Синтаксис английского языка от слова к тексту = A Students’ Guide to English Syntax from Word to Discourse. Учебное пособие

Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence

are) what I (need, needs) to buy. 24. Diabetes (is, are) an illness caused by too much sugar in the blood. 25. Your progress (makes, make) us happy. 26. Work (is, are) the best cure of all problems. 27. The number of Congress members (is, are) about 400. 28. A number of new books (is, are) on sale now. 29. The mathematics of the project (is, are) wrong. 30. The Netherlands (is, are) a beautiful country. 31. This lazy-bones (is, are) sleeping again! 32. Recent statistics on birthrate in this country (is, are) not very encouraging. 33. Fifty dollars (is, are) the price of the ticket. 34. It (is, are) the children we live for. 35. The fifty minutes (is, are) up. 36. It (was, were) a summons from the local police station. 37. All of the money (is, are) lost. 38. It (was, were) they who did it. 39. Eleven kilograms (is, are) a lot to lose in one week. 40. Many a word (was, were) told in vain.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. Большое разнообразие учебников по любому предмету представленосейчасвмагазинах. 2. Дветретиэтогоштата– жен- щины.3.Естьцелыйрядпричиндляотменыэтойпоездки.4.Поли- тика его не интересует, а вот математика – его любимое хобби. 5. «Тысяча и одна ночь» – его любимая книга. 6. Большинство детейлюбятвеселыепесенки. 7. Таможнярасположенапередпа- спортнымконтролем.8.Моичасыспешат,атвоиотстают.9.Знание языков помогает ему в бизнесе. 10. «Война и мир», так же как имногиеегоэкранизации, всеещеинтересенширокойпублике. 11. Докладчику задали ряд интересных вопросов. 12. Десять минут достаточно для выступления. 13. Число безработных увеличи- вается каждый год. 14. Товар только что доставили. 15. Ваше произношение стало гораздо лучше. 16. Акустика этого совре- менного зала очень хорошая. 17. Полиция приехала? – Да, уже идутвдом. 18. Жюри разошлосьво мнениях. 19. Это мыдолжны все приготовить, а не они. 20. Гипсовые скульптуры украшали старинный сад.

WORD ORDER AND INVERSION

Exercise 1. State the type of inversion: full or partial, grammatical or emphatic.

1. Never did a man suffer what I have suffered. 2. Not only did they miss their plane, they had to spend a night at the airport as

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

well. 3. Out of the house into the bright sunshine came James Brodie. 4. May your life be happy! 5. Everyone hated that man, many and many a time had they longed to tear him up. 6. Why didn’t you explain it to me at once? 7. High above the city, on a tall column, stood the statue of a Happy Prince. 8. No sooner had she arrived than she was told it was too late. 9. I didn’t want to buy it then, nor do I want it now. 10. Little do we know about the hardships of other people’s lives. 11. “What a nuisance Love is!” cried Amy in despair. 12. Never before have I seen such a grand mansion. 13. Here had been her sin, her sorrow, and here was to be her penitence. 14. Out went Mr. Pickwick’s head again. 15. Father doesn’t interfere in our affairs. Nor does he influence our decisions. 16. Had you done it on time you wouldn’t be in a mess now. 17. Only once did he manage to see his bride before the wedding. 18. Hungry as he was he devoured lunch at one gulp. 19. “Here is you daily mail” said the secretary. 20. Funny and amusing were the puppies! Hardly had I seen them, I wanted to take one for my kids.

Exercise 2. Use full grammatical inversion to lay a logical stress on the subject.

1. The town lay in a deep valley. 2. The deep blue sky spread all above us. 3. A small table stood in the middle of the room. 4. In the forest, high up on the steep shore and not far from the open seacoast, a very old oak tree stood. 5. Her own house was there, at the top of the hill. 6. The rest of the cows lay under the big tree. 7. Every time one of the Hydra’s heads was cut off, two more heads grew in its place. 8. She breathes deeply, counts her breaths. A halfempty martini stands next to her on the counter. 9. A stone parapet was directly in front of her window. 10. Now it was the time to start our journey. 11. A stout old gentleman in a blue coat stood in the centre of the room. 12. The morning of the farewell came then. 13. Our bus comes now! 14. Ah! And you are here at last! 15. Her house was there, at the end of the street.

Exercise 3. Emphasize the adverbial particles by using full inversion or by changing their position in the sentence.

