Синтаксис английского языка от слова к тексту = A Students’ Guide to English Syntax from Word to Discourse. Учебное пособие
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Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence
17. The tone of his voice was dry and cold as if we were total strangers. 18. When I first became intimate in your family, I had no other intension than to pass my time pleasantly while I was obliged to remain in Devonshire. 19. We felt most anxious to co-operate, but their reaction was indifferent bordering on rude. 20. A part of the door was of glass, the other part was a solid mahogany.
Exercise 5. Paraphrase the sentences according to the model:
He doesn’t read much. – He is not a great reader.
1. He eats well and sleeps well. 2. He swam better than anyone of us. 3. How well you dance! 4. I hate letter writing. 5. He used to drive fast. 6. The family used to get up early. 7. I subscribe to the “Cosmopolitan”. 8. He talked brilliantly. 9. He believed truly in God. 10. He was a brute of a young man, he drank heavily and ran after women. 11. He has many friends as he makes them easily. 12. He was deaf-and-mute but he could read from lips well. 13. He’s fond of playing bridge. 14. My husband and I go to the theater nearly every weekend. 15. I always feel extremely bad during a flight.
Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences using the proper name that serves to typify the whole of the class. Mind the use of the indefinite article before nouns used predicatively.
1.He doubts everything. He is …
2.He is a very naive and credulous man, a regular …
3.I was going to invite Jane to the theatre but Peter stole a march on me and I was left in the cold. What a … he is!
4.She is slow in the uptake, a regular …
5.Something always happens to her, that’s why she has earned the name of …
6.He is a happy-go-lucky fellow, always gay and smiling, no wonder he is called …
7.He does things quickly and may be always relied upon, he’s a typical …
8.That guy has all the luck in the world. What a … he is!
9.She is homely and simple, just a …
10.Don’t you realize you are a butt of everybody’s jokes,a veritable…
11.Suppose you mind your own business and keep your eyes off keyholes. Stop playing a …!
12.She is so charming and has such winning ways, a typical …
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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ
YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE
13.One moment she says one thing, another moment something different, always hedging and tricky. The name of … fits her very well.
14.She could be of service to us but when it came down to brass tacks that … was not worth a pin.
15.What’s the matter with that fellow with the down and out expression on his face? A …, pure and simple.
16.Unlike his brother whose face is his misfortune, Tom is very proud of being called …
17.By hook or by crook he gets everything he wants. Isn’t he …!
18.He rightfully earns the name of … because of his remarkable nature.
19.If you don’t want to spoil your party, never invite that …..
20.Act at once, or else another … will get ahead of you again.
(Rough house Billy, Mary Doo Little, Doubting Thomas, Jonny-on- the-spot, Smart Aleck, Simple Simon, Calamity Jane, Instant Adam, Handsome Harry, Dumb Dora, Merry Andrew, Terrible Teddy, Sunny Jim, Snifty Sadie, Peeping Tom, Gloomy Gus, Artful Harry, Lucky Jim, Silly Billy, Winsome Winnie, Plain Jane)
Exercise 7. Say it in English. Mind the use of the indefinite article with a noun used predicatively.
1. Нуисоняжеты! Опятьпроспал! 2. Аяинезнал, чтотытакая плакса! 3. Твой брат– ну и хитрец же он! Всегда настоит на сво- ем. 4. Не понимаю, почему ты доверяешь ему. Он такой болтун. 5. Что за лентяй! Немедленно принимайся за дело. 6. Ты, глу- пышка, перестаньплакать. Никтонехотелтебяобидеть. 7. Какая ты жадина! Пожалела глоток «Пепси»! 8. Эти двое– совершенно разные дети. Он ужасный тихоня, а она – сорвиголова. 9. Нет, он совсем не глупый мальчик, просто он растяпа. 10. Тоже мне, важная персона! Думает, что все хуже него!
(lazy-bones, sleepy-head, gab-tongue, regular madcap, cry-baby, stuck-up, slow-coach, silly Billy, greedy-guts, butter-fingers, sly-boots)
Exercise 8. Predicative can be expressed by set-phrase (simile). Match the appropriate halves to complete these word-combinations. Make sentences of your own with each phrase. Mind the use of articles with nouns-predicatives.
