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Types of herbal drug interaction
Details of herbal drug interaction
WHO Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drugs
ThevariousguidelinesofWHOareasfollows:
WHO’smissioninessentialdrugsandmedicinespolicy
istohelpsave lives and improve health byclosingthe
huge gap between the potential that essential drugs
havetoofferandtherealitythatformillionsofpeople
particularlythepoor and disadvantaged medicinesare
unavailable,unaffordable, unsafe or improperly used.
Itdoes thisbycarryingoutanumberofcorefunctions:
Articulatingpolicyandadvocacypositions;workingin
partnership; producing guidelines and practical tools;
developingnorms and standards; stimulating strategic
andoperationalresearch; developing humanresources;
andmanaginginformation.
WHO Traditional Medicines Strategy 2002–2005
TheWHO Traditional Medicines Strategy 2002–2005
reviewsthestatusoftraditionalmedicine/complementary
andalternativemedicine(TM/CAM)globally,andoutlines
WHO’sown role and activities in TM/CAM. Butmore
importantlyitprovidesaframeworkforactionforWHO
anditspartners,aimedatenablingTM/CAMtoplayafar
greater role in reducing excess mortality and morbidity,
especiallyamongimpoverishedpopulations.Thestrategy
incorporatesfourobjectives:
1.Policy: IntegrateTM/CAM with nationalhealth
caresystems, as appropriate,by developing and
implementing national TM/CAM policies and
programmes.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
349
2.Safety,efcacyandquality:Promotethesafety,efcacy
andqualityofTM/CAMbyexpandingtheknowledge
baseon TM/CAM, andby providing guidance on
regulatory and quality assurance standards.
3.Access:IncreasetheavailabilityandaffordabilityofTM/
CAM,asappropriate,withanemphasisonaccessfor
poor populations.
4.Rational use: Promote therapeutically sounduse of
appropriate TM/CAM byproviders and consumers.
Implementationofthestrategywillinitiallyfocusonthe
rsttwoobjectives.Achievingthesafety,efcacyand
qualityobjectivewillprovidethenecessaryfoundation
forachievingtheaccessandrationaluseobjectives.
WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines
in pharmacovigilance systems (2004)
Theobjectivesoftheseguidelinesare:
1.To support Member States, inthe context of the
WHOInternational DrugMonitoring Programme, to
strengthen national pharmacovigilancecapacity in
ordertocarryouteffectivesafetymonitoringofherbal
medicines.
2.To provide technical guidance on the principlesof
goodpharmacovigilance and the inclusion of herbal
medicinesinexistingnationaldrugsafetymonitoring
systems; and where these systems are not in place, to
facilitatetheestablishmentofaninclusivenationaldrug
safetymonitoringsystem.
3.To provide standard denitions of terms relatingto
pharmacovigilance,and safety monitoring of herbal
medicines.
4. To promote and strengthen internationally coordinated
informationexchangeonpharmacovigilance,andsafety
monitoringofherbalmedicinesamongmemberstates.
5.Topromotethesafeandproperuseofherbalmedicines.
Theregulationof herbal medicinesandtheirplacein
nationalhealthcare systems differs from countryto
country,andtheseguidelineswillthereforeneedtobe
adaptedtomeettheneedsofthelocalsituation.
Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Material (1998)
Itis a collection of testprocedures to support the
developmentofnationalstandardsbasedonlocalmarket
conditions, with due regard to existing national legislation
and national and regional norms. The test methods
described in this manual are the best methods currently
available.Inadditiontothetestmethods,somesuggestions
regardinggeneral limits for contaminants areincluded.
Theyshould be considered as abasis for establishing
national limits.
Themethodsforanalysisofmedicinalplantmaterials
frequentlyemployed in thismanual are volumetric
analysis,gravimetricdeterminations,gaschromatography,
columnchromatography, high-performance liquid
chromatography and spectrophotometric methods.
