Синтаксис английского языка от слова к тексту = A Students’ Guide to English Syntax from Word to Discourse. Учебное пособие

Chapter II. The structure of a simple sentence

B) Say it in English using the verbs “give” or “take”.

1. Оннаслаждалсякаждойминутойсвоегопребываниявпер- воклассномотелеинеобыкновенногордилсяэтим. 2. Сегоднятак жарко, я, пожалуй, примуванну. 3. Ячувствую, чтосмогумногого достичьвжизни, еслимнедадуттакуювозможность. 4. Когдавы сдаете первый экзамен? 5. Ты только посмотри на это! 6. Когда ты ведешь машину, то должен уступать дорогу транспорту, еду- щему с правой стороны. 7. Наконец-то этой фирмой займется компетентный руководитель. 8. Многие учителя дают частные уроки, чтобызаработатьнажизнь. 9. Япосетилатолькошестьза- нятийповождению, носдаланаправаспервогораза. 10. Хочешь, яподвезутебядоинститута? 11. Новыеправиланачнутдейство- ватьсзавтрашнегодня. 12. Мнепотребовалсяцелыйдень, чтобы справиться с этой работой. 13. Ты будешь устраивать вечеринку по случаю своего дня рождения? 14. Особую благодарность мы выражаемнашимспонсорам. 15. Пожалуйста, позаботьсяомоей собаке во время моего отсутствия.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the proper preposition. State the type of the object.

1. The man was killed … an axe. 2. I won’t wait … you at table! I am not your servant! 3. He stood leaning … the door and waiting … the crowd to pass by. 4. I have nothing to open the tin …! 5. People cannot live … food. 6. What are you dreaming … at the lesson? 7. In this production one felt real love … the author. 8. I cannot forbid the house … the man who thinks what my husband thinks. 9. Not that I’m asking … thanks. 10. The fact filled me … moral indignation. 11. In general educational system is financed … the state. 12. They affirmed that they stood … abolition of the racist regime in South Africa. 13. Next morning he woke up … a sore face and a headache. 14. He spoke as one who was used … large audience. 15. He was so desperate … hunger and reckless … misery that he asked the master … some more gruel. 16. Julie was messing around …Dan, squealing … laughter. 17. A sweet herbal scent seemed to emanate … old velvet hangings. 18. The women gathered round a tea-table were absorbed … handiwork. 19. The little wooden tables were marked … rings that hinted … beer-mugs. The small pond nearby was surrounded … a cockle-shell border. 20. He was provided … an ample basket … his purchases, and off he hurried … a lantern. 21. The playful kids

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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ

YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

assailed him … jeers, carrots and popular catch-words, their innocent faces lit … pleasure they ever derive … the sight of a gentleman in difficulties. 22. We shall be homesick … quiet water lilies, … lush meadow-grass, … wet orchards and warm ponds. 23. One big mottled arm caught the toad … the fore-leg, while the other gripped him fast … the hind-leg. 24. A real lady is always known … neat boots, gloves, and a handkerchief. 25. I’m not ambitious… splendid fortune, fashionable position, or a great name … my daughters. 26. He stood there drinking … a flower-scented wind.

Exercise 6. Translate into English. State the type of the object.

1. Он посвящал учебе все свое свободное время. 2. Объясните мне, пожалуйста, значениеновыхслов. 3. Благодарятепломутече- нию мы наслаждаемся мягким климатом этого острова. 4. Он от- крыл вам секретсвоего изобретения? 5. Старики прожилидолгую жизнь,полнуюирадостейипечалей.6.Вывидели,чтобыкто-нибудь вышел из комнаты? 7. Анна объявила нам о своем желании уехать за границу. 8. Не приписывайте мнетого, чего я никогда неделал. 9. Мне вчера предложили новую модель смартфона за смешную цену, и я не мог устоять! 10. Папе вчера починили часы, а сегодня они опять не ходят. 11. Я никогда не слышал, чтобы об этом чело- веке плохо отзывались. 12. Войдя в картинную галерею, я увидела мою приятельницу с буклетом в руке. 13. Она хотела, чтобы ей сшили новое платье к выпускному балу. 14. Спойте нам какую- нибудьпопулярнуюмолодежнуюпесню. 15. Онаснадеждойждала помощиотдрузей,нонеполучилаисловаподдержки.16.Извините, чторазговариваюсвамикаксостарымприятелем. 17. Яненастаи- ваю,чтобытышелснами.Самвыбирай,чтоделать.18.Всесчитали егочудаком, аонпростоговорилвсе, чтодумал. 19. Рассказатьвам последние новости? Джон решил жениться на девушке, с которой знаком всего неделю! – Он всегда влюбляется в каждую девушку, котораяобращаетнанегохотьмалейшеевнимание.