1. as cruel as |
1. a bear |
2. as heavy as |
2. an owl |
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Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence |
3. as light as |
3. a church mouse |
|
4. as dead as |
4. a cucumber |
|
5. as fresh as |
5. a bee |
|
6. as meek as |
6. clockwork |
|
7. as high as |
7. an old shoe |
|
8. as busy as |
8. a snail |
|
9. as slippery as |
9. night and day |
|
10. |
as wise as |
10. weather |
11. |
as cool as |
11. a bug in a rug |
12. |
as different as |
12. a mule |
13. |
as hungry as |
13. an eel |
14. |
as sober as |
14. the sky |
15. |
as thick as |
15. leather |
16. |
as plain as |
16. a lamb |
17. |
as regular as |
17. a judge |
18. |
as comfortable as |
18. a daisy |
19. |
as stubborn as |
19. a peacock |
20. |
as poor as |
20. thieves |
21. |
as innocent as |
21. a lord |
22. |
as proud as |
22. an apple-pie |
23. |
as free as |
23. soot |
24. |
as fast as |
24. rain |
25. |
as pretty as |
25. the hills |
26. |
as drunk as |
26. mind |
27. |
as fit as |
27. a cat |
28. |
as strong as |
28. a hunter |
29. |
as clear as |
29. a picture |
30. |
as old as |
30. a feather |
31. |
as blind as |
31. lightning |
32. |
as easy as |
32. a lark |
33. |
as tough as |
33. lead |
34. |
as ugly as |
34. a doornail |
35. |
as changeable as |
35. a kitten |
36. |
as merry as |
36. a bat |
37. |
as well as |
37. day |
38. |
as snug as |
38. a fiddle |
39. |
as black as |
39. a bird |
40. |
as slow as |
40. a deadly sin |
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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ
YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE
Exercise 9. Use a suitable link-verb of becoming (become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run).
1.He … 40 in March. 2. Gradually his voice … more irritated.
3.If you … angry with me for this, I wouldn’t blame you. 4. Well, hasn’t she … rather stout? 5. When there is a drought, this river … completely dry. 6. The patient … much better after he was operated on. 7. He is a spendthrift and so often … short of money. 8. It is just
…midnight. 9. It is … late. I have to go. 10. The weather … quite chilly in the afternoon. 11. Their ten-year-old son is just left to … wild. 12. Without noticing it she … old. 13. Leaves … brown in autumn.
14.He … bald in twenties. 15. He was absent for two months, and he has … a real man! 16. She … white with anger. 17. He … blind in nineties. 18. The bread … stale, buy some fresh one, please. 19. She … bright red and ran out of the room. 20. Please, … ready now. 21. What do you have to do to … a good teacher? 22. Look, the car tires … flat.
23.At the end of his life he … Catholic. 24. When they … rich they began to drop their old friends. 25. He suddenly … extremely nervous and apprehensive.
Exercise 10. Use a suitable verb (look, feel, smell, sound, taste) as a link-verb or a notional verb. State the type of the predicate.
1. This morning she was not … her best, her hair disheveled and her eyes puffy. 2. I … about for my dog at the foot of the bed, but it was not there. 3. How are you? Are you … better now? 4. The youngster … suspiciously around obviously planning some mischief. 5. The orchestra … too loud to identify the tune. 6. James … more and more alarmed, his voice trembling with anxiety. 7. She … around for the soap in the bathtub, but failed to find any. 8. Fire! Fire! One should … the alarm! 9. The cake … delicious! Could you share its recipe? 10. The dog … awful and … so dirty! Where have you been walking it? 11. The grey house … malicious in the twilight. 12. Why are you … at me like that? Do I … funny to you? 13. I can … smoke. Someone must be burning dry leaves. 14. The cloud … an enormous white ship to us. 15. The stew doesn’t seem spicy enough. Could you … it? 16. She … the child’s forehead; he was feverish. 17. You … quite reasonable. I think I will follow your advice. 18. The bread … stale. Let’s make toast of it. 19. He … maliciously at the approaching group of young guys. 20. … this perfume! Isn’t it wonderful!
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Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence
Exercise 11. Translate the sentences into English using proper link-verbs.