WHO Guidelines on good manufacturing practices (GMP)
for herbal medicines (2005)
Thecore requirements for GMP for herbal medicines
arecommon to GMP for pharmaceuticalproducts. In
1996,WHO issued “good manufacturing practices:
Supplementaryguidelinesforthemanufactureofherbal
medicinal products”. The present consolidated guidelines
include, “Core WHO GMP” and “WHO updated GMP:
Supplementary guidelines formanufacture of herbal
medicines”,which are reproduced from the respective
annexesoftheWHOtechnicalreports.Thisvolumealso
containsthe contents page of the “Quality Assurance
Compendium Vol. 2, 2nd update (2007)”, a publication
whichincludesalloftheGMPtextspublishedtodate,in
ordertoenablefullcross-referencingtotheWHOGMP,as
theGMPguidelinesonvalidationandwater,inparticular,
mightalso be necessaryto those manufacturing herbal
medicines.
WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants; Vol. 1
(1999); Vol. 2 (2004); Vol. 3 (2007); Vol. 4 (2009)
Aseries of volumes, the WHO monographs on selected
medicinal plantsaimsto:Providescienticinformationon
thesafety, efcacy, and quality controlof widely used
medicinalplants;Providemodelstoassistmemberstates
indevelopingtheirown monographsorformulariesfor
theseandotherherbalmedicines;Facilitateinformation
exchange among member states. WHO monographs,
however,arenotpharmacopoeialmonographs;ratherthey
arecomprehensivescienticreferencesfordrugregulatory
authorities, physicians, traditional health practitioners,
pharmacists,manufacturers, research scientistsand the
general public.
Eachmonograph follows astandard format with
information presented intwo parts followed by a
referencelist. The rst part presentspharmacopoeial
summariesfor quality assurance. The secondpart
includes sections on medicinal uses, pharmacology,
safetyissues,anddosageforms.Thedescriptionsunder
themedicinalusessectionmerelyrepresent,forpurposes
ofinformation exchange, the systematic collection
ofscientic information available at thetime of each
volume’spreparationandshouldnotbetakenashaving
WHO’sofcialendorsementorapproval.
Volume 1 contains 28 monographs published in 1999.
Volume 2, published in 2003 includes 30 monographs.
Volume 3 in this series was published in 2007 and includes
31 monographs.
Volume 4, which was published in 2009, includes 28
monographs.
Eachvolume after Volume 1 has a general technical
notice and twocumulative indexes to facilitate
referencing;oneliststhemonographsinalphabetical
order by plant name and the other according to the plant
materialofinterest.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
350
Vol. 1 Vol. 2 Vol. 3 Vol. 4
Bulbus allii cepae Radix althaeae Fructus ammi majoris Fructus agni casti
Bulbus allii sativi Herba andrographidis Fructus ammi visnagae Cortex berberidis
Aloe Radix angelicae sinensis Fructus anethi Gummi boswellii
Aloe vera gel Flos calendulae aetheroleum anisi Semen cardamomi
Radix astragali Flos caryophylli Fructus anisi Fructus chebulae
Fructus bruceae Rhizoma cimicifugae
racemosae
Radix bupleuri Folium cum Flore crataegi Flos arnicae Folium cynarae
Herba centellae Radix eleutherococci Folium azadirachti Cortex granati
Flos chamomillae Aetheroleum eucalypti Oleum azadirachti Pericarpium granati
Cortex cinnamomi Folium eucalypti Flos carthami Folium guavae
Rhizoma coptidis Cortex frangulae Stigma croci Lichen islandicus
Rhizoma curcumae longae Folium et cortex
hamamelidis
Radix echinaceae Semen hippocastani Radix gentianae luteae Cortex magnoliae
Herba echinaceae
purpurea
Herba ephedrae Aetheroleum melaleucae
Folium ginkgo Folium melissae Radix harpagophyti Fructus myrtilli