THE ATTRIBUTE

Exercise 1. Distinguish between descriptive and limiting attributes and say what they are expressed by.

1. The first day’s journey was intolerably tedious. 2. What do you say to a languid stroll through the garden? 3. It was such a cruel

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thing to say to that gentle, helpless creature. 4. He was always the first to enter the dining-room and the last to leave. 5. I hate the idea of borrowing and living on credit. 6. The two boys faced each other silently. 7. It was an easy go-as-you-please existence. 8. I am not in the habit of reading other people’s letters. 9. He thrust his hands deep into his overcoat pockets. 10. It is not a matter to be discussed even with a friend so near and trusted as you are. 11. To her parents’ utter despair Ella is going to marry a good-for- nothing fortune hunter. 12. The old man pointed to a house on a nearby shady slope. 13. It was just one little sheet of glass between her and the great wet world outside. 14. She had a pair of muscled arms, and a mop of disarranged mottled hair. 15. A clear, ringing little laugh was the only reply he got. 16. To think that a man of his abilities would stoop to such a horrible trick as that. 17. There was a blackbird perched on the cherry-tree, sleek and glistening. 18. A middle-aged man carrying a sheaf of cards walked into the room. 19. Soon we began to comprehend the possibility of there being somebody at the door. 20. Your happiness is a life and death question with us. 21. But now he had seen that world, possible and real. 22. Cloudless and pierced by one solitary star, a copper-green sky gleamed through the windows. 23. That woman over there is a friend of my sister’s. 24. It was a letter written by someone in close touch with Celia. 25. Through Aunt Ann’s compressed lips a tender smile forced its way.

Exercise 2. Arrange the attributes in the proper order.

1. gloves (black, expensive, leather); 2. gown (red, silk, beautiful, cocktail); 3. cat (big, fat, black, furry); 4. painting (old, interesting, French); 5. eyes (large, grey, brilliant); 6. desk (writing, round, wooden, small); 7. jeans (my, blue, worn, favorite); 8. woman (young, pretty, well-dressed); 9. hat (straw, new, wide-brimmed, large); 10. novel (recently published, popular, English); 11. furniture (old, lovely, mahogany, expensive); 12. trunks (swimming, nylon, black); 13. shoes (thick-soled, heavy, old-fashioned); 14. buildings (industrial, modern, several, ugly, large); 15. blouse (lacy, pretty, white, new); 16. soup (hot, vegetable, freshly cooked, delicious); 17. box (black, metal, strong, small); 18. books (grammar, useful, some, well-known); 19. morning (winter, cold, bright); 20. fairy-tale (Russian, children’s, old, funny).

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

Exercise 3. Point out the apposition and say whether it is close or loose.

