution 20–30%
Mineral fraction 45%
Organic matter 5%
Type of Soil with Its Characteristics
Type of soil Characteristics
Sandy Soil Sandy soil (0.05 to 2 mm) is good for plants. It is granular and consists of rock and mineral particles. The
texture is gritty and sandy soil is formed by the disintegration and weathering of rocks such as limestone,
granite, quartz and shale. Sandy soil retains moisture and nutrients.
Silty Soil Silty soil (0.002 to 0.05 mm) is considered to be one of the most fertile of soils. It is composed of minerals
like Quartz and fine organic particles. It is granular like sandy soil but it has more nutrients than sandy
soil and it also offers better drainage.
Clay Soil Clay soil (less than 0.002 mm) is formed after years of rock disintegration and weathering. It is also formed
as sedimentary deposits after the rock is weathered, eroded and transported.
Loamy Soil This soil is the ideal for cultivation, consists of sand, silt and clay to some extent. It is considered to be the
perfect soil. The texture is gritty and retains water very easily, yet the drainage is well.
Peaty Soil It is basically formed by the accumulation of dead and decayed organic matter and naturally contains much
more organic matter than most of the soils. It is generally found in marshy areas. Peaty soil is blocked by
the acidity of the soil.
Chalky Soil Chalky soil is very alkaline in nature and consists of a large number of stones. Chalky Soil, apart from being
dry also blocks the nutritional elements for the plants like Iron and Magnesium. The fertility of this kind of
soil depends on the depth of the soil that is on the bed of chalk. This kind of soil is prone to dryness and
in summers it is a poor choice for plantation.
ESSENTIAL PLANT NUTRIENTS
Essential Plant Nutrients
Nutrient supplied by air and
water
Non Mineral Primary Macronutrients Secondary
Carbon Nitrogen Calcium Boron, chlorine, manganese
Hydrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Iron, zinc, copper
Oxygen Potassium Magnesium Molybdenum and selenium
Nutrient supplied by soil system with help of fertilizers
Micronutrients
Macronutrients
PHYTOHORMONES WITH ITS DESCRIPTION
Phytohormones Nature and
Precusor
Auxins
4-chloro indole-3 acetic acid.
Phenylacetic acid
Synthesized auxins are:
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Napthelene acetic acid (NAA).
Occur in cell in
concentration of
–8
–6
10
–10
mol/litre.
Tryptophan is the
precursor of IAA &
Zn is required for
synthesis.
Transport Bioassay Site of
Biosynthesis
Basipetal in stem
and acropetal in
roots
Avena curvature
test.
Split pea stem
curvature test.
IAA transport is
cell to cell mainly
in the vascular
cambium and
epidermal cells.
Effects
Induces cell
enlargement and
stem growth.
Enhances cell
division by inducing
meristematic
activity and
Cambium cell
activity.
Vascular tissue
differentiation
(Xylem and
Phloem).
Root initiation
(stem cuttings)
and differentiation
(tissue culture).
Tropistic responses
of shoots and roots
to gravity and light.
Growth of flower
parts & delay fruit
ripening.
Leaf and fruit
abscission (inhibit
or promote via
ethylene).
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
151
Phytohormones Nature and
Gibberellins (GAs)
Weakly acidic plant growth hormone
Cytokinins (CKs)
Midly basic growth hormones
Kinetin (6-furfuryl aminopurines)
6-benzyl Aminopurine.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
152
Precusor
The gibberellins
(GAs) are a family
of compounds
based on the
entgibberellane
structure
CKs are adenine
derivatives
characterized by
an ability to induce
cell division.
Chemically
precursor of CK
is Adenine or
Adenosine
Transport Bioassay Site of
Biosynthesis
They are probably
transported in
the phloem and
xylem
CK transport is
via the xylem
from roots to
shoots.
Dwarf pea
elongation
technique.
Barley
endosperm
digestion
technique.
Chlorophyll
preservation
test or delay in
senescence test.
Tobacco pith
culture test.
synthesized from
glyceraldehyde3-phosphate,
via isopentenyl
diphosphate, in
young tissues
of the shoot and
developing seed
CK biosynthesis
is through the
biochemical
modification of
adenine
Effects
Fruit setting and
growth. Auxin
delays leaf
senescence.
Auxin delays
ripening.