Radix ginseng Aetheroleum menthae
Radix glycyrrhizae Folium menthae piperitae Radix ipecacuanhae Cortex phellodendron
Radix paeoniae Folium ocimi sancti Aetheroleum lavandulae Rhizoma picrorhizae
Semen plantaginis Oleum oenotherae biennis Flos lavandulae Oleum ricini
Radix platycodi Rhizoma piperis methystici Strobilus lupuli Aetheroleum rosmarini
Radix rauwolfiae Cortex pruni africanae Gummi myrrha Folium rosmarini
Rhizoma rhei Cortex rhamni purshianae Herba passiflorae Cortex salicis
Folium sennae Flos sambuci Testa plantiginis Fructus tribuli
Herba hyperici Radix gentianae scabrae Herba millefolii
alternifoliae
piperitae
Radix senegae Radix rehmanniae Flos trifolii
Fructus serenoae repentis Fructus schisandrae Ramulus cum Uncis
Fructus silybi mariae Radix scutellariae Cortex viburni prunifolii
Herba tanaceti parthenii Radix cum Herba taraxaci Radix withaniae
Radix urticae Semen trigonellae
Semen armenicae Semen cucurbitae
Fructus foeniculi Fructus macrocarponii
Gummi gugguli Fructus momordicae
Rhizoma hydrastis Radix panacis quinquefolii
uncariae
Foenugraeci
Cortex uncariae
Fructus zizyphi
LIST OF ANNEXURES IN DIFFERENT VOLUMES
Vol.1: Annex. Participants in the WHO Consultation on
Selected Medicinal Plants
Vol.2: Annex: Participants in the Second WHO Consultation
on Selected Medicinal Plants
Vol.3: Annex 1: Participants in the Third WHO Consultation
onSelectedMedicinalPlants,theGovernmentalConference
Centre,Ottawa,Canada,16–19July,2001
Annex2:Cumulativeindex(inalphabeticalorderofplant
name)
Annex3:Cumulativeindex(inalphabeticalorderofplant
materialofinterest)
Vol.4: Annex 1: Participantsof the Fourth WHO
Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants SalernoPaestum,Italy,3–6October2005
Annex2:Cumulativeindex(inalphabeticalorderofplant
name)
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
351
Annex3:Cumulativeindex(inalphabeticalorderofplant
materialofinterest)
Annex4: Cumulative index of medicinal plants (in
alphabeticalorderofLatinbinomialplantname)
Annex5:Cumulativeindexofmajorchemicalconstituents
(by compound name in alphabetical order)
Annex6:Cumulativeindexofmajorchemicalconstituents
(ordered by CAS number)
Annex7:Cumulativeindexofmajorchemicalconstituents
(orderedbymolecularformula)
Basic Tests for Drugs — Pharmaceutical Substances,
Medicinal Plant Materials and Dosage Forms (1998)
WHO’sbasictests for pharmaceutical substances(1986)
andbasic tests forpharmaceutical dosage forms(1991),
describessimpleandreadilyapplicabletestsforverifying
theidentityofanumberofpharmaceuticalsubstancesand
dosageforms,andmedicinalplantmaterialsincommon
use. These include:
Ipecacuanhae radix
Podophylli resina
Sennae folium
Sennae fructus
General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and
Evaluation of Traditional Medicine
WHOhasdevelopedthesegeneralguidelinesinresponseto
thequestion:Whattypesofacademicresearchapproaches
andmethods can be used to evaluate thesafety and
efcacyoftraditionalmedicine.Theguidelinesconsistof
sectionsonherbalmedicines,traditionalprocedure-based
therapies, clinical research, and related issues including
ethics,educationandtraining,andsurveillancesystems.
Thespecicobjectivesoftheguidelinesareto:Harmonise
theuse of certain accepted andimportant terms in
traditionalmedicine;summarizekeyissuesfordeveloping
methodologiesforresearchandevaluationoftraditional
medicine;improve the quality and value of research in
traditionalmedicine;andprovideappropriateevaluation
methodstofacilitatethe developmentofregulationand
registrationoftraditionalmedicine.