1. Lucia, the mother of the lost child, had not taken off her shawl despite warm weather. 2. One of our number, a round-faced, curlyhaired, little man of about forty, glared at him aggressively. 3. There are plenty of dogs in the town of Oxford. 4. You look all right, Uncle Timothy. 5. James, a slow and thorough eater, stopped the process of mastication. 6. He felt lost, alone there in the room with that pale spirit of a woman. 7. But the doctor – a family physician well past middle age – was not impressed. 8. They, the professors, were right in their judgement. 9. Neither Oliver nor his sister Kate had decent social experience of any kind. 10. President Trump issued a new executive order banning the entry of Muslims to the USA. 11. The driver, a poor bastard, could freeze out there. 12. She and her two daughters, middleaged pretty women, did the cooking and the housework. 14.“Hamlet”, the immortal tragedy of Shakespeare, was given a new interpretation on the Russian stage. 15. As the invited entered the house they were greeted by Jane, the maid. 16. Davis, the owner of the bar, came over and Michael made his introductions. 17. This is Lord Henry Wotton, an old Oxford friend of mine. 18. Hemingway, the son of a small town doctor, was born in Illinois in 1898. 19. And she dressed like – well, like what she was, the wife of an assistant Colonial Secretary in Hong Kong. 20. His laboratory, the best institution of that kind, made Cambridge world known in the field of experimental physics.

21.The school, a gray Gothic building, was a real fortress of learning.

22.I was introduced to her by Charles Edwards, the most intimate friend of my London days. 23. The cook, a bulky man, scarcely glanced around. 24. Who is this slender blond near the window? – Kate Asher, a girl from our group. 25. Jo sat on the sofa writing busily, while Scrabble, a pet rat, promenaded overhead, accompanied by his oldest son, a fine young fellow, who was evidently very proud of his whiskers.

Exercise 4. Translate into English paying attention to the use of nouns in apposition.

1. Собака, огромный черный ретривер с подходящим именем Мрак, сыграла в этой истории не последнюю роль. 2. В 1903 го- ду муж и жена Кюри получили Нобелевскую премию в области физики за совместные исследования. 3. Клайд полагал, что он, племянник преуспевающих Гриффитсов, должен быть допущен

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в высшее общество. 4. Сэр Кристофер Рен, великий английский архитектор, построил нетолько собор св. Павла, но и множество других замечательных зданий в Лондоне. 5. Джордж Вашингтон, первый президент Соединенных Штатов Америки, был главно- командующим американской армии во время войны за неза- висимость. 6. Немногие знают, что Вольтер – только псевдоним великогофранцузскогописателя-философа, которыйбылсыном Франсуа Аруэ, нотариуса. 7. Какой сюрприз! Сегодня я случайно встретилОлегаПетрова, одногоизмоиходноклассников, окото- ромничегонеслышалужемноголет. 8. Вконцеконцовмыдобра- лисьдо места назначения, небольшого озера, славящегося своей кристально чистой водой. 9. Могу я поговорить с мистером Уат- том, старшимменеджеромвашегоотдела? 10. ВладимирНабоков, русский писатель и Нобелевский лауреат, провел большую часть жизнивдалиотродины. 11. Волкизаяц, персонажипопулярного советского мультфильма, являются достойными конкурентами диснеевских героев– Тома и Джерри. 12. Дети всегда с нетерпе- ниеможидаютиюня, началалетнихканикул, самыхдолгихкани- кулвучебномгоду. 13. Жанна, студенткамедицинскогоколледжа, мечтаетстатьпластическимхирургом. 14. МистерШерлокХолмс, знаменитый детектив, популярен в России не менее, чем у себя народине, вАнглии. 15. ХудожникАйвазовскийизвестенвоснов- ном как создатель морских пейзажей.

Exercise 5. Point out the attributes and appositions, state their types. Translate into Russian.

He saw all the other pillars of the little party; he saw Lord Galloway, the English Ambassador – a choleric old man with a russet face like an apple, wearing the blue ribbon of the Garter. He saw Lady Galloway, slim and threadlike, with silver hair and a face sensitive and superior. He saw her daughter,Lady Margaret Graham,a pale and pretty girl with an elfish face and copper-coloured hair. He saw the Duchess of Mont St. Michel, black-eyed and opulent, and with her two daughters, blackeyed and opulent also. He saw Dr. Simon, a typical French scientist, with glasses, a pointed brown beard, and a forehead barred with those parallel wrinkles which are the penalty of superciliousness, since they come through constantly elevating the eyebrows. He saw Father Brown, of Cobhole, in Essex, whom he had recently met in England. He saw – perhaps with more interest than any of these – a tall man in

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

uniform, who had bowed to the Galloways without receiving any very hearty acknowledgment, and who now advanced alone to pay his respects to his host. This was Commandant O'Brien, of the French Foreign Legion. He was a slim yet somewhat swaggering figure, cleanshaven, dark-haired, and blue-eyed, and, as seemed natural in an officer of that famous regiment of victorious failures and successful suicides, he had an air at once dashing and melancholy.