Apical dominance.
IAA promotes
formation of
female flowers
(feminization).
Enhances seed
germination by
enhancing amylase
synthesis (enzyme
production).
Overcome
Dormancy.
GA1 causes
hyperelongation
of stems by
stimulating both
cell division and
cell elongation.
Induction of seed
germination.
GAs cause stem
elongation in
response to long
days.
Fruit setting and
growth.
GA produces male
flower production in
cannabis.
GA causes
etiolation in plants
when kept in dark.
It occurs in root
tips and developing
seeds.
Cell division & Cell
enlargement is
enhanced by CKs.
Morphogenesis.
CKs delay leaf
senescence.
CKs may enhance
stomatal opening in
some species.
CK leads to an
accumulation of
chlorophyll and
promotes the
conversion of
etioplasts into
chloroplasts.
In turn leads
to Chloroplast
development.
Growth of lateral
buds.
Cks are quite
effective in
breaking dormancy
of seeds.
It counteracts the
phenomenon of
apical dominance.
Contd...
Phytohormones Nature &
Precusor
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Terpene derivatives.
Ethylene
CH
= CH
2
Naturally occurring volatile hormone.
2
It is mainly a 15C sesquiterpenes,
act as a inhibitor
because it
opposes the
growth promotion
effect of auxins,
GA, CKs
It is gaseous
hormones.
Transport Bioassay Site of
Biosynthesis
ABA is exported
from roots in the
xylem and from
leaves in the
phloem
Ethylene moves
by diffusion
from its site of
synthesis.
Rice seedling
growth inhibition
test.
Inhibition of
α-amylase
synthesis
in barely
endosperm.
Triple pea test.
Pea stem
swelling test.
Biosynthesis
of ABA take
place through
mevalonic acid or
xanthophylls.
It is produced from
L-methionine.
Ethylene is
synthesized by
most tissues
in response to
stress like tissue
undergoing
senescence or
ripening.
Effects
Kinetins are
reported to play
the role in nucleic
acid metabolism &
protein synthesis.
Increases the self
life of vegetables &
improves yield and
quality of fruit.
Induces dormancy
in buds.
It is also known as
Antigibberellin as
it counter effects
of gibberellins
like induction
of hydrolases,
α-amylase in barely
seedlings.
it is known as
stress hormone
and leads to
Stomatal closure
thus acts as a
antitranspirant.
ABA inhibits shoot
growth.
ABA induces
storage protein
synthesis in seeds.
ABA affects the
induction and
maintenance of
some aspects of
dormancy in seeds.
Increase in ABA
in response to
wounding induces
gene transcription,
notably for
proteinase
inhibitors.
Maintenance of
the apical hook in
seedlings.
Stimulation of
numerous defense
responses in
response to injury
or disease.
Release from
dormancy.
Shoot and root
growth and
differentiation.
Adventitious root
formation.
Leaf and fruit
abscission.
Flower induction in
some plants.
Induction of
femaleness in
dioecious flowers.
Flower opening.
Flower and leaf
senescence.
Fruit ripening.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
153
Miscellaneous Hormones
Polyamines
H2N — (CH2)3 — NH — (CH2)4 — NH
Spermidine
Polyaminesareagroup of aliphaticamines.Themain
compounds are putrescine, spermidine and spermine.
Theyarederivedfromthedecarboxylationoftheamino
acids arginine or ornithine. They are widespread in all
cellsandcanexertregulatorycontrolovergrowthand
developmentatmicromolarconcentrations.Polyamines
haveawiderangeofeffectsonplantsandappeartobe
essentialforplantgrowth,particularlycelldivisionand
normal morphologies. It appears that polyamines are
presentinall cellsratherthanhavinga specicsiteof
synthesis.
2
Effects:
Jasminatesplayanimportantroleinplantdefenseand
inhibit many plant processes such as growth and seed
germination.
Theypromotesenescence,abscission,tuberformation,
fruitripening,pigmentformationandtendrilcoiling.
JAis essential for male reproductive development of
Arabidopsis.
Salicylic Acid (SA)
Salicylateshavebeenknownforalongtimetobepresent
inwillowbark, but have onlyrecentlybeen recognized
as potential regulatory compounds. Salicylic acid is
biosynthesizedfromtheaminoacidphenylalanine.
