Словарь газовика

ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ [ ].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɪɭɛɧɨɟ ȼɌɈ – ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɧɭɬ ɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ [114].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ [17].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ – ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɤ ɝɚɡɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɬɚ ɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭ ɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸ ɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɥɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɡɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ [15].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟ – ɤɨɬɥɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɬɟɯ ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɤɚ ɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭ ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ [16].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɪɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɪ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ [95].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɬɪɭɛ –

ɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɪɨɦɤɨɪɟɡɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɚ ɲɢɧɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɪɟɡɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɲɥɢɮɦɚɲɢɧɤɢ [106].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟ-

51

ɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭ ɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɵɤ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ [19].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɥ ɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭ ɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ [19].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɩ ɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɥɵ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɟɤɭ ɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢ ɞɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɬɟɩɥɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹɝɚɡɚɢɥɢɬɟɩɥɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ [16].

Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨ-

ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɢ ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨ ɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ [38].

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɨɟ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ZHOOKHDG HTXLSPHQW – ɬɟɯ ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɶɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɚ ɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɫɬɶɹ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ʉ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɨɦɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɧɢ ɮɨɥɶɞɵ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɶɟ [88].

Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ [58].

Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɡɭɸɳɢɯɢɯɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɢɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟ ɦɨɧɬɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ [64].

52

Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ – ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɨɧ-

ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨ ɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ [73].

Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɨɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ [31].

Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɟ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ [37].

Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɌɈ ȼȾȽɈ ȼɄȽɈ – ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚ ɧɢɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢ ɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɟ ɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ [3].

Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɟ XQVFKHGXOHG PDLQWHQDQFH – ɧɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟɩɨɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ [104].

Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚ ɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚ ɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ [42].

Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɟ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵ ɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɫɟɧɧɟ-ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɟ ɫɟɧɧɟ-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ [42].

Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ [2].

53

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ-ɚɧɚɥɨɝ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤ ɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ [92].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬ ɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ [41].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɢɫɩɨɥɶ ɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭ ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ [37].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ – ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪ ɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɛɵɬɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ [87].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɋɍȽ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶ- ɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɋɍȽ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɋɍȽ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚɨɩɚɫɧɵɯɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ [37].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɋɍȽ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ [37].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ [126].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ – ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ

54

ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ [107].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ [41].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ [41].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ [41].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ʉ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɵɬɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɰɟɯɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ [120].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ – ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚ [48].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ [35].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡ ɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ [50].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸ ɳɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ [37].

55

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ – ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɜ ɷɤɫ-

ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɦ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ [ ].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧ ɲɥɚɦɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ ɯɜɨɫɬɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ ɨɬɜɚɥ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ [35].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɋɍȽ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ [37].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɋɍȽ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɋɍȽ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɭɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɋɍȽ ɢ Ƚɇɋ Ƚɇɉ ȺȽɁɋ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɚɡɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɚ ɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ ɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ Ʉɂɉ [37].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ – ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɢ ɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ [ ].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ [24].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ – ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜ ɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ [38].

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ [60].

56

Ɉɜɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɛɵ – ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ [38].

Ɉɞɨɪɚɧɬ – ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɚɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɚɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ [83].

Ɉɞɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɚɡ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ ɨɞɨɪɚɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɝɚɡɚ [38].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɨɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɷɬɢɥɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɚɧ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɬɢɨɮɟɧ Ɉɞɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨ ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɞɨɪɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɨɞɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɝ ɧɚ ɦ3 [38].

Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ – ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ [53].

Ɉɩɨɪɚ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɟ [126].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ȽɊɈ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɪ-

ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ [2].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɳɚɹ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɦ ɥɢɰɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ [2].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɵ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚɯɨ ɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ [13].

57

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸ ɳɚɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [25].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ-ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ – ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɝɨ ɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɬɚɠ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɞɚɱɭ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ [104].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɚɹ – ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶ ɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɤɨɧɚɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ [89].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ – ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɢɧ ɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɪɚ ɛɨɱɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ [85].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ –

ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɜɫɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɛɩɨɞ ɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɹ ɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɥɢɱɧɨ [120].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɋɊɈ – ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢɥɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ [89].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ – ȽɊɈ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨ-

ɪɭ ɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɝɚɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ

58

ɞɨɩɭɫɤ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɸ ɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɚɹ ȽɊɈ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ [3].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɫ ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ [2].

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɋɍȽ – ȽɊɈ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨ ɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɋɍȽ [64].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɋɍȽ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɜɲɚɹ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ – ɫɨɛ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɋɍȽ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ [64].

Ɉɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɟ – ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɨɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚ ɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ [44].

Ɉɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ [64].

Ɉɫɦɨɬɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ [38].

Ɉɫɭɲɤɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɨɫɭɲɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜ [83].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɭɲɤɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢ [83].

59

Ɉɫɭɲɤɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɨɫɭɲɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜ [83].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɭɲɤɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚ ɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɵ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ [83].

Ɉɬɜɚɥ – ɧɚɫɵɩɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɧɲɟɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɟɦ ɥɟɪɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɬɪɚɧɲɟɢ [85].

Ɉɫɭɲɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚ-

ɡɚ [83].

Ɉɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ [62].

Ɉɬɜɨɞ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ ɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ [126].

Ɉɬɜɨɞ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɚ [76].

Ɉɬɜɨɞ ɫɟɞɥɨɜɨɣ Ɍ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ –

ɫɟɞɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɫ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɨɫɬɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ [23].

Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯ ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ [37].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɢɫ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ

Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɣ – ɨɬɤɚɡ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ [41].

Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ – ɨɬɤɚɡ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ [41].

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