Английский язык. Сборник текстов и упражнений-1

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1)A long key at the bottom of the keyboard. Each time it is pressed, it produces a blank space (___).

2)It moves the cursor to the beginning of a new line. It is also used to confirm commands (___).

3)It stops the program without losing the information from the main memory. Sometimes its use depends on the application (___).

4)It works in combination with other keys to produce special characters or specific actions (___).

5)It removes the character on the right of the cursor or any selected text (___).

6)It produces UPPER-CASE characters or the upper-case character of the key (___).

7)It produces the upper-case letters but it does not affect numbers and symbols (___).

8)It moves the cursor horizontally to the right for a fixed number of spaces (in tabulations and data fields) (___).

9)They are used to move the cursor as an alternative to the mouse (___).

10)It removes the character on the left of the cursor (___).

VIII. Match these key abbreviations with their full names:

IX. Work in pairs. Choose a letter or key from the keyboard and describe where it is. Do not say which key you have chosen. Use next to, above, below, between, on the right/left/top/bottom.

X. Before reading the text try to answer the question: Do you know what QWERTY stands for?

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What is QWERTY?

The first modern typewriter was developed by Christopher Sholes and two of his friends, Carlos Glidden and Sam Soule. They worked on a newspaper in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the 1860s.

Sholes put each letter on the end of a metal bar. A key was pushed down and the end of the bar hit the paper. The typewriter keys were put in alphabetical order, but the alphabetical order caused a problem. Fast typing made some of the letter bars get caught on one another. The bars were too close together.

Sholes solved the problem. He found out the most-used letters in English. Then he put these letters far apart on the typewriter keyboard. The letter bars did not hit each other easily. The first six letters on the top of the keyboard are QWERTY!

XI. Complete the sentences and word combinations using the text:

1.The first _____ typewriter

2.Sholes put _____ letter

3.were put in _____ order

4.were too close _____

5.he put _____ letters far apart

6.The first ____ letters on the top

7.the alphabetical order _____ a problem

8.the end of the bar _____ the paper

9.He found out the _____ letters in English

10.A key was pushed _____

XII. Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences:

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XIII. With the help of this table write a brief description of a keyboard. The first paragraph is done for you:

Most keyboards have four sections. The main keyboard has keys for each letter and the digits 0 to 9. It also has keys for punctuation and other common symbols. It is used for inputting all kinds of data.

UNIT 11

I. Learn the following words and expressions:

assembly language – язык ассемблера

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) –

электронный цифровой интегратор и калькулятор flexibility – гибкость

general-purpose language – универсальный язык

low/high level language – язык низкого / высокого уровня machine language – машинный язык

module – модуль

procedure – алгоритм, порядок

programming experience – опыт программирования programming language – язык программирования structured programming – структурное программирование switch – переключатель

to offset – сместить

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to reset – устанавливать повторно to solve problems – решать задачи

II. Read the article below:

Programming languages

Programming languages are communication systems that people can use to communicate with computers. The earliest computers were programmed to arranging various wires and switches within the computer components. Up to 6,000 switches could be set on the ENIAC to exclude one program. However, when a new program was to be run, all the switches had to be reset. This was inefficient. The EDSAC, the first stored-program computer, allowed instructions to be entered into primary storage without rewiring and resetting switches. Codes that corresponding to the required on/off electrical states were needed to enter these instructions. These codes were called machine language. Later, assembly language (which uses simple codes to represent, machine instructions) was developed to offset the tedium writing machinelanguage programs. There are two main categories of programming languages: low-level and high-level. The first are oriented toward the computer, whereas high-level languages are oriented more toward the programmer. Therefore, low-level languages are easier for the computer to execute, but high-level languages are easier for people to use and understand.

One of the oldest high-level programming language is FORTRAN ( FORmula TRANslator). It originated in the mid-1950s, when most programs we written in either assembly language or machine language. Efforts were made to develop a programming language that resemble English but could be translated into, machine language by the computer. These efforts, backed by IBM, produced FORTRAN – the first commercially available high-level language. FORTRAN is a procedure-oriented language with extraordinary mathematical capabilities. It is especially applicable when numerous complex arithmetic calculations are necessary.

