Синтаксис английского языка от слова к тексту = A Students’ Guide to English Syntax from Word to Discourse. Учебное пособие

Chapter III. Composite sentence as a polypredicative construction

of writing could mean. It was originally used by the ancient Egyptian priests … lived about 3000 BC, in the time of the Roman Empire. One of the men … deciphered hieroglyphics was Jean-Francois Champollion (1790–1832), a self-taught linguist … had learned Greek and Latin at the age of nine. … he entered the School of Oriental Languages in Paris in 1807,he had already suggested…the ancient Egyptian language was Coptic. Here he continued his studies and started to examine texts … were brought from Egypt. The French had sent an army there in 1798, … a year later a group of soldiers had accidentally discovered the Rosetta Stone, on … was written the same text in three languages – in hieroglyphics, in everyday Egyptian,… in Ancient Greek. In 1801,…, the French army in Egypt was defeated by the British, … soon after it the Rosetta Stone was taken to London. Luckily Champollion was able to study a copy of the text on the stone, … in 1824 he published an explanation of the hieroglyphic system. … then archeologists have been able to read thousands of manuscripts left behind by ancient Egyptians. The Rosetta Stone is still in the British museum in London.

Exercise 20. Consider the following complex sentences. Distinguish between different types of adverbial clauses. Comment on their structure and the contextual meaning in the sentence. Think of the equivalent verbal complexes.

1.If you continue in this way you will break your mother’s heart!

2.Since the newspapers were covering the search closely, there was no point in his reserve. 3. There was a moment of strain, it seemed as though neither of them knew what to say next. 4. He said George was too nice a kid to make a good cop, even if he had brains. 5. Lady Castlewood was as much cast down by this news as Miss Beatrix was indignant at it. 6. The stewardess hurried along the aisle to where the sick passenger lay moaning with eyes closed. 7. As he ticked off points on his fingers my elation quickly subsided. 8. The door gave a little but came back as though somebody was holding it against me.

9.When she was through she hung the phone back on a hook. 10. I’m doing it as I was told, so you may as well spare your sarcasm. 11. As her lips smiled, her eyes didn’t lose their tragic expression. 12. I was just curious, though it wasn’t any of my business. 13. If it hadn’t been for his courage and resource, we’d have crashed. 14. You are meant to describe the situation as you understand it. 15. She manages such things far better than you manage them. 16. While he was explaining

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

the rule he tried to make it simpler. 17. He looked a little sad, as if he had been waiting a long time and was getting discouraged. 18. No sooner had she seen me approaching from the landing than she slammed the door in my face. 19. Now that the reader knows the essential events as they were open to the public, I want to give him some explanations. 20. I have told you my story so that you may judge me for what I am, not for what they want to take me.

Exercise 21. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one complex sentence with an adverbial clause. Give more than one variant if possible. Make the necessary changes.

1.You want to be healthy. You should strengthen your immune system.

2.Alan felt confident and happy again. He was praised by his teacher.

3.The wedding of James and Sandra was postponed. They had to attend the funeral of his grandfather.

4.Linda is a vegetarian. She has stopped eating meat.

5.The criminal was arrested. He was carrying the documents related to his false identities.

6.I have simply run out of ideas. I can’t write any more.

7.You will not keep up with the group. You should change your daily routine.

8.Tim was punished. He cheated at the exam.

9.We were away for two weeks. Our neighbors took care of our cats.

10.People often yawn. They can’t concentrate on their work.

11.Bacteria can change. They grow resistant to antibiotics.

12.The chemical structure of penicillin is known. It is now possible for penicillin to be produced in large quantities.

Exercise 22. Use the words in brackets to make one composite sentence out of simple ones. You may have to change the order.

Managing your revision

a.Work out how long you have to prepare. Divide the time into short manageable sessions. You need a schedule (so, then).

b.You risk losing motivation. Don’t set unrealistic goals. You fail to reach them (if, as).

c.Make sure your goals follow the SMART system. These are the best types of goals (since).

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d.This will give you a definite target. Try to be very precise about what you want to achieve (because).

e.Ask someone to test you on what you have studied. You can measure what you have achieved (so).

f.You set yourself too much. You won’t be able to do it. You have to be honest with yourself about what you can achieve (because, if).

g.You achieve your target. This will make you feel good. Give yourself a reward (when, as).

h.Give yourself a deadline. You want to work well. You need to feel some pressure (if, since).

Can you now decipher what SMART means? (Specific – measurable – achievable – rewards – time).