1. Лиза не пришла на занятия, поскольку плохо себя чувство- вала. 2. Мальчиквыгляделтакимрастерянным, когдаемузадали простой вопрос. 3. Она ужасно устала, но не жаловалась. 4. Рыба пахнет ужасно! Неужели она испортилась? 5. Ребенок рос очень слабым и заболевал буквально каждую неделю. 6. Он прорабо- тал в банке 20 лет, прежде чем стал художником. 7. Чем холод- нее становится, тем больше хочется на море. 8. Осенью листья становятся красными, желтыми, коричневыми. 9. Он полысел уже в 30 лет. 10. В прошлом году она стала бабушкой. 11. Вдруг все вокруг померкло, и я потерял сознание. 12. Молоко скисло, придетсяеговыкинуть. 13. Кактебеудаетсяоставатьсятакоймо- лодой и подтянутой? 14. Он хороший человек, но когда ревнует, то превращается в монстра. 15. Этотколодецлетом всегда пере- сыхает. 16. Одолжи мне денег, у меня закончились. 17. Кажется, наш компьютер сломался. 18. Чтобы стать музыкантом, надо много заниматься. 19. Письма пожелтели от времени, но она их всеравнохранила. 20. Посмотри, замоксовсемзаржавел, врядли мы откроем дверь.
Exercise 12. State the type of the predicate. Pay close attention to different functions of the verb ‘would’.
1. On a cold winter morning my car wouldn’t start and I was late for classes. 2. The Campbells would sometimes invite us over for the weekend. 3. My memory is not as clear now as it used to be.
4.He refused their invitation flatly, and who wouldn’t in his place?
5.I’ve made up my mind to return to the place where I used to live. 6. The boy was very fond of fairy-tales and always asked what would happen to the characters. 7. Would you like a cup of tea?
8.If the neighbors hadn’t felt smoke, the house would have been burnt down to ashes. 9. He proposed to Lucy several times, but she wouldn’t marry him. 10. In the evening we would all sit around the fire.
11.As a child, I used to hate cornflakes for breakfast. 12. He promised that he would be able to finish the work by 8 o’clock. 13. Would you join us for a ride? – I would be glad to! 14. Our project would have been a disaster, if John hadn’t interfered in time. 15. In childhood they used to listen to their parents, but now they will not!
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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ
YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE
Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English using either infinitive or gerund after aspect verbs.
1. В ожидании поезда я начал пересчитывать багаж. 2. Ма- шина продолжала нестись на огромной скорости. 3. Дождь уже перестал? 4. Джейн остановилась посреди улицы, чтобы погла- зеть на разноцветную витрину. 5. После короткого вступления докладчик перешел к основной части. 6. Продолжайте работать, не отвлекаясь на пустяки. 7. К концу недели напрасного ожи- дания мы начали осознавать, что дело нечисто. 8. После налета вражескойавиациигородпростопересталсуществовать. 9. Вмо- лодости я обычно прислушивался к родительским советам. 10. Ты закончил переводить статью? 11. Говори, говори, я вни- мательно слушаю. 12. Я продолжал переворачивать страницы
впоисках ответа. 13. Дети сразу же полюбили нового учителя. 14. Прекратитеболтать, начинайтеработать! 15. Обычноонгулял
вдождь без зонта и никогда не простужался. 16. Кактолько часы началибитьполночь, Золушкавыбежалаиздворца. 17. Идипрямо, не оглядывайся по сторонам. 18. Внезапно разразился сильней- шийливень, имыостановились, чтобыпереждатьего. 19. Когда-то я мог не спать целыми ночами, а сейчас нет. 20. Он продолжал говорить, как будто ничего не случилось.
Exercise 14. Point out a double predicate and translate the sentences into Russian.
1.I like my coffee black. 2. The book lay open just as he had left it.
3.He got up weak and giddy after a sleepless night. 4. The child has grown totally unmanageable. 5. There was a shot and a bird fell dead on the ground. 6. Stephen stood flat against the wall to let a gurney pass.7.The day broke grey and dull.8.The dust lay thick on the country road. 9. The moon rose red over the silent valley. 10. He came home pale and puzzled, and called his wife into his study. 11. He died young.
12.Still waters run deep. 13. The words cut deep into her very soul.
14.The new broom sweeps clean. 15. He stopped dead in his tracks.
Exercise 15. Translate into English using constructions with a double predicate.