III. Translate into Russian:

The earliest computers were programmed to arranging various wires and switches; up to 6,000 switches could be set on the ENIAC to exclude one program; all the switches had to be reset; codes that corresponding to the required on/off electrical states; the first are oriented toward the computer; therefore, low-level languages are easier for the computer to execute; highlevel languages are easier for people to use and understand; it originated in

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the mid-1950s; a programming language that resemble English; backed by IBM, produced FORTRAN – the first commercially available high-level language; it is especially applicable.

IV. Put the questions to the parts of the sentences in bold:

1.Programming languages are communication systems that people can use to communicate with computers. (2)

2.The earliest computers were programmed by arranging various wires and switches within the computer components.(2)

3.This was very inefficient. (1)

4.These codes were called machine language. (2)

5.Assembly language was developed to offset the tedium writing machine-language programs. (2)

V. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

Общаться с компьютером; когда нужно было запускать новую программу; это было очень неэффективно; первая вычислительная машина с запоминаемой программой; эти коды были названы машинным языком; написание программ на машинном языке; языки высокого уровня больше ориентируются на программиста; делались попытки разработать язык программирования; когда необходимы многочисленные сложные арифметические вычисления.

VI. Define the terms in English:

To reset, low-level, language, stored-program computer, to underline, to justify.

VII. Answer the following questions:

1.What are programming languages?

2.How were the earliest computers programmed?

3.What machine-language programs were used earlier?

4.What was develop to offset the tedium writing machine-language programs later?

5.What categories of programming languages do you know? What are they oriented toward?

6.What is FORTRAN? When was it originated and why? Where can the language be applied?

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VII. Speak on the difference between low-level and high-level languages.

VIII. Write other examples of programming languages. How can they be used?

IX. Speak on programming languages and its kinds. Compare different programming languages.

UNIT 12

I. Learn the following words and expressions:

a fairy accurately – сказочно точно a fee – плата

a network – нейронная сеть

a nuclear explosion – ядерный взрыв a nuclear war – ядерная война

a packet switching – пакетная коммутация a path – путь

a reliable alternative – надежная альтернатива a single route – единственный маршрут accurately – точно

an access – доступ constantly – постоянно drastically – решительно encoding – зашифрованный host – множество inseparable – неотделимый

owing to – вследствие, благодаря the wireless station – радиостанция to conduct transaction – вести дела to embrace – соединять

to intercept – прерывать to keep up – быть в курсе to knock out – выключать to replace – вернуть

to survive – пережить

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to transmit – передавать to utilize – использовать

II. Study the following text:

The Internet

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them.

This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packetswitching network already survived a war. It was the Iraq computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

Most Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairy accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet. There are millions and their number is growing by thousands each month world-wide.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of people, who have access to the Internet, use the networks only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading news, using the World Wide Web, telnet etc.

Computers play a very important part in our life. They help people in their work and studies. They save us a lot of time. While at school I often made use of the Internet to collect information for my test papers and compositions. Computers give access to a lot of information. It is possible to find data and descriptions, chapters from necessary books… to make a long story short, everything you need. The Internet, a global computer network, which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive in a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet. There are millions and their number is growing by thousands each

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month worldwide. Users of computers on a network can send messages to each other, utilizing the same collections of data or information. In many offices and organizations computer messages have replaced messages written on paper, and they are now called e-mail or electronic mail. E-mail is not only fast and easy (if you understand how to use the computer), but it also saves paper and the work of moving paper from one place to another. Workers can send and receive e-mail without leaving their desks and their desktop computers. The Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of their communities. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, they increase the commercial use of this network. For example, some American banks and companies conduct transactions over the Internet. So, you see that the Internet is an inseparable part of our life.