Exercise 23. Rewrite each pair of simple sentences as one complex sentence with an adverbial clause of time. Give more than one variant if possible. Make the necessary changes.

a)1. He grew older and older. His temper improved. 2. The crowd began pouring in. The doors opened. 3. The manager is out. His assistant signs the papers. 4. The chicken was ready. I took it out of the oven. 5. She always sang. She took a shower. 6. He walked along. The people began to stare and point. 7. He retires. He’ll have saved enough to travel.8.I haven’t seen her.She went to France.9.She didn’t leave his mind. He was circling New York. 10. I went to the grocery store. You came from school. 11. She packed up everything. She went to the hospital. 12. We live. We love. 13. I ask for help. He is always ready to help. 14. They talked. They liked each other more and more.

15.We have been friends. We have never quarreled. 16. I had been riding a motorbike for six years. I bought a car. 17. As a child Simon would climb trees. He fell down and injured his leg. 18. She used to have quick temper. She got married and sired three children.

19.I woke in a sweat. I had a bad dream. 20. The children left home. It’s been so quiet here!

b)Say it in English. Pay attention to the use of conjunctions.

1. Пока Том разговаривал с профессором, я ждал его в ко- ридоре. 2. Как только закончатся экзамены, мы всей семьей отправимся отдыхать в Испанию. 3. Хорошо, что я увидел этого пса, прежде чем он заметил меня! 4. Мы не поверим этому, пока не увидим собственными глазами. 5. По меретого как мы при- ближались к вершине, становилось все холоднее. 6. Когда тебе

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

оказывают услугу, нужно искренне поблагодарить. 7. К тому времени, как ты придешь, мы уже сделаем половину работы. 8. Когда ребенок растет, он усваивает все больше социальных навыков. 9. Помой руки, прежде чем идти к столу. 10. Едва на- чался урок, как в классе погас свет. 11. С тех пор как Джейсон переехал в Голливуд, он не общается со старыми друзьями. 12. Опять ты играешь в видеоигры, тогда как должен делать уроки. 13. Мыучимсячему-тоновому, покаживем. 14. Невклю- чай телевизор, пока не сделаешь все уроки. 15. Как только мы вышли из дому, так сразу хлынул дождь! 16. Оставайся на ме- сте, пока горит красный сигнал светофора. 17. Пока учитель был в классе, студенты не могли пользоваться шпаргалками.

18.До того, как я приду, не подписывайте никакие документы.

19.С тех пор как ты живешь в Москве, сколько раз ты навещал родителей в родном городе? 20. Пройдутгоды, пока вы усвоите все грамматические правила!

Exercise 24. Rewrite each pair of simple sentences as one complex sentence with an adverbial clause of reason. Give more than one variant if possible. Distinguish between logical relations of cause and consequence.

a)1. I am very sorry. I have offended you. 2. Suzanne was a coward. She said nothing. 3. Our passports weren’t all right. We were arrested. 4. I’ll find a cheap room. I’ll stay a fortnight. 5. It took us a long time to find the station. The streets weren’t clearly marked. 6. He didn’t get to the top of his profession. He was lazy.

7.He has been working hard lately. His phonetics have improved.

8.He looked so weak. Nobody asked him to do anything. 9. I can’t wait any longer. I have been waiting since five o’clock. 10. She didn’t love him. She didn’t wait so long. 11. The exit doors were blocked. People couldn’t escape from the burning hall. 12. He was a bookish boy. He wasn’t happy at school. 13. You worked too fast. You made a lot of mistakes. 14. I live a long way from the university. I am always late. 15. He will pay me tonight. I’ll have enough money for tickets.

b)Say it in English. Choose the proper conjunctions to express relations of cause and consequence (as, because, for, since).

1. Поскольку мы не знакомы, мы только здороваемся, но не общаемся. 2. Очень холодно: не забудь надеть шапку.

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3. Я не отвечала, потому что задумалась. 4. Поскольку ученики вложили много труда в этот проект, он имел успех. 5. Раз уж так случилось, давайте не обвинять друг друга. 6. Поскольку положение Луны и Солнца по отношению к Земле периодиче- ски меняется, меняется и интенсивность приливно-отливных явлений. 7. Разтынехочешьмнепомочь, попрошукого-нибудь еще. 8. Его никто не замечает: он не любит привлекать к себе внимание. 9. Марш в постель, потому что уже поздно! 10. По- скольку рост инфляции замедлился, потребительский рынок вышел из периода стагнации. 11. Ничего не повторив к тесту, студент получил самый низкий балл. 12. Так как не было ни- каких возражений, план приняли единогласно.13. Он не был на собрании, раз задает такие вопросы. 14. Будучи экспертом в этой области, профессор Смит часто выезжает на междуна- родные конференции. 15. Так как не было луны, в лесу царила кромешная тьма.