1. Он вошел в комнату взволнованный, и мы притихли, ожи- дая новостей. 2. Человек стоял неподвижно, вглядываясь вдаль. 3. Сосна на холме стояла высокая и одинокая. 4. Дети пришли
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Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence
промокшие до нитки. 5. Они смотрели на эту сцену глубоко по- трясенные. 6. Дым над лесом поднимался черный и тяжелый. 7. Ихсынвернулсяизэкспедициивзрослыммужчиной. 8. Онси- делвсвоемкреслепрямойимолчаливый. 9. Деньпришелсерый и скучный. 10. Снеглежалтолстым слоем натропинке. 11. Вели- кий художник умер беднымчеловеком. 12. Чай подали горячим. 13.Послеразговораялегласпатьсчастливымчеловеком.14.Ихмать умерла молодой и они совсем не помнили ее. 15. Разговор стал тяжелым, и слова не шли легко. 16. В ту ночь он долго лежал без сна и думал о ней. 17. Я был очень удивлен: они покрасили дом в желтый цвет.
Exercise 16. State the type of the predicate.
I met my husband at a wedding in 2003. I knew he was the one. We went on a few dates but then my Dad died and I couldn't handle dating seriously. He couldn't handle my aloofness. Well, 4 years went by. We had stopped talking. I would think about him every once in a while. The more jerks I dated, the more I realized how I let a wonderful man get away. I emailed him. My email got bounced back. I figured that was a sign. Well, 3 days later, he called me, completely out of the blue. We met for a drink and the sparks were flying. I never wanted to be apart from him again. 9 months later he proposed. We got married 6 months after that. We were married for 7 months when he was diagnosed with cancer. He died one month later. I am so lucky to have been so in love and to have married my soul-mate. I just wish I had more time.
www.knowable.com
Exercise 17. State the type of the predicate. Give your opinion on the following quotations. Use the following sayings in the situations of your own.
1.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested (Francis Bacon).
2.Bad taste is simply saying the truth before it should be said (Mel Brooks).
3.Noise proves nothing. Often a hen who has merely laid an egg cackles as if she laid an asteroid (Mark Twain).
4.Guests, like fish, begin to smell after three days (Benjamin Franklin).
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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ
YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE
5.He that falls in love with himself will have no rivals (Benjamin Franklin).
6.Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes (Mahatma Gandhi).
7.We don't see things as they are; we see things as we are (Anais
Nin).
8.A friend is one that knows you as you are, understands where you have been, accepts what you have become, and still, gently allows you to grow (William Shakespeare).
9.Believe those who are seeking the truth. Doubt those who find it (André Gide).
10.Sing like no one’s listening, love like you’ve never been hurt, dance like nobody’s watching, and live like it's heaven on earth (Mark Twain).
11.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper (Francis Bacon).
12.Be satisfied with success in even the smallest matter, and think that even such a result is no trifle (Marcus Aurelius).
13.Honesty is praised and starves (Juvenal).
14.Important principles may and must be flexible (Abraham Lincoln).
15.There is nothing more tragic in life than the utter impossibility of changing what you have done (John Galsworthy).
AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT
Exercise 1. Choose the proper form of the verb.
1. Each of the students (speak, speaks) good English. 2. The butter and the bread (is, are) in the fridge. 3. None of us (have, has) ever seen it. 4. For dinner there (was, were) meat and different vegetables to it. 5. There (was, were) cakes and coffee for breakfast. 6. No one of them (have, has) been to London yet. 7. Which of the boys (have, has) taken part in the concert? 8. New York, together with all the other states, (vote, votes) for President. 9. Alice, as well as her friends, (like, likes) pop music. 10. Dick and his daughter (has, have) just come. 11. All of the cake (was, were) eaten. 12. None of the students (promise, promises) to do their best at the exams. 13. Neither I nor he (know, knows) anything about it. 14. Crying and shouting (irritate, irritates) Nora’s granny. 15. A black and white cat (is, are) sitting on the porch. 16. A black and a white cat (is, are) sleeping on the bed.
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Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence
17.The director and the manager (has, have) just signed the contract.
18.The meat and the milk (is, are) in the shopping bag. 19. Whisky and soda (is, are) his favorite drink. 20. It is I who (needs, need) a rest, not she.
Exercise 2. Choose the proper form of the verb to be.