“The Secret Garden” by G.K. Chesterton

Exercise 6. Translate into English. Point out the attributes, state what they are expressed by.

1. На полу лежит моя любимая чашка, разбитая на мелкие кусочки. И кого же в этом винить?! 2. Джейн всегда отвечала первой, но редко давала правильные ответы. 3. Звук льющейся воды действует успокаивающе на психику человека, так же как и зрелище горящей свечи или камина. 4. Это была просторная светлая комната с окнами, выходящими на море. 5. Втакой слож- ной ситуации ничего нельзя было сделать. 6. Впечатление от его пламенной речи долго не угасало в сердцах людей. 7. Простой деревянный стол был весьуставлен глиняной посудой. 8. Мысль о том, что ее брат замешан в этом опасном деле, не давала Ма- рионпокоя. 9. ОправданияДжорджапростосмешны! Емупросто нечегосказать. 10. Когдажеэтоттвойдружокоставитнасвпокое! 11. Воттебе билет на концерт. Это последний шанс увидеть вы- ступлениетвоей любимой группы. 12. Пять человек, пострадав- шиевдорожномпроисшествии, былиотправленывближайшую больницу. 13. Я люблю молочный шоколад и миндальные пи- рожные. Я такая сластена! 14. Двадцатый век был эрой техни- ческого прогресса. 15. У меня не было времени рассмотреть все варианты, иярешилсянанеобдуманныйшаг. 16. Вокружающем домиксадурослиизумительныерозы– отснежно-белойдопур- пурной. 17. Мы посетили постоянную экспозицию в новом зда- нииТретьяковскойгалереинаКрымскомвалу. 18. Долгожданное романтическоепутешествиезакончилосьвесьманеожиданным образом. 19. Кнемуподошлидвеулыбающиесядевушки, одетые в светлые летние платья и широкополые соломенные шляпы. 20. С глубокой печалью он вдруг осознал, что ему нечего здесь делать и не к кому пойти.

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THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

Exercise 1. Point out the types of adverbial modifiers and state what they are expressed by.

1. Ronald slowly nodded his head in agreement. 2. He’s coming on Saturday at one o’clock. 3. Lucia stopped them in their tracks with a stern command. 4. Sally was sitting on the front seat of the buggy, dumb and unhappy at being ignored. 5. I feel my own deficiencies too keenly to presume so far. 6. A few by-standers hung on, hoping the door of the house would reopen. 7. The first bar of gold raised hopes sky high. 8. She had to talk because of her desire to laugh. 9. The man pushed back his huge chair and rose to his full height as if preparing to fight the opponent. 10. He took a glass and held it to Elsie to be filled. 11. Jimmy was walking too quickly for us to keep up with him. 12. The poor woman was annoyed with Morris for dumping his wife on her. 13. It was quite a long narrative to listen to attentively. 14. Of course, the girls were far too grown-up to really care about such things. 15. Now and then Gavin would stop to point out silently some rarity. 16. And for all her quiet manner, and her quiet smile, she was full of trouble. 17. The young teacher’s spirits rose to a height at hearing the head-master’s appraisal. 18. Bad news travels fast. 19. On her entering everyone in the room stood up to greet her. 20. Time permitting, we will call on you tonight.

Exercise 2. Expand the following simple sentences by your own adverbial modifiers.