1. Mary said good night and walked quickly away. 2. Suddenly the boys came in, talking and laughing.– Yes, they bounced in like a stampede of rhinos. 3. A mouse looked out of the hole. 4. The rocket

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flew up. 5. The man sank down into a deep cavern. 6. When somebody came into the café, the waiter was up, offering service. 7. The puppies jumped up at the sight of the mother. 8. They went out without saying good bye. 9. The uncle blew up the balloon. It flew off. 10. A number of leaves fell down.

Exercise 4. Emphasize the predicative. State the type of inversion.

1. That night was so cold that I put on my coat. 2. He looked very ill when I saw him. 3. She turned her eyes from one to the other. Her look was severe. 4. The coffee was so lukewarm that I couldn’t drink it. 5. The attack was too sudden for us to have time to escape. 6. His voice was so intense that Emily was alarmed. 7. Mike was a good-looking chap, not similar to other youths in the village. 8. His features remained stiff and frigid. 9. Everyone looked so young that I couldn’t help crying. 10. At the sides and back of his head the hair was thick and grey. 11. He was so excited that he forgot all about Carrie, who fell behind, wondering at his self-absorption. 12. Emma was serious, very serious in her thankfulness, and in her resolutions. 13. His indignation was great, as he was leaving the department. 14. The scent of these flowers is sweet, and the bluebells that hide in the valley are sweet. 15. The guilt is solely yours!

Exercise 5. Emphasize the predicative in subordinate clauses of cause and concession. State the type of inversion.

1. As it was cold outside, they preferred to stay inside. 2. As they were tired, they immediately went to bed and fell into a dreamless sleep. 3. Though he was proud, he had to consent to our proposal. 4. Although she was a girl yet, she behaved more sensibly than some older women. 5. As June looked soft, there must be strength in her somewhere. 6. Though he was tired, he couldn’t relax. 7. As Scarlett was weak, she was going home to Tara. 8. As he was brave, as he was full of life, he was not stoical. 9. Though it was a bit stuffy with the curtains drawn, he didn’t mind it. 10. Though John was a coward, he could sometimes be unreasonably stubborn.

Exercise 6. Emphasize adverbial modifiers. State the type of inversion.

1. She tried to smile pleadingly and placatingly. 2. The old man noticed the green fishing rods only in the morning. 3. I had never felt

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

such great sorrow before. 4. He tried to persuade her, but in vain. 5. She had never thought even in her wildest dreams that she would ever be married to him. 6. The family tried to discover the truth in vain. 7. She changed her mind only after his visit. 8. I watched him at work many a time. 9. Ladies and gentlemen, you rarely stopped to consider your children as other than your children, as men and women growing into maturity distinct from you. You rarely paused to see how patiently they were waiting to inherit their due – and then, by degrees, how impatiently.10. He forgot names never, or almost never. 11. Charlotte was his closest friend but he rarely confided in her all that was in his heart: this wasn’t his nature. 12. She would glance up not once at the small hill where his house looked over the ocean. 13. She didn’t speak until that was done. 14. They met him at the Smiths’ not once. 15. Eliza could be sure of herself only here, alone in her bedroom. 16. Only then, for the first time, he admitted that they were right. 17. He wasn’t a practical man, and he never saved money. 18. He didn’t see that pretty face very often. 19. She had hardly stood up when she became giddy. 20. They spoke so loudly that their voices were heard in the next room.

Exercise 7. Complete the following phrases. State the type of inversion. Say which part of the sentence is emphasized.

1.Only then … 2. In vain … 3. Little … 4. Only after … 5. Hardly …

6.No sooner … 7. Not until … 8. Never before … 9. Not a word …

10.Many a time … 11. Rarely … 12. Scarcely … 13. Never again …

14.Not once … 15. Deep in the ground …

Exercise 8. Use the inverted word order where possible. State the type of inversion.

1. He always spoke kindly and shyly. 2. He managed to speak to Mary only once. 3. Robert was so talented that they gave him the leading role without hesitation. 4. A sound of wheels came from the other side of the garden wall. 5. She didn’t understand a single word in the text. 6. For a moment he could not speak: he was greatly disappointed. 7. A woman with six noisy children lived in a house across the road. 8. Ann was so excited with his proposal. 9. I have never heard such beautiful music. 10. A mountain river rushed at the bottom of the valley. 11. Though the day was rainy they didn’t put off the trip. 12. They saw him again only a month later. 13. She

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said the name so quietly that I didn’t grasp it. 14. Peter tried to put in a word, but in vain. 15. A wonderful new mirror was seen in the corner of the room. 16. The invaders didn’t spare anyone in the town. 17. As the story was funny, they laughed heartily. 18. The whisper of the sea came from behind the hills. 19. The girl knew little about the hardships of life. 20. The woman sank down to the ground, totally devastated by the news. 21. My dad has given me good advice many a time.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English using inversion. State the type of inversion in each sentence.