1. My mother and I (to be) going to the cinema. 2. There (to be) three books and a pen on the desk. 3. (to be) there five patients due today? 4. Either my sister or I (to be) meeting you at the railway station tonight. 5. My uncle with his son (to be) visiting us today. 6. Mary, as well as her friends, (to be) eager to meet him. 7. Mary and her friends (to be) eager to meet him. 8. Everybody (to be) aware about it. 9. Who (to be) talking there? – Those are my fellow-students. 10. I as well as he (to be) busy at the moment. 11. John and I (to be) great friends. 12. My friend and me (to be) happy to see you. 13. It (to be) they who (to be) guilty! 14.“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” (to be) a favourite book for many children. 15. Neither my friends nor I (to be) to blame.
16.There (to be) a woman and her two daughters in the kitchen.
17.To leave for another city and to part with his friends (to be) unbearable for him. 18. Twenty divided by two (to be) ten. 19. Not only Helen but also Nina (to be) invited to the party. 20. The Volga as well as its tributaries (to be) very picturesque.
Exercise 3. Translate into English.
1.Мужчинасмаленькойсобачкойстоялнаостановке.2.УНасти
иОли много общего. 3. Обе сестры, так же как и их мама, учатся водить машину. 4. На столе лежала книга и много карандашей. 5. Холодный чай с лимоном – его любимый напиток. 6. Первого сентября каждый семилетний ребенок идетв первый класс. 7. Эта фотография моих друзей напоминает мне о школьных годах. 8. Качество этихджинсов– отличное. 9. Все готовы начатьсобра- ние. 10. Всеготовоквыступлению. 11. Я, такжекакивы, согласна с предложением. 12. Лена – одна из тех студентов, которые всег- да готовы к уроку. 13. Настя – единственная студентка, которая всегда готова к уроку в этой группе. 14. В каждом городе естьин- тересный музей, который стоит посетить. 15. Вон там идут наши родители и учитель. 16. Вот и наш директор с преподавателями. 17. Я с друзьями иду в кино в среду. 18. Я, как и он, люблю шоко- лад. 19. Что этотам под кроватью? – Это моитапочки. 20. Уменя
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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ
YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE
в сумке два карандаша, но нет ни одной ручки. 21. Кто из вас го- тов отвечать? – Никто не готов. 22. Никто из них не пришел, хотя и обещали. 23. Она примерила несколько платьев, но ни одно ей не понравилось. 24. Либо ты, либо он виноват.– Никто из нас не виноват. 25. Никто из нас не знал, что самолет задержали. 26. Ниодиниздвухкандидатовмнененравится. 27. Нидети, ниих мама не занимаются спортом. 28. Ни тот ни другой ответ не яв- ляется верным. 29. Десять километров – трудная дистанция для бегунов. 30. Москвавместеспригородами– одинизкрупнейших мегаполисов мира.
Exercise 4. Say which of the following words agree with “is”, which with “are” and which with both forms. Make up your own sentences with them.
Work,advice,poultry,police,clothes,weather,family,linen,progress, the old, the English, equipment, cattle, measles, customs, news, pence, scissors, arms, glasses, phonetics, knowledge, scales, leafage, luggage, headquarters, cheese, mechanics, means, series, people, fruit, cutlery, hair, furniture, politics, vermin, contents, government, team, class, goods, trousers, information, staff, money, statistics.
Exercise 5. Use the proper form of the verbs in brackets.
1. My family (is, are) very big now. 2. The whole family (is, are) fond of sports. 3. All (is, are) clear. 4. All (was, were) happy. 5. Our staff (is, are) visiting theatres, museums and galleries from time to time. 6. The staff of the university (is, are) very competent. 7. The jury (has, have) been unable to decide upon a verdict. 8. The jury still (disagrees, disagree) on many points. 9. The school (was, were) attending the museum happily. 10. The school (is, are) proud of him. 11. The city fire department (was, were) called out. 12. This cast (consists, consist) of twenty actors. 13. The crew (was, were) experienced pilots. 14. The team wearing blue and white (controls, control) the ball. 15. The committee (has, have) been appointed for a third period. 16. The French (sees, see) these things differently from us. 17. His eyes are large and blue, but the blue (is, are) very pale. 18. A group of women (is, are) standing on the sidewalk. 19. There (is, are) plenty we can tell you about it. 20. There (is, are) a dozen men there. 21. The cattle (is, are) in the fields now. 22. The contents of the contract (was, were) changed yesterday. 23. A pair of jeans (is,
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