III. Give the English equivalents for:

Глобальная компьютерная сеть, ядерная война, самый короткий путь, пакетная коммуникация, выключать, самая популярная служба Интернета, иметь доступ в Интернет, посылать электронную почту, решительное увеличение, передавать сообщение, постоянно перехватывать, зашифрованные программы, вести сделки по Интернету, экономить время, собирать информацию, найти любую информацию, глобальная компьютерная сеть, послать информацию по Интернету, посылать сообщения друг другу, общаться по Интернету, совершать сделки по Интернету.

IV. Answer the questions:

1.What is the Internet? 2.Where did the Internet begin?

3.Why was the Internet designed?

4.What is the most popular Internet service? 5.How do people use the Internet?

6.How can the commercial users communicate over the Internet? 7.How does the computer help pupils at school?

8.Is it comfortable to send messages to each other? 9. How do the commercial users use the Internet? 10.How do the American banks use the Internet? 11.Why does the American bank use the Internet?

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UNIT 13

I. Learn the following words and expressions:

disaster – беда, бедствие, несчастье agent programs – концепции агентов attempt – пытаться, стремиться carry out – выполнять

crypting/ decrypting – шифрование, расшифровка default – невыполнение, несоблюдение

deletion – удаление destroy – разрушать

destructive – разрушительный, уничтожительный devastate – истощать, опустошать

executable – выполняемый protection – защита remarkable – примечательный restrict – ограничивать

satisfactory – удовлетворительный differentiate – различать, разграничивать fight – бороться

virology – вирусология wiping – вытирать, протирать worm – червяк, червь

II. Study the following text:

What is a computer virus?

It is an executable code able to reproduce itself. Viruses are an area of pure programming, and, unlike other computer programs, can intellectual functions on protection from being found and destroyed. They have to fight for survival in complex conditions of conflicting computer systems. That's why they evolve as if they were alive.

Yes, viruses seem to be the only alive organisms in the computer environment, and yet another their main goal is survival. That is why they may have complex crypting/ decrypting engines, which is indeed a sort of a standard for computer viruses nowadays, in order to carry out processes of duplicating, adaptation and disguise.

It is necessary to differentiate between reproducing programs and Trojan horses. Reproducing programs will not necessarily harm your system because

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they are aimed at producing as many copies (or somewhat-copies) of their own as possible by means of so-called agent programs or without their help. In the later case they are referred to as "worms".

Meanwhile Trojan horses are programs aimed at causing harm or damage to PC's. Certainly it's a usual practice, when they are part of "techorganism", bat they have completely different functions.

That is an important point. Destructive actions are not an integral part of the virus by default. However virus-writers allow presence of destructive mechanisms as an active protection from finding and destroying their creatures, as well as a response to the attitude of society to viruses and their authors.

As you see, there are different types of viruses, and they have already been separated into classes and categories. For instance: dangerous, harmless, and very dangerous. No destruction means a harmless one, tricks with system halts means a dangerous one, and finally with a devastating destruction means a very dangerous virus.

But viruses are famous not only for their destructive actions, but also for their special effects, which are almost impossible to classify. Some virus-writers suggest the following: funny, very funny and sad or melancholy (keeps silence and infects). But one should remember that special effects must occur only after a certain number of contaminations. Users should also be given a chance to restrict execution of destructive actions, such as deleting files, formatting hard disks. Thereby virus can be considered to be a useful program, keeping a check on system changes and preventing any surprises such as of deletion of files or wiping out hard disks.

It sounds quite heretical to say such words about viruses, which are usually considered to be a disaster. The less person understands in programming and virology, the greater influence will have on him possibility of being infected with a virus. Thus, let's consider creators of viruses as the best source.

Who writes computer viruses? They are lone wolves or programmers groups.

In spite of the fact that a lot of people think, that to write a computer virus is a hardship, it is no exactly so. Using special programs called "Virus creators" even beginners in computer world can build their own viruses, which will be a strain of a certain major virus. This is precisely the case with notorious virus "Anna Cumikova", which is actually a worm. The aim of creation of viruses in such way is pretty obvious: the author wants to become well known all over the world and to show his powers.