Brassinolide
Brassinosteroids (BAs)
Brassinosteroidsare plant steroids,typified by the
compoundbrassinolidethatwasrstisolatedfromBrassica
pollen.Theyproduceeffectsongrowthanddevelopmentat
verylowconcentrationsandplayaroleintheendogenous
regulationoftheseprocesses.
Effects
Celldivision, cell elongation, vascular differentiation
andtheyareneededforfertility
Inhibitionofrootgrowthanddevelopment
Ithelps in promotion of ethylenebiosynthesis and
epinasty.
Jasmonates (JA)
Jasmonates are represented by jasmonic acid (JA) and its
methylester.Jasmonicacidissynthesizedfromlinolenic
acid,whilejasmonic acid ismostlikelytheprecursorof
tuberonic acid.
Effects
Salicylic acid plays a main role in the resistance to
pathogensbyinducingtheproductionof‘pathogenesisrelatedproteins’.
SA is the calorigenic substance that causes thermogenesis
in Arum owers.
Ithasalso beenreportedtoenhanceowerlongevity,
inhibit ethylene biosynthesis and seed germination,
blockthe wound response, and reverse the effects of
ABA.
Plant anatomy (anatomy—dissection) is the study
ofinternal structure and organization of plants,
especiallyoftheirpartsbymeansof dissection and
microscopic examination. In general, plant anatomy
referstostudyofinternalmorphology,pertainingto
differenttissues.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
154
Fig. 2.1: Classication of plant tissues
Monocot Stem and Dicot Stem
Characteristics Monocot Stem Dicot Stem
Definition It is a circular-shaped hollow axial part of the plant. It is the solid cylindrical axial part of a plant.
Internodes Hollow. Solid.
Transverse section It is differentiated into the epidermis, hypodermis,
and ground substance in TS.
Epidermal hairs Absent Present
Hypodermis Non-green. Green.
Cortex Less developed and is represented by the
hypodermis.
Endodermis Absent Present
Stele The stele of the monocot stem is larger and of an
advanced type.
The stele consists of ground tissues and vascular
bundles.
Pericycle Reduced or completely absent. Present completely or partially sclerenchymatous.
Vascular bundles Scattered irregularly throughout the ground tissue. Arranged in the form of a broken ring.
The bundles are numerous and of different sizes. The bundles are fewer and mostly uniform in size.
oval, conjoint, collateral, closed, and endarch. Wedge-shaped, conjoint, collateral, open, and
The vascular bundles are covered with a
sclerenchymatous sheath.
The vascular bundles remain the same throughout
the life of the plant.
The xylem bundles are composed of vessels that
are arranged in the form of the letter Y.
The xylem contains protoxylem lacunae. The xylem does not have defined protoxylem
The phloem units are smaller in size and lack
phloem parenchyma.
Secondary growth Not observed Dicot stems exhibit secondary growth due to
Medullary rays Absent Present
It is differentiated into the epidermis, cortex, and
stele.
Well developed and differentiated into hypodermis,
endodermis, and general cortex.
The stele in the dicot stem is larger than the cortex
and moderately developed.
The stele is differentiated into pericycle, vascular
medulla, and medurally rays.
endarch.
The bundle sheath is absent.
Older vascular bundles are replaced by newer
ones many times throughout the life of the plant.
The xylem bundles contain fewer vessels that are
arranged in rows or columns.
lacunae.
The phloem units are larger in size and have
phloem parenchyma.
the presence of secondary vascular tissues and
periderm formation.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
155
Monocot and Dicot Leaves
Characteristics Monocot leaves Dicot leaves
Definition Narrow and elongated with parallel venation, Rounded with reticulate venation
Shape Narrow, slender, and longer than dicot leaves. Broad and relatively smaller than monocot leaves.
Symmetry isobilateral in symmetry. dorsoventral as the upper and lower surfaces of
the leaves are distinguished.
Venation Parallel venations Reticulate venation
Stomata Amphistomatic stomata Hypostomatic.stomata
Guard cells Dumb-bell shaped. Kidney-shaped.
Intercellular spaces Smaller intercellular spaces as the cells are
compactly arranged.
Vascular bundles Small vascular bundles Larger vascular bundles.
Epidermis Epidermal cells of monocot leaf have heavy
deposition of silica.
Bulliform or motor cells. Bulliform or motor cells are present.