1. Уподножия горы стоял чудесный маленький домик с боль- шим садом. 2. Мало же мы знаем о своем собственном будущем! 3. Как это ни странно, ее родители имеют на нее большое влия- ние. 4. Яснымисолнечнымбылоутро, когдамаленькаякомпания пустилась в долгий путь. 5. Только раз я воспользовалась твоей помощью. А ты припомнил мне это сотни раз! 6. Не успели мы выйти из дому, как пошел дождь. 7. Затем подошла моя очередь читатьтекст. Я не прочла правильно ни одного слова. Расплака- ласьивыбежалапрочьизаудитории. 8. Пустьвсевашимечтыис- полнятся! 9. Заговори он с ней налюдях, все быдогадалисьоб их романе. 10. Толькочерезгодпришелответнамойзапрос. Ничего нового я не узнал из этого письма. 11. На берегу реки стояла ста- рая хижина, в которой жили лесорубы. 12. Нет ничего странного

вэтих словах. Будь ты внимательнее, сразу бы понял их смысл. 13. Каким бы трудным ни было задание, мы всегда справляемся сним. 14. Таковыбылиэтилюди,таковыбылиихобычаи. Никогда

вжизни мы не сталкивались ни с чем подобным. 15. Велико же было его изумление, когда он обнаружил, что шкатулка пуста. 16. Поторопись! Вон идет наш преподаватель! 17. В течение не- скольких минут он не мог сказать ни слова, так сильно он был расстроен. 18. Внизполестницебросилисьшкольники, когдаурок закончился. 19. Тыникогданеслушаешьменя! Сколькоразятебе запрещаласидетьдопоздна! 20. Таковбылпечальныйконецэтой истории.– Натвоем месте я бы поступил по-другому.

Exercise 10. Use inversion in subordinate clauses of condition or concession, where possible. Justify your choice.

1. If you could stay a little longer, we’d finish the work today.

2.Even if he had learnt the truth, he wouldn’t have told us.

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

3. If you meet him, tell him about our trip. 4. I would have certainly helped them if I could. 5. If I spoke Japanese I could do without the interpreter. 6. Even if Carrie were late, dinner would start in time. 7. If he were asked he would give no answer. 8. He wouldn’t stand here in the cold if he had any place to go. 9. If I were you, I would settle the matter differently. 10. If you had studied hard you would have passed the exam. 11. I shouldn’t have invited you to my house last night if I had known who you really were. 12. I wouldn’t bother you so late at night if it were not so urgent. 13. If you had stayed with us you would have heard something interesting. 14. If I had played this role, I would have done it better. 15. If I were you I would avoid meeting him.

Exercise 11. Respond expressing solidarity. Use words in brackets as subjects.

Model: John was late again (Peter).– So was Peter.

a)1. My boyfriend can sing well (my brother). 2. Mr. Green is a good cook (I). 3. We are going to France in March (our friends).

4.The professor was disappointed by the answer (the student).

5.John has recently given up smoking (Jane). 6. Julia speaks Italian and French (Martha). 7. You, Peter, are late again (you, Jack)!

8.Robin wants to apply for this position (I). 9. We were to be present at the meeting (they). 10. David failed his exam in maths (we). 11. I have made five mistakes in the test (my friend). 12. I am so tired after a long trip (my sister). 13. My watch is slow (yours).

14.Michael always argues (Frank). 15. The kittens are so funny (puppies).

Model: Steve never smiles (Kate).– Neither does Kate.

b)1. Mary is too busy, she will not join us (I). 2. I don’t feel like going to the park (we). 3. I needn’t go to the market (my mother).

4.I am not bored by the lesson (my friends). 5. I can’t speak Japanese (my fellow students). 6. I’ve never been to London (he). 7. We don’t want to stay here (I). 8. Mother will not give her consent to our wedding (Father). 9. Mike couldn’t find his keys (Tom). 10. I am not ready yet (the kids). 11. The film was not interesting at all (the concert). 12. Paul is not married (Peter). 13. I don’t have a laptop (my brother). 14. I don’t like fish (my family). 15. I didn’t enjoy the show (all of us).

