Словарь газовика

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ɋɅɈȼȺɊɖ ȽȺɁɈȼɂɄȺ

Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ

©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª

2023

1

ɍȾɄ 696.2 ȻȻɄ 38.763

Ʉ18

Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɇ Ⱥ Ʉ18 ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɢɤɚ ɇ Ⱥ Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ ɂɧɮɪɚ-

ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ – 132 ɫ

ISBN 978-5-9729-1205-6

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɟɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɢɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɜɭɡɨɜɢɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɭɱɟɛ ɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɍȾɄ 696.2 ȻȻɄ 38.763

ɈɌ ȺȼɌɈɊȺ

ə ɨɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɭɲɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ©ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɢɤɚª ȼ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ Ƚɚɞɠɢ Ƚɚɞɠɢɟɜ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɚ Ȼɚɤɲɟ ɟɜɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɣɋɭɫɥɨɜ ɆɢɯɚɢɥɅɭɬɨɜɢɧɨɜ ɂɪɢɧɚɊɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ Ɋɭɫɥɚɧɋɬɪɨɝɚɧɨɜ ȼɥɚ ɞɢɦɢɪ Ƚɨɪɞɟɟɜ ȿɥɟɧɚ Ⱥɧɢɫɢɦɨɜɚ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ ɋɚɥɢɤɨɜ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ Ɏɢɲɟɪ ȿɤɚɬɟ ɪɢɧɚɅɭɝɨɜɚɹ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɋɜɢɧɰɨɜ ȾɦɢɬɪɢɣɅɭɩɚɧɞɢɧ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣȼɚɫɹɧɶɤɢɧ ȺɥɟɧɚɆɢ ɯɟɟɜɚ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɉɪɨɰɟɧɤɨ Ⱥɧɧɚ ɒɟɥɟɫɬ

Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɩɨɪɬɚɥɭ ©Ʉɥɭɛ ɝɚɡɨɜɢɤɨɜª ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ ɜɚɦ ɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɩɨ

ɦɨɳɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ

3

ŹȺ

Ⱥɛɨɧɟɧɬ – ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ⱥɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ ɠɢɥɨɝɨɞɨɦɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɳɢɣɝɚɡɞɥɹɭɞɨ ɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɵɣ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ [1].

Ⱥɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ [126].

Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ – ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɡɪɵɜ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ [2].

Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ȽɉȺ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɝɚ ɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɹ [74].

Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɣ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨ ɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ [102].

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ [53].

Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɦɟ ɬɚɥɥɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ [81].

4

Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ ɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɞɚ ɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɩɟɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɢ ɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɵɤ [5].

Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɫ ɪɟɝɢ ɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɟ ɱɚɬɤɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ [5].

Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɟɱɚɬɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɚ [5].

Ⱥɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ – ɥɢɰɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɭɛɚɪɟɧɞɵ [55].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɫɦ Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ [20].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ [20].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɚɹ – ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ ɸɳɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ [67].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɜ ɦɟɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɧɨ-ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ [67].

5

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ [67].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚ ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ [20].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ [67].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞ ɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ [20].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɚɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ [67].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɡ ɡɨɧɵ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɣ [67].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ [67].

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɚɹ – ɭɫɬɶɟɜɚɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚ ɠɢɧɵ [88].

Ⱥɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ [107].

Ⱥɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ – ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟ ɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹ ɟɦɵɦ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ [35].

Ⱥɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɞɟ ɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟ-

6

ɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɬɬɟɫɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ [111].

Ⱥɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ – ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɚɹɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɚɬɬɟɫɬɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɚɹɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ [5].

Ⱥɭɞɢɬ ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɫ ɧɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ [107].

Ⱥɭɞɢɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟ ɥɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨ ɬɨɜɤɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [48].

ŹȻ

Ȼɚɡɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɋɍȽ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ ɋɍȽ ɧɚ Ƚɇɋ ɢ Ƚɇɉ [64].

Ȼɚɣɩɚɫ – ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɫ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɨ-ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ [62].

Ȼɚɥɚɧɫ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ – ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɬɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɵ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ [37].

Ȼɚɥɥɚɫɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ ɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ [38].

7

Ȼɚɥɥɨɧ – ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪ ɫɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ [39].

Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ –

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚ ɪɢɣ [37].

Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɚɹ – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɟɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɮɨɧ ɬɚɧɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨ ɠɚɪɨɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢ ɧɚɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ [87].

Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫ ɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤ ɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯɧɨɪɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ [38].

Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɟ-

ɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ [38].

Ȼɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɭɡɥɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɟ ɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɜ [38].

Ȼɟɪɦɚ – ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɛɪɨɜɤɟ ɬɪɚɧɲɟɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɚ [85].

Ȼɥɨɤ-ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ [6].

Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɝɚɡɚɢɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ [5].

8

Ȼɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɲɟɢ ɤɸɜɟɬɚ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɚɧ-

ɲɟɢ ɤɸɜɟɬɚ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɥɢ [71].

Ȼɪɨɧɹ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟ ɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ [2].

Ȼɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ȽɇȻ – ɦɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɩɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɹ ɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɲɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɟ ɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɤɭ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ [2].

Ȼɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɇɇȻ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɫ ɨɬ ɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɇɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɲɟɤ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɤɪɭɬɵɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɧɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɩɪ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɨɜ ȿɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɤɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨ ɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ [38].

Źȼ

ȼɚɥɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ – ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ [56].

ȼɚɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɜɚɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɨɬɨɪɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ [102].

ȼɚɧɬɭɡ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɚɱɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ [38].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɩɨ

ɥɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɭɲɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ [38].

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ȼɜɨɞ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ – ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɤ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɩɨɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸɢɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɟɜɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɩɨ ɪɹɞɤɟ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɤ ɜɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟ ɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɡɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ [105].

ȼɜɨɞ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ – ɞɟɣ ɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ [40].

ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜ ɲɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ [8].

ȼɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ – ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚ ɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ [56].

ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ – ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ [41].

ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ – ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚ ɬɨɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ [53].

ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɟɟ – ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟ ɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ [32].

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ ɪɚɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ ɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ [38].

ȼɡɪɵɜ – ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ [38].

ȼɡɪɵɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ – ɛɵɫɬɪɨɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟ ɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɵ ɬɪɭɛɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɨɩɚɫɧɵɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣɝɚɡ ɝɚɡɨɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢɢ ɬ ɞ

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