Methodologies for research and evaluation of traditional
procedure-based therapies
Clinical research
Other issues and considerations
Annexes
Annex I. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicine
Annex II. Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and
Efficacy of Herbal Medicine
Annex III. Report of a WHO Consultation on Traditional
Medicine and AIDS: Clinical Evaluation of Traditional
Medicines and Natural Products
Annex IV. Definition of Levels of Evidence and Grading of
Recommendation
Annex V. Guidelines for Levels and Kinds of Evidence to
Support Claims for Therapeutic Goods
Annex VI. Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) for
Trials on Pharmaceutical Products
Annex VII. Guidance for Industry: Significant Scientific
Agreement in the Review of Health Claims for Conventional
Foods and Dietary Supplements
Annex VIII. Guideline for Good Clinical Practice
Annex IX. WHO QOL (Quality of Life) User Manual: Facet
Definitions and Response Scales
Annex X. Participants in the WHO Consultation on
Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Traditional
Medicine
WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection
practices (GACP) for medicinal plants (2003)
WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection
practices(GACP) for medicinalplants are primarily
intendedto provide general technical guidance on
obtainingmedicinal plant materials of goodquality for
thesustainableproductionofherbalproductsclassiedas
medicines.Theyapplytothecultivationandcollectionof
medicinalplants,includingcertainpostharvestoperations.
Raw medicinal plant materials should meet all applicable
nationaland/orregionalqualitystandards.Theguidelines,
therefore,may need to be adjustedaccording to each
country’ssituation.
Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy
of Herbal Medicines (1993)
Theguidelines, which reect the consensus reached by
17 experts in pharmacology, biochemistry, and traditional
medicine,respondtotheneedtoassurethesafetyofwidely
usedherbalmedicineswhilealsofacilitatingthesearchfor
newpharmaceuticalproducts.Specicresearchcriteriaare
coveredtogetherwithgeneralprinciplesofinvestigation,
including ethical concerns.
Regulatory aspects of natural products based on Drugs and Cosmetics Act of India
Section Item Criteria
33E Misbranded drugs ASU drugs are considered to be misbranded
If it so colour-coated or polished that damage is concealed or drugs are
made to better or greater therapeutic value than it really is
Not labelled in prescribed manner
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
352
Label or container accompanying drug bears any misleading or false
claim
Contd...
Section Item Criteria
33EE Adulterated drugs ASU drugs are deemed to be adulterated
If it consists, in whole or in part, of any lthy, putrid or decomposed
substance; or
if it has been prepared, packed or stored under insanitary conditions
whereby it may have been contaminated with lth or whereby it may
have been rendered injurious to health; or
If its container is composed, in whole or in part, of any poisonous or
deleterious substance which may render the contents injurious to health;
or
If it bears or contains, for purposes of colouring only, a colour other than
one which is prescribed; or
If it contains any harmful or toxic substance which may render it injurious
to health; or
If any substance has been mixed therewith so as to reduce its quality
or strength
33EEA Spurious drugs 33EEA ASU drugs are deemed to be spurious
If it is sold, or offered or exhibited for sale, under a name which belongs
to another drug; or
If it is an imitation of, or is a substitute for, another drug or resembles
another drug in a manner likely to deceive, or bears upon it or upon
its label or container the name of another drug, unless it is plainly and
conspicuously marked so as to reveal its true character and its lack of
identity with such other drug; or
If the label or container bears the name of an individual or company
purporting to be the manufacturer of the drug, which individual or
company is ctitious or does not exist; or
If it has been substituted wholly or in part by any other drug or substance;
or
If it purports to be the product of a manufacturer of whom it is not truly
a product
33EEB Regulation of manufacture for sale
of ASU drugs
33EEC Prohibition of manufacture and
sale of certain ASU drug
No person shall manufacture for sale or for distribution, Ayurvedic, Siddha
or Unani drug except in accordance with prescribed standards
Manufacture for sale or for distribution
z
Any misbranded, adulterated or spurious Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani
drugs;
z
Any patent or proprietary medicine, unless there is displayed in the
prescribed manner on the label or container there of the true list of all
the ingredients contained in it;
z
Any Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani drug in contravention of any of the
provisions of this Chapter or any rule made thereunder; sell, stock or
exhibit or offer for sale or distribute, any Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani
drug which has been manufactured in contravention of any of the
provisions of this Act, or any rule made there under;
Manufacture for sale or for distribution, any Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani
drug, except under, and in accordance with the conditions of, a licence
issued for such purpose
33EED Power of Central Government to
prohibit manufacture of ASU
drugs in public interest
Central Government can prohibit manufacture of ASU if:
Drug involves any risk to human beings or animals
Drug does not have the therapeutic value claimed
33F Government analysts Central or State Government can appoint any person with the prescribed
qualification and do not have any financial interest in ASU drug
33G Inspectors Central or State Government can appoint any person with the prescribed
qualification and do not have any financial interest in ASU drug
33I Penalty for manufacture, sale, etc.
of Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani drug
Manufactures for sale or for distribution of any ASU drugs deemed to be
adulterated or without a valid licence as required
33J Penalty for subsequent offences Shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term not < 2 years but which
may extend to 6 years and with fine not < 5000 INR
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
353
Section Item Criteria
33K Confiscation Any person convicted under the act, the respective stock of ASU drug
can be confiscated
33M Cognizance of offences
No prosecution under this Chapter shall be instituted except by an
inspector
No Court inferior to that of a (Metropolitan Magistrate) or of a (Judicial
Magistrate) of the rst class shall try an offence punishable under this
chapter
33N Power of Central Government to
make rules
The Central Government may -after consultation with, or on the
recommendation of, the Board and after previous publication by notification
in the Official Gazette, make rules for the purpose of giving effect to the
provisions of this Chapter
153 Application for licence to manufacture
Ayurvedic (including
Siddha) or Unani drugs
154 Form of licence to manufacture
Ayurvedic (including Siddha) or
An application for the grant or renewal of a licence to manufacture for sale
any ASU drugs shall be made in Form 24-D to the Licensing Authority
along with a fee of ` 60
Subject to the conditions of rule 157 being fulfilled, a licence to manufacture
for sale any ASU drugs shall be issued in Form 25-D
Unani drugs
153A Loan Licence An application for the grant of renewal of a loan licence to manufacture
for sale of any ASU drugs shall be made in Form 25-E to the Licensing
Authority along with a fee of rupees thirty
155B Certificate of award of GMP of
Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Drugs
168 Standards to be complied with in
manufacture for sale or for
distribution of Ayurvedic, Siddha
and Unani drugs
Shall be issued to licensees who comply with the requirements of GMP of
ASU drugs as laid down in Schedule T
Single drugs: The standards for identity, purity and strength as given in
editions of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India
Asavas and Arishtas: The upper limit of alcohol as self-generated alcohol
should not exceed 12% v/v
S. No. Major pharmaceuticals exported from india
1. Isabgol
2. Opium alkaloids
3. Senna derivatives
4. Vinca extract
5. Cinchona alkaloids
6. Ipecac root
7. Solasodine
8. Diosgenine
9. Menthol
10. Gudmar herb
11. Mehndi leaves
12. Papain
13. Rauwolfia
14. Guar gum
15. Jasmine oil
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
16. Sandal wood oil
354
Listofrecommendedmachinery,equipmentandminimummanufacturingpremisesrequiredforthemanufactureof
variouscategoriesofayurvedic,siddhasystemofmedicines
S. No. Category of
medicine
1200 Square feet covered area with separate cabins or partitions for each activity. If Unani medicines are manufactured
in same premises an additional area of 400 sq feet will be required
1. Churna and Lepa 200 sq feet Grinder/disintegrator/pulveriser/ powder mixer/sieves/shifter
2. Pills, Vati and
tablets
3. Lavana Bhasma 150 sq feet Bhatti, Karahi/Stainless steel vessels/ patila, flask, Multani Matti/plaster
4. Capsules 100 sq feet Air conditioner, de-humidifier, hygrometer, thermometer, capsule filling
5. Ointment 100sq feet Tube filling machine, crimping machine, ointment mixer, end runner/ mill