Mesophyll Differentiated into
Spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll.
Larger intercellular spaces as the cells are loosely
packed.
Epidermal cells of dicot leaf do not have silica
deposition.
Not differentiated.
Monocot and Dicot Root
Characteristics Monocot root Dicot root
Definition Fibrous or adventitious roots Dicotyledonous roots are taproots consisting
of a single primary root from which secondary
and tertiary roots develop and grow vertically
downwards through the soil.
Root system Fibrous or adventitious root system. Tap root system.
Primary root Postembryonic development of the roots. Grow throughout the life
Cortex The cortex in monocot roots is wide. The cortex in dicot roots is narrow.
Endodermis Thicker endodermis Less thick.
Passage cells Present Absent
Pericycle Forms the lateral roots. Forms the cork cambium and the lateral roots.
Single-layered or double-layered. Single layered.
Cambium Absent Present
Vascular bundles The number of vascular bundles is greater than
six (polyarch).
Conjunctive tissue Parenchymatous. Parenchymatous and Sclerenchymatous.
Pith Developed and prominent. Less developed or reduced.
Secondary growth Takes place Doesnot takes place
The number of vascular bundles is usually
between two and six (diarch to hexarch).
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
156
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Name the Father of medicine:
A. Hippocrates B. Galen
C. Aristotle D. Dioscorides
2. Select the drug which is not under the class of
organized drug?
A. Gums B. Fruits
C. Flowers D. Leaves
3. Select the drug which is not underneath the seed
class?
A. Stropanthus B. Isapgol
C. Nux-vomica D. Digitalis
4. Choose the drug which does not belong to leaves class:
A. Eucalyptus B. turmeric
C. Senna D. Digitalis
5. Choose the drug which does not belong to fruit
class?
A. Artemisia B. Coriander
C. Fennel D. Colocynth
6. Dried latex of the drug is used, excluding?
A. Papain B. Gatta parcha
C. Opium D. Balsam
7. Select the drug whose root are not effective?
A. Turmeric B. Ipecacuanha
C. Rauwolfia D. Aconite
8. Select the drug whose leaves are not effective:
A. Digitalis B. Senna
C. Clove D. Vasaka
9. Entire parts of the following drugs are effective,
except:
A. Belladonna B. Clove
C. Ephedra D. Ergot
10. Choose the drug, which is not belonging to tannin
class?
A. Ashoka B. Pale catechu
C. Myrobalan D. Peppermint
11. Choose the drug which does not belong to volatile
oil class:
A. Castor oil B. Garlic
C. Peppermint D. Clove
12. Choose the drug which does not belong to
carbohydrate class?
A. Colophony B. Acacia
C. Guar gum D. Agar
13. Select the drug which is not used as cardiotonics:
A. Squill B. Cinchona
C. Digitalis D. Stropanthus
14. Select an antihypertensive drug:
A. Digitalis B. Rauwolfia
C. Squill D. Stropanthus
15. Select an adrenergic drug:
A. Ephedra B. Pilocarpus
C. Physostigma D. belladonna
16. Select CNS depressant:
A. Belladonna B. Hyoscyamine
C. Coffee D. Opium
17. Select the drug which is not used as anticancer?
A. Camptotheca B. Curare
C. Podophyllum D. Taxus
18. Select the drug which is not used as antirheumatic
A. Colchicum B. Aconite
C. Quassia D. Guggul
19. Choose the emetic drug:
A. Isapghul B. Agar
C. Ipecac D. Banana
20. Choose the bronchodilator drug:
A. Liquorice B. Tea
C. Ipecacuanha D. Vasaka
21. Choose the antimalarial drug:
A. Ashwagandha B. Tulsi
C. Ginseng D. Artemisia
22. Choose the statement which is not the function of
cell wall of the plant?