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Exercise 12. Translate into English using grammatical inversion if possible. Explain your choice.

1. Все любят хорошие книги.– Да, это так. 2. Телевизор не ра- ботает. И мой телефон тоже. 3. Когда-нибудь я займусь спор- том.– И я тоже. 4. Я не люблю молочный шоколад, моя мама тоже. 5. Они думают, что они правы.– Да, так и есть. 6. Я не ви- дела его вчера.– Я тоже. 7. Фильм очень интересный.– И книга тоже. 8. Он честный человек.– Такиесть. 9. Детинемоглиустоять перед пирожками.– И мы тоже. 10. Мы слышали, что вы купили новую машину.– Да, купили. 11. Я не люблю осень.– Я тоже.

12.Мы должны встретиться и погулять вместе. И наши детитоже.

13.Онпростонеоченьразговорчив.– Да,такиесть.14.Менянепри- гласили на вечеринку! – И меня тоже! 15. Вчера нам пришлось остатьсядома из-задождя.– И мнетоже. 16. Я была уверена, что он поступил в университет.– Так и есть. 17. Занятия начинаются в 9.00.– Да, верно. 18. Мы заканчиваем учиться в 16.00.– И мы тоже. 19. РобертсделалпредложениеАлисе.– Ивправду! 20. Мой муж хорошо готовит.– И мой тоже. 21. Текст очень простой, иупражнениятоже. Яуверена, высправитесь.– Конечно! 22. Мне не понравилась вечеринка.– И нам тоже. 23. Мой брат не любит делать домашнее задание.– Мой сын тоже. 24. Ты совершенно прав! – Да, такиесть. 25. Моясемьяникогданепроводитвыход- ные в городе.– И наша тоже.

Exercise 13. State whether the inversion is full or partial, grammatical or emphatic (say what part is emphasized); point out other means of emphasis.

1.With the growth of the crowd about the door came a murmur.

2.Never before had she neglected dinner without an excuse.

3.Across the way, through Madison Square Park, stood the great hotels, looking down upon a busy scene. 4. Tonight, disturbed as was his state, he was rather relieved to find company, and now that notabilities were gathered, he laid aside his troubles and joined in heartily. 5. Not a word did he say about it to his wife. 6. On the second floor were the managerial offices, to which, after some inquiry, she was now directed. 7. Never in his experience had he found anything out of order, but tonight he came out and tried the safe. Gone was the money he had kept there! 8. Not only did Carrie feel the drag

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

of desire for all which was new and pleasing in apparel for women, but she noticed too, with a touch at the heart, the fine ladies who elbowed and ignored her, brushing past in utter disregard of her presence. Carrie was not familiar with the appearance of her more fortunate sisters of the city. Neither had she before known the nature and appearance of the shop girls with whom she now compared poorly. 9. In your rocking chair, by the window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel. 10. It was not so much the particular rebuff which she had just experienced, but the whole abashing trend of the day. 11. Back in his own room hung his old clothes, just as he had left them. 12. Only then did I realize how wrong I had been about this poor chap. 13. So peculiar, indeed, was her lonely, selfwithdrawing temper, that she was becoming an interesting figure in the public eye – she was so quiet and reserved. 14. That night it was that she passed Hurstwood, waiting at the Casino, without observing him.15. One morning, however, there arrived a strange car and out stepped the doctor.

Exercise 14. Translate into English using inversion. State whether the inversion is full or partial, grammatical or emphatic.

1. Какой красивой она была на том вечере! Никогда в жизни онневиделтакойпотрясающейдевушки. 2. Былотакжарко, что пришлось открыть все окна. 3. Будь я на его месте, я бы расска- зала правду. – И мытоже! 4. Павел не знал немецкий. Не был он силен и в английском. 5. Не напрасно мы пошли на этот спек- такль. Никогда в жизни я так не веселился! 6. Высоко в горах стояла маленькая хижина. Там жил бедный дровосек со своим семейством. 7. Он ничего не сказал врагам.– Так и есть. Смелым имужественнымбылэтотчеловек. 8. Какнитруднабылазадача, мы справились с ней блестяще. 9. Я не знаю имен этих людей. Немогутакжевспомнить, виделлиихраньше. 10. Веселоиторо- пливособиралисьмывпоездку. Маложемызналитогда, чтонам предстоит. 11. Я вчера вечером встречался с друзьями.– Я тоже. Только мы вышли из дому, как хлынул дождь! 12. Кэтрин не по- нимала своего мужа. Да и не пыталась его понять. Увы, такова жизнь многих семейных пар. 13. Он былтак необычно одет, что привлекал всеобщее внимание. 14. Вон стоят мои друзья. Хочу поздравить их с победой втурнире.– И ятоже. 15. Не раз пытался Том обмануть свою тетушку, но она всегда разоблачала егопро-