6. Asava/Arishta 200 sq ft Fermentation tanks, containers and distillation plant where necessary,
7. Avaleh 100 sq Feet Bhatti section fitted with exhaust fan and should be fly proof, iron
8. Tail 100 sq ft Bhatti, Kadahi/Stainless Steel Patila, Stainless Steel storage containers,
Minimum
manufacturing
space required
100 sq feet Ball mill, mass mixer/powder mixer, granulator, drier, tablet compressing
Machinery/equipment recommended
machine, pill/Vati cutting machine, stainless steel trays/container for
storage and sugar coating, polishing pan in case of sugar-coated
tablets, mechanised chattoo (for mixing Guggulu) where required
of Paris, copper rod, earthen container, Gaj Put Bhatti, Muffle furnace
(electrically operated), end/edge runner, exhaust fan, wooden/Stainless
Steel Spatula
machine and balance
(where required), Stainless steel storage container
filter press
Kadahi/Stainless Steel Patila and Stainless Steel storage container
filtration equipment, filling tank with tap/liquid filling machine
Listofmachinery,equipment andminimummanufacturingpremisesrequiredforthe manufacture of
variouscategoriesofunanisystemofmedicines.
S. No. Category of Medicine Minimum manufacturing
space required
1200 square feet covered area with separate cabins, partitions for each activity. If Ayurveda/Siddha medicines are also
manufactured in same premises an additional area of 400 square feet will be required.
Arq 100 sq feet Distillation plant (garembic), stainless
Habb (pills) and tablets 100 sq feet Ball mill, mass mixer/powder mixer,
Sufoof (powder) 200 sq feet Grinder/pulveriser, sieves, trays, scoops,
Raughan (oils) (crushing
and boiling)
Marham, Zimad
(ointment)
Capsule 100 sq feet Pulveriser, powder mixer (where needed),
100 sq feet Oil expeller, stainless steel patilas, oil filter
100 sq feet Kharal, Bhatti, end runner, grinder,
Machinery/equipment recommended
steel storage tank, boiling vessel, gravity
filter, bottle filling machine, bottle washing
machine, bottle drier.
granulator drier, tablet compressing
machine, pill/Vati cutting machine, stainless
steel trays/ container for storage and sugar
coating, polishing
powder mixer
bottle, filling machine, bottle drier, Bhatti.
pulveriser, triple roller mill (if required)
capsule filling machine, air conditioner, dehumidifier, balance with weights, storage
containers, glass
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
355
S. No. Category of Medicine Minimum manufacturing
space required
Qutoor-e-Chashm and
Marham (eyedrops, eye
ointment)
Each manufacturing
unit will have a separate
area for Bhatti, furnace
boilers, puta, etc.
This will have proper
ventilation, removal of
smoke, prevention of
flies, insets, dust, etc.
100 sq feet Hot air oven electrically heated with
Machinery/equipment recommended
thermostatic control, kettle
MAJOR AYURVEDIC MEDICINE MANUFACTURING
UNITS
Abrief discussion onthe major manufacturingunits of
Indiaisasfollows:
1.Dabur India Limited, founded in 1884, has
manufacturing units in the States of Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradhesh besides units in Nepal and Egypt.
ThetotalsaleturnoverofDaburexceeds` 1,000 crore.
Thecompany is well-known for itsproduct, Dabur
Chawanprashand products include hair oil(Dabur
AmlaKesh Tail, Vatika Hair Oil),Dabur Lal Dant
ManjanandDaburHoney.Thepharmaceuticalproducts
ofthecompanyincludeLivJit,Honitus,Ulgel,etc.