1. It was the only thing to do. 2. There were a lot of flowers. 3. We reached the town. 4. We took a late train. 5. It was a magic moment. 6. They looked at each other. 7. We want to ask you some questions. 8. They are FBI agents. 9. People talked. 10. Please, be serious. 11. He’d done a fine job. 12. She may be working. 13. See you later. 14. The door opened. 15. This is a nice house. 16. I’ll give you a call. 17. He needs good advice. 18. I like fresh bread. 19. Nobody knew the answer. 20. I had to hurry. 21. I like to have hot dinner. 22. Tom told us a good joke. 23. It has been windy. 24. Her husband heard voices. 25. It was night. 26. I changed my attitude. 27. This situation can create many problems. 28. Autumn has come. 29. He is taking his exam. 30. I lost my key.

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

Exercise 3. Transform the following adverbs into corresponding prepositional phrases. Use them in your own sentences as adverbial modifiers of manner.

Model: gleefully – with glee.

1.seriously; 2. very solemnly; 3. smiling sadly; 4. sarcastically;

5.cautiously; 6. silently; 7. moving one’s head slightly; 8. crying delightfully; 9. impatiently; 10. smiling and nodding; 11. leisurely;

12.dreadfully panic-stricken; 13. friendly; 14. breathing deeply; 15. dreamily; 16. terror-stricken; 17. apologetically; 18. one’s eyes closed;

19.slowly, but deliberately; 20. walking bare-foot; 21. so kindly and sympathetically; 22. glancing but once; 23. pacing easily; 24. talking feebly; 25. not murmuring anything; 26. shyly and self-consciously;

27.most cordially; 28. tenderly; 29. holding arms; 30. decidedly.

Exercise 4. Translate into English. Pay attention to different ways an adverbial modifier of manner is expressed.

1. «Почемутытакстранносмотришьнаменя?» – «Необращай внимания», – ответил он, слегка улыбнувшись. 2. «Ятоже иду с ва- ми», – сказала Нэнси, медленно натягивая перчатки. 3. Обернув- шись, оноказалсялицомклицуснезнакомцем. 4. Онишлирядом и говорили шепотом 5. На следующее утро он проснулся в отча- янии и долго еще лежал, глубоко задумавшись. 6. Когда ребенок спит, мывсеговоримтихоиходимнацыпочках. 7. Язаметилаэто с первого взгляда, но не стала ничего предпринимать второпях.

8.Вы собираетесь отправиться туда поездом? – Нет, самолетом.

9.Какое-то время он сидел молча, пока не сказал решительно: «Всеравномыостанемсядрузьями». 10. Выпришлисюдапопри- глашению? – Нет, язаглянулсюдаслучайно. 11. Пожалуйста, про- ходите и устраивайтесь без всяких церемоний. 12. «Нет, – сказал он, глубоко вздохнув, – силой мы ничего не добьемся». 13. Она рассматривала портрет критически, сощурив глаза и склонив голову набок. 14. Я так охрипла, что говорю с большим трудом.

15.Всеоторопелосмотрелинапылающийдом, незная, чтопред- принять. 16.Плечомкплечу,рукавруке,онибылиготовывстретить врагавовсеоружии. 17. Яполагаю, онсделалэтопоошибке? – Нет, намеренно. 18. Он шел медленно, наслаждаясьтишиной летнего утра. 19. Обвиняемый держался уверенно и хладнокровно отри- цал свою вину. 20. Вся семья выслушала его признание в немом изумлении, даже не шелохнувшись.

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Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with “like” or “as” paying attention to nouns in the function of an adverbial modifier of comparison.

