Словарь газовика

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɛɟɫɲɨɜɧɚɹ – ɬɪɭɛɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ [73].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɂɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ [73].

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ – ɫɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɪɟɞɭɰɢ ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ [68].

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ – ɬɪɭɛɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɛɭɯɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɚɯ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚɯ [19].

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ – ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɯ [19].

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɫɜɚɪɧɚɹ – ɬɪɭɛɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ ɮɢɥɹ ɢɡ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɞɨ ɟɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ [69].

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ – ɬɪɭɛɚ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɣ ɢ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ [73].

Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɜɚɪɧɚɹ – ɬɪɭɛɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɚ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ [69].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧ ɬɚɤɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ [69].

Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ – ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɚɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟ ɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ [38].

Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɜɵɤɢɞɧɨɣ IORZOLQH – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪ ɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɥɸɢɞ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɤ ɦɚɧɢɮɨɥɶɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɭ [88].

Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɞɜɭɫɬɟɧɧɵɣ – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɬɢɩɚ «ɬɪɭɛɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟª ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɋɍȽ ɚ ɦɟɠ-

101

ɫɬɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɝɟɪ ɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ [64].

Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ [71].

Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚ-

ɡɚ [62].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ [62].

Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɣ – ɩɨɞɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨ ɥɨɧɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɤ ɭɫɬɶɸ [84].

Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ [5].

Źɍ

ɍɡɟɥ – ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ [57].

ɍɡɟɥ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ [91].

ɍɡɟɥ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ [109].

102

ɍɡɟɥ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ – ɭɡɟɥ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴ ɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ [115].

ɍɡɟɥ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɣ – ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ

1.ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ-ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɟ

2.ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ [126].

ɍɡɟɥ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ – ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫ ɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ ɧɢɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ [126].

ɍɡɟɥ ɨɞɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɞɨɪɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɚɡɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɝɚɡɚ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɨɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɚɧɨɜ [126].

ɍɡɟɥ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭ ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ [38].

ɍɡɟɥ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ [38].

103

ɍɡɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ [126].

ɍɡɟɥ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨ ɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɆɍɉȽ – ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ [91].

ɍɡɟɥ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɪɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜ ɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɪɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ [62].

ɍɡɟɥ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ ɳɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɜɬɨ ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ [20].

ɍɡɟɥ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ ɳɢɣ ɭɱɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ [2].

ɍɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟ ɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɨɫɬɢ [92].

ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ [57].

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ [36].

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ [44].

104

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɝɚɡɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ ɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ [17].

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ [99].

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬɪɭ ɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ [111].

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ – ɪɹɞ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ [56].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ ɩ [56].

ɍɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ – ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢ-

ɟɦ [73].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɋɍȽ – ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɋɍȽ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɧɢɹ [2].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɋɍȽ – ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɋɍȽ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ [2].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ IORDWLQJ GULOOLQJ XQLW – ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨ-ɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢ ɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ [86].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɚɹ (submersible floating drilling

XQLW – ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɛɚɥɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɤɨɪ ɩɭɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɧɚ [86].

105

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɚɹ (semi-submersible floating

GULOOLQJ XQLW – ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɛɚɥɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨ ɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦ ɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ [86].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɚɹ (self-elevating floating

GULOOLQJ XQLW – ɩɥɚɜɭɱɚɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡ ɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚɯ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɧɚ [86].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɚɹ ȽɊɍ – ɩɭɧɤɬ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟ ɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ [2].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɚɹ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɯɨ ɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛ ɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ [5].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɍɄɁ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɥɢ ɧɢɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ [11].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɍɄɉȽ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢ ɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ [37].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ – ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ȽɉȺ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ ɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ [37].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɤɨɬɟɥ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɹɝɨɞɭɬɶɟɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟ ɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-

106

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢ ɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ [7].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɚɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɆɅȻɍ – ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɭ ɱɚɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ [86].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ – ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ [61].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɚɪɨɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧ ɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚ ɛɨɬɵ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɵɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɵ ɤɨɬɟɥɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɫ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɵɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɵ ɬɢɩɨɜ Ɋ Ʉ Ɍ [5].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɨɱɧɚɹ – ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɭɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ [108].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɭɫɬɚ ɧɨɜɤɭ ɫɜɵɲɟ Ɇɉɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ [105].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɧɚɹ ɋɍȽ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɋɍȽ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ [2].

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɮɚɤɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨ ɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ [37].

ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ [62].

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɤɟɪɧɨɟ – ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬ ɤɚɯ [37].

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ [8].

107

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɪɭɛɧɨɟ – ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ [62].

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɍȼȽɂɁ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ-ɜɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ-ɜɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɮɭɬɥɹɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ [30].

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɍɈɊȽ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ [2].

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ [37].

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɥɶ ɮɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɚɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɭɡɥɵ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚ ɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ- ɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɚ ɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ [28].

ɍɬɟɱɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ – ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ ɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ [2].

ɍɬɟɱɤɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ – ɥɸɛɚɹ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚ ɧɢɣ [56].

ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ – ɭɱɚɫɬ-

ɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɱɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɬɟɤ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɵ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɢ ɥɚɜɢɧɵ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ ɧɢɟɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ [74].

108

ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟ – ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɵ ɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦɢ [62].

ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɭɪɟɡɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɵ [31].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɟɡɵ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ [31].

ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚ ɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ [24].

ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ [37].

ɍɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ – ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɭ ɩɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɱɚɫ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ [37].

ɍɳɟɪɛ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ – ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡ ɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ [53].

ɍɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ – ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɪɟɞ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟ [53].

ŹɎ

Ɏɚɡɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ – ɜɫɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɬɚɠ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɜɨɞ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɚ ɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɸ [73].

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɲɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɠɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢ ɪɨɜɤɭ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɤɭ ɩɥɟɬɟɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɜɨɞ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ

ɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ [73].

109

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɣ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɸ [98].

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɜɦɟ [98].

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɫɢ ɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫ ɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ [123].

Ɏɢɬɢɧɝ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ [15].

Ɏɥɸɢɞ IOXLG – ɝɚɡ ɩɚɪ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ [88].

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɹ-

ɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɧɚ ɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ [87].

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɟɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɭɬɤɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɚɠɟ ɧɢɟ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ [115].

Ɏɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ [85].

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɧɚɛɨɪ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɫɬɢɤ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɴɟɦ ɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ [56].

Ɏɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ – ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ [37].

Ɏɭɬɥɹɪ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ [62].

110