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делки.Будьонстарше,онбыделалвсепо-другому.16.Каким тихим и пугающим было то море! Какие странные чудища жили в нем! 17. Мыдолго шли и не виделидомов. Да илюдей мы не встрети- ли. Ни единого огонька не заметили мы на всем пути. 18. Книга, хотя и была закончена, не радовала его. Множество раз пытался он придумать другой финал. И все напрасно. 19. Он очень сим- патичный.– Да, так и есть. Мало я знаю о нем, но он мне нравится. 20. Поскольку небо было почти черным, все подумали, что приближается буря. Не успели мы зайти внутрь, как раздался грохоти вверх взлетели сухиелистья, кружасьна ветру. Никогда в жизни я так не боялся грозы!

THE OBJECT

Exercise 1. Point out the object, state its type and say what it is expressed by.

1.What have you got there? 2. She pretended not to hear.

3.Marcia found the luggage packed and strapped for the journey.

4.We waited with impatience for the lesson to be over. 5. I’ll have to show Dr. Gibbons his room. 6. I never heard you express that opinion before. 7. He waited for the police officer to speak first.

8.Miranda was with you at the banquet, wasn’t she? 9. They don’t want anything from us. 10. I beg your pardon for calling you by your name. 11. I found myself pitying the poor creature. 12. I’ve got the photo framed up for you to take it anywhere. 13. She had lied about the door being open on the night of the robberry.14. Gilbert didn’t know how to talk with his boss about it. 15. Laura helped her mother with the good-byes. 16. Why did you not want him to come back and see me today? 17. Mr. Oliver, not exactly knowing what to do, laughed a shaky laugh.18. He found it impossible to utter the next word. 19. Mother issued crisp orders and insisted upon absolute obedience. 20. They had never heard him speak with such urgency, his eyes glowing like amber coals in the fading light.

Exercise 2. Point out the object, state its type and say what it is expressed by.

1.He could see the man and Great Chief talking together.

2.My parents will never consent to my being absolutely dependent on you. 3. Do you know anything more about this dreadful place?

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

4. She hated herself for having yielded to the temptation. 5. They had been very hard to please and always demanded the impossible. 6. Nora’s part in the conversation consisted chiefly of grins and giggles. 7. I could not remember having seen a painting or sculpture of the simplest nature in that house. 8. I will suffer no one to interfere in my business. 9. He smiled upon the young men a smile at once personal and presidential. 10. I know all about my son’s follies. 11. Mr. Clark slowly took the receiver from the girl and answered the call. 12. She hated to work about the house. 13. Mother objected to Aimee going to play with the boys. 14. He is going to live his own life and stop letting his mother boss him around like a baby. 15. I decided to enter the house without the slightest hesitation.

Exercise 3. Replace the italicized objects with your own ones.

1. Finally, he lets himself think about last weekend. 2. He took off his scarf and his hat. 3. I just finished reading a story by Murakami. 4. A heavy rain prevents me from putting out the trash, so I cannot properly fulfill my civic duties. 5. He had dreams which were becoming part of his fate. 6. Yesterday, French and German universities decided to close their doors. 7. I tried to win his sympathy. 8. They prefer to ignore us. 9. In the kitchen I heard Julia push back her chair and get up from the table. Then I heard her pick up the telephone in the hallway. 10. I decided to pack up the kite while I waited for Julia. 11. By now I'd put everything in and closed the box even if not properly and I decided to go but not to run. 12. I changed direction and started to run. 13. I thought about calling out her name. 14. He got out his equipment and began to tattoo her wrist.15. They showed us a list of goods to be sold at the auction.

Exercise 4. A) Study the following word-combinations with nouns in the function of a direct object. Use them in the sentences of your own.

Give combines with the following nouns: advice/information/news/ answer/one’s attention/a birth/a call/a ring/a chance/a description/an explanation/a guess/a help/a kiss/a lead/lessons/a lift/an opportunity/ birth/evidence/one’s life for/a party/place to/thanks for, etc.

Take combines with the following nouns: action/advice/aim/a bath/a break/care/charge of/a class/courage/a decision/effect/an exam/fright/a joke/a look, etc.

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