2. Himalaya Drug Company located at Bangalore, is
oneof the few companies inIndia which undertake
extensiveresearch programmes forthe development
ofPandPmedicinesinAyurveda.Thismanufacturer
hasoverfortyqualiedscientistsanddoctorswhoare
constantlyengagedintheresearchworkofnewPand
Pmedicines.HimalayaDrugCompanymanufactures
around 25 products and 13 related products.
3. Shree Baidyanath Ayurved BhawanLimitedlocated
at Calcutta, popularly known as Baidhyanath. The
company manufactures around700 products at 10
manufacturingunits. The productsare marketed
through3500 exclusive showroomsmanaged by
qualiedmedical practitioners and 1000 distributors.
Baidhyanath has a market shareof 20%of the
Chawanprashmarket.ItmanagesAyurvedichospitals
and two schools and publishes a monthly magazine
SachitraAyurved.
4. Indian Medical PractitionersCooperative Pharmacy
andStoresLimited(IMCOPS):IMCOPSwasestablished
in1944atChennai.Itisengagedinthemanufacturing
ofAyurvedic,SiddhaandUnanimedicines.
Herbal Formulations in Phytosomal Drug Delivery Systems
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Crataegus sp Nutraceutical . Used for heart disease or high blood
pressure
Ginkgo biloba Cardioprotective Antioxidant
Thea sinensis Nutraceutical
Systemic antioxidant
Curcuma sp Anticancer
Antioxidant
Ginkgo biloba Antiskin ageing agent Protects brain and vascular lining
Silybin Hepatoprotective Antioxidant for liver and skin
Quercetin Antioxidant
Anticancer
Vitis vinifera Nutraceutical, systemic antioxidant In treatment of diabetes, and protects
Olea europaea Anti-inflammatory activity Inhibit oxidation of LDL cholesterol
Epigallocatechin Nutraceutical, systemic antioxidant,
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
anticancer
For protection against cancer and
damage to cholesterol
Increase bioavailability and antioxidant
activity
Treatment of cancer
against heart disease.
Increase absorption
356
Herbal Formulations in Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Curcuma longa Antitumour, antioxidant, antiplatelet
aggregation and anti-inflammatory
Camellia sinensis Chemopreventive, anticarcinogenic,
antiviral, antioxidative, antiobesity,
anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
antimutagenic activities
Quercetin and rutin Hemoglobin Hemoglobin binding
Silybus marianum Hepatoprotective agent Improved permeation and stability of
Catechins Antioxidant and chemoprotective Increase permeation through skin.
Paclitaxel Anticancer agent Improves entrapment efficiency
Improved intravenous delivery of
curcumin to tissue macrophages
Improved loading and in vivo deposition
of catechins
silymarin
Herbal Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Berberine Antitumour Sustained release of drug
Artemisinin Anticancer Sustained release of drug
Taxel Anticancer Enhanced bioavailability and sustained
release of drug
Curcuminoids Anticancer and antioxidant Prolonged release of curcuminoids
Narigenin Hepatoprotective Improves solubility
Herbal Formulations in Niosomal Drug Delivery Systems
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Colchicine Rheumatic complaints Prolonged release profile
Silymarin In liver and gallbladder disorder Increase drug bioavailability
Herbal Transfersomes as Drug Delivery Systems
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Capsaicin Analgesic Increase skin penetration
Vincristine Anticancer Increase entrapment efficiency
Colchicine Antigout Increase skin penetration
Reduction of GIT side effects
Curcuma longa Anti-inflammatory Better permeation
Herbal Ethiosomes
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Glycyrrhiza glabra Anti-inflammatory Increases and enhances anti-
inflammatory activity
Podophyllum hexandrum Antirheumatic and antitumour Entrapment efficiency increase
therapeutic effect
Sophora alopecuroides Anti endotoxic and anticancer Enhances delivery of drugs into deeper
layer of skin
Herbal Emulsions as Drug Delivery Systems
Herbal plants/constituents Therapeutic category Applications
Quercetin Antioxidant Enhance penetration into epidermis and
stratum corneum
Silybin Hepatoprotective Sustained-release formulations
Berberine Anticancer Improves absorption and residence time
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
357
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Irridoid-containing drug is:
A. Jatamansi B. Calamus
C. Nutmeg D. Valerian
2. The biological source for dioscoria:
A. Dioscorea deltoid
B. Dioscoren oribunda
C. Dioscoren villosa
D. Dioscorea composita
3. Yam is the synonym of the drug:
A. Stropanthus B. Dioscorea
C. Safed Musali D. Liquorice
4. Diosgenin is the hydrolytic product of:
A. α-amyrin B. β-amyrin
C. Lupeol D. Saponin dioscin
5. Liquoricebelongstothefamily:
A. Liliaceae B. Apocyanaceae
C. Loganaceae D. Leguminosae
6. Which of the following drugs is not an alkaloid?
A. Opium B. Dioscorea
C. Tea D. Vasaka
7. Glycyrrhizinic acid on hydrolysis gives:
A. Glycyrrhetic acid B. Glycyrrhizin
C. Liquiritin D. Isoliquiritin
8. Rhitodoma is characteristic feature of:
A. Cinchona B. Quillaia
C. Liquorice D. Dioscorea
9. Channeled bark is:
A. Java cinnamon B. Ashoka
C. Cassia D. Cascara
10. The shape of Arjuna bark is:
A. Flat B. Curved
C. Recurved D. Quill
11. Shataverin-IVistheglycosideof:
A. Yamogenin B. Diosgenin
C. Sarsapogenin D. Hederegenin
12. Whichofthefollowingbarkshasatshape?
A. Wild cherry B. Cassia
C. Quillaia D. Kurchi
13. Wolfsbain root is:
A. Ipecac B. Aconite
C. Liquorice D. Rhubarb
14. Virginian prune bark is known as:
A. Cinchona B. Wild cherry
C. Kurchi D. Ashoka
15. ________ test isusedfor identication ofdeoxy
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
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sugar.
A. Legal B. Baljet
C. Killer Kiliani D. Borntrager
16. Madhunashini is:
A. Dioscorea B. Senna
C. Gymnema D. Datura
17. Which of the following is used as precursor for the
production of steroidal drugs like corticosteroids
and sex hormones?
A. Reserpine B. Diosgenin
C. Thevetin D. Aloin
18. The diuretic activity of Arjuna is due to the
presence of:
A. Tomentosic acid
B. Arjunolic acid
C. β-sitosterol
D. None of the above
19. Cochineal contains C-glycosides which are in the
form of colouring matter:
A. Acetic acid B. Benzoic acid
C. Cinnamic acid D. Carminic acid
20. Which drug is under the chemical class of
cyanogenic glycoside?
A. Bitter almond B. Black mustard
C. Digitalis D. Rhubarb
21. Prunasinisbiosynthesisedfrom:
A. Ornithine B. Phenylalanine
C. Tyrosin D. All of these
22. Which drug is not under the class of glycosidal
glycoside?
A. Picrorrhiza B. Solanum
C. Henna D. Gentian
23. Which drug is used as diuretic?
A. Quillaia B. Gokhru
C. Senega D. Ginseng
24. The family of Gokhru is:
A. Liliaceae B. Cucurbitaceae
C. Zygophyllaceae D. Araliaceae
25. In Klung’s isobarbaloin test, Curacao aloes show
_________ colour.
A. Yellow B. Blue
C. Wine red D. Green
26. The substitute for aloes is:
A. Cape aloes B. Socotrine aloes
C. Curacao aloes D. Natal aloes
27. Why the aqueoussolution ofaloesin modied
(Borntrager test) is treated with ferric chloride and
hydrochloric acid?
A. To bring out oxidation and hydrolysis of aloe
emodin
B. To bring out reduction of aloe emodin.
C. For preservative purpose
D. To convert into emodin