1. He was always longing to wander uncontrolled in the air, … a wild bird. 2. He thought they should have asked his consent, instead of treating him … a cipher in his own house. 3.… bees swarming after their queen, the mother and daughters hovered about Mr. March. 4. Come on, my dear, and we’ll talk … human beings … we are. 5.“It was then that I rushed in … a tornado, wasn’t it?” he would say, scorning himself. 6. A low knocking came at the door and curdled everyone’s blood … the knocking in Macbeth. 7. She had to go round and round them in a circle in which they moved … in the halo. 8. Bubbles of many colors made in the rainbow water they treat … balls. 9. They criticized and chattered till they felt … old acquaintances.10. All the boys slept in it, lying … sardines in a tin. 11. She listened … a child and … a child asked questions. 12. She was the daughter of the king, and she must die … the king’s daughter. 13. He played on her inexperienced soul … on a harp. 14. The rock was slippery … a wall, and they had to crawl rather than climb. 15. A tremor ran through him, … a shudder passing over the sea. 16. He moved about the room … a sleepwalker.

17.Now he crawled forward through the open space … a snake.

18.One of them was a surprisingly small man, something … a dwarf, or at least … a jockey. 19. She devoured poetry, romance, history, travels … a regular book-worm. But … any happiness it didn’t last long. 20. There was nothing he didn’t offer, from his own dressinggown to himself … an escort. 21. Ivan came out of the house … a cannon ball, and came racing across the lawn to Valentin … a dog to his master. 22. And now come down into the village, and go your own way free … a wind, for I have said my last word. 23. A little car shot up to the house … a bullet, and shot out its owner … a bomb shell. 24. The shop at the corner glowed … the butt of a cigar, or perhaps, … the butt of firework. 25. … dogs this terrible man treated and addressed them, and … dogs they obeyed him.

Exercise 6. Point out and define homogeneous parts of the sentence.

1. The waiters were sweeping out the café and mopping off the tables. 2. The trout were beautifully coloured and firm and hard from the cold water. 3. Ronald shrugged his shoulders half amused, half angry. 4. There was a sofa in the corner and a desk pushed against the wall. 5. Deep in thought I started undressing and putting on

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Ю. М. СЕРГЕЕВА, И. О. СЫРЕСИНА. СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОТ СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ

YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

a bathrobe. 6. Mike and Rose came in to get me to go down and eat with them. 7. I was seized with a sudden desire to laugh, to cry, to do both. 8. Her curiosity was a disease, almost a mania. 9. I had to turn over the pages of a magazine, look at photographs that did not matter and read articles I should never remember. 10. Her being stupid didn’t matter as her gaiety and high spirits and her prettiness made her quite an agreeable companion. 11. It was a gloomy and uncomfortable meal full of strained conversation and hush words. 12. Swimming and diving made him tired very soon and he decided to stay on the beach and sunbathe for a while. 13. All of us had known fear, and loneliness, and great distress. 14. At the Swiss border we had to change trains and show passports. 15. He said nothing and went on looking anxious and distressed. 16. The man gave us a brief enigmatic smile and waved dismissively. 17. I was shocked and a little scared by the change of his facial expression and his tone. 18. She stood there for a moment, with her hands clasped tightly and her lips set firmly. 19. I couldn’t forget the white lost look in Mary’s eyes at our farewell party. 20. She walked in with short quick steps balancing a tray full of bowls and cups and spoons.

Exercise 7. Name the parts of the sentence and discriminate between the main and the secondary parts. Say what they are expressed by. Put questions to the secondary parts. State the type of the predicate. State the type of the verb “be”.

I have a new friend. His name is Yudhi, which is pronounced “YouDay.” He’s Indonesian, originally from Java. I got to know him because he rented my house to me; he’s working for the Englishwoman who owns the place, looking after her property while she’s away in London for the summer. Yudhi is twenty-seven years old and stocky in build and talks kind of like a southern California surfer. He calls me “man” and “dude” all the time. He’s got a smile that could stop crime, and he’s got a long, complicated life story for somebody so young. He was born in Jakarta; his mother was a housewife, his father an Indonesian fan of Elvis who owned a small air-conditioning and refrigeration business. The family was Christian – an oddity in this part of the world, and Yudhi tells entertaining stories about being mocked by the neighborhood Muslim kids for such shortcomings as “You eat pork!” and “You love Jesus!” Yudhi wasn’t bothered by the teasing; Yudhi, by nature, isn’t bothered by much. His mom, however, didn’t

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