A. Check the rate of transpiration
B. Provide mechanical support to the organ
C. Protect the protoplast
D. Give green colour to leaf
23. Alkaloids are ________ type of substances
A. Basic nitrogenous B. Chemical
C. Neutral D. Acid
24. Glycosides are condensation products of:
A. glycone + aglycone B. Fats + aglycone
C. Protein + aglycone D. Sugar + Protein
25. Tannins give which colour with iron compound:
A. Light pink B. Blue black
C. Pale yellow D. Orange
26. Flower bud of drug showing medicinal importance:
A. Fig B. Clove
C. Saffron D. Caraway
27. Aril means:
A. Stiff bristle like appendages
B. Succulent growth from hilum
C. Enlarged funicle
D. Outgrowth originating from micropyle
28. Arillode means:
A. Outgrowth from micropyle
B. Stiff bristle like appendages
C. Enlarged funicle
D. Warty outgrowth
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
157
29. Not an example of organized crude drug:
A. Digitalis B. Aloe
C. Cinchona D. Clove
30. Not an example of unorganized crude drug:
A. Cinchona B. Agar
C. Aloe D. Colophony
CHOOSE THE CORRECT PAIRS
31. Drug Example
A. Vegetable drug i) Honey bees
B. Animal drug ii) Arsenic oxide
C. Mineral and metal iii) Belladonna
32. AsdenedbytheEuropeanPharmacopoeia,which
of the following are herbal drugs?
A. Processed plants, plant or animal parts that are
mainly used in the fresh state, or sometimes
after drying
B. Mainly unprocessed, whole or ground plants,
algae, fungi or lichen, which are particularly
used after drying or sometimes in the fresh state
C. Generally herbal products, prepared by different
methods such as extraction, distillation,
extrusion, fractionation, concentration or
fermentation
D. Plant species used as therapeutic agents to
influence the functions of the human body
E. Medical herbs used as therapeutic agents to
influence the functions of the human body
33. Inventor Year
A. Hippocrates i) 384-322 BC
B. Aristotle ii) 40-80 AD
C. Discorides iii) 400-360 BC
D. Galen iv) 131-200 AD
33. PartUsed Example
A. Roots i) Quassia
B. Woods ii) Turmeric
C. Rhizomes iii) Karachi
D. Bark iv) Rauwolfia
34. PartUsed Example
A. Gums i) Acacia
B. Dried extract ii) Gelatin
C. Dried juice iii) Kino
35. PartUsed Example
A. Seeds i) Vasaks
B. Leaves ii) Coriander
C. Fruits iii) Pyrethrum
D. Flowers iv) Isapgol
36. Chemicalclassication Example
A. Glycosides i) Cinchona
B. Alkaloids ii) Digitalis
C. Tannins iii) Ashoka
D. Carbohydrates iv) Guar gum
37.Chemicalclassication Example
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
A. Emetics i) Castor oil
158
B. Purgative ii) Cardamom
C. Carminative iii) Cinchona
D. Bitters iv) Ipecacuanha
38. Chemicalclassication Example
A. Expectorant i) Tea
B. Antitussive ii) Opium
C. Anitexpectorant iii) Starmonium
D. Bronchodilator iv) Vasaka
39. Pharmacologicalaction Example
A. Anticholinergic i) Physostigmina
B. Cholinergic ii) Datura
C. Adrenergic iii) Opium
40. Drug Epidermal structure
A. Digitalis i) Wavy
B. Hyoscyamus ii) Wavy and striated
cuticle
C. Belladonna iii) Striated walled and
polygonal
D. Senna iv) Thick walled beaded
41. Asavas are medicinal preparations made by:
A. Soaking the drug in semisolid form
B. Soaking the drug in decoction form
C. Soaking the drug in paste form
D. Soaking the drug in emulsion form
42. Asavas and aristas are fermented:
A. For removal of alcohol
B. For generation of alcohol
C. For removal of water
D. For liberation of water
43. DeneLehas:
A. Solid preparations
B. Liquid preparation
C. Semisolid preparations
D. Emulsified preparations
44. DeneGutikas:
A. Solid preparations
B. Liquid preparations
C. Semisolid preparations
D. Emulsified preparations
45. DenationofBhasma:
A. Ash obtained by incineration
B. Liquid obtained by calcinations
C. Semisolid obtained by calcinations
D. Emulsion obtained by calcinations
46. Sodhana in preparation of Bhasma is a:
A. Purification process B. Healing process
C. Packing process D. None of the above
47. Tailas are:
A. Solid preparations
B. Liquid preparations
C. Semisolid preparations
D. Powdered preparations
48. PanchakarmainAyurvedaisadoptedfor
A. Cleaning of the body
B. Warming of the body
C. Smoothening of the body
D. Five-fold detoxification therapy