Exercise 25. Rewrite each pair of simple sentences as one complex sentence with an adverbial clause of result. Give more than one variant if possible. Make the necessary changes.

Model: John was weak. He could hardly move.– John was so weak that he could hardly move. As weak as he was, John could hardly move.

a)1. It was snowing hard. I had to leave my car in the garage.

2.The bag was heavy. I was tired in 15 minutes. 3. The car stood there. I could see it well. 4. The task was difficult. I didn’t manage to do it in two hours. 5. He is silly. Everyone can deceive him. 6. I spoke loudly. He could hear me well. 7. The wind was strong. We were not able to leave the house. 8. He was good at Maths. He could solve any task. 9. It was dark in the hall. I stumbled on the threshold. 10. He was experienced. We could rely on him.

b)Say it in English. Give more than one variant if possible.

1.Такой силач, как он, может поднять вес в три раза тяжелее.

2.Было настолько холодно, что я не смогла завести машину.

3.Ветер был такой силы, что оборвал провода во всем поселке.

4.Я объясню еще раз, чтобы все поняли наверняка. 5. Они еще слишкомюные: онинемогутжитьсамостоятельно. 6. Ночьбыла такойтемной, чтотуристысбилисьспути. 7. Включиотопление, чтобытемператураподняласьхотьнапаруградусов. 8. Онтакой

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

скромный: все время отмалчивается. 9. У нас сейчас так много работы, что мы не можем поехать в отпуск. 10. Оставьте поля в тетради, чтобы можно было делать заметки. 11. Ты еще слаб послеболезни: тыдолженсоблюдатьпостельныйрежим. 12. Так непросто отказатьэтому человеку, что он пользуется нашей по- мощью постоянно. 13. Не шумите, чтобы ребенок не проснулся. 14. Книгатакая скучная, что я не прочитала и половины. 15. Мы были так обеспокоены судьбой друга, что не могли думать ни о чем другом.

Exercise 26. Rewrite each pair of simple sentences as one complex sentence with an adverbial clause of concession. Give more than one variant if possible. Make the necessary changes.

Model: He was troubled. He was always polite.– Troubled as he was, he was always polite. Though he was troubled, he was always polite. Whatever troubled him, he was always polite. However troubled he was, he was always polite.

a)1. It was dark in the forest. The scouts had to move on. 2. You can tell me any news. I don’t believe you. 3. We were tired. We went on working. 4. I enjoyed the trip. The weather was bad. 5. The task is difficult. We will cope with it. 6. Somebody has broken the window. He or she must be punished. 7. I tried hard to keep it in secret. I failed.

8.It was late. We didn’t go to bed. 9. I gave him much advice. He acted in his own way. 10. We don’t know what may happen. We’ll keep our promise. 11. The car is expensive. I will buy it by all means.

12.He was young. He was clever for his age. 13. She is a diligent student. She passes her tests with low grades. 14. It is important. They don’t care. 15. The weather was fine. We stayed at home.

b)Say it in English. Give more than one variant if possible.

1. Какой бы холодной ни была погода, он выходит в парк на пробежку. 2. Что бы вы ни говорили, я поступлю по-своему. 3. Хотя и было поздно, в доме никто не ложился. 4. Несмотря на высокую цену, мы купили тур на этот круизный лайнер. 5. Где бы ты ни очутился, всегда найдутся хорошие люди и помогут тебе. 6. Чего бы это ни стоило, я все равно добьюсь своего. 7. Хотя мы не знакомы, все равно здороваемся друг с другом. 8. Даже в ситуации смертельной опасности он со- храняетхладнокровие. 9. Несмотря на безоговорочную победу на выборах, президент не пользуется популярностью у своего

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народа. 10. Как бы вы ни жаловались на усталость, нужно про- должать работать. 11. Что бы ты ни делал, задумайся о послед- ствиях. 12. Хотя он еще молод, он достиг высокого положения в своем бизнесе. 13. Пусть оно мне не идет, я все равно куплю это платье. 14. Несмотря на скользкуюдорогу, машина неслась с огромной скоростью. 15. Как мы ни старались, у нас ничего не получалось.

Exercise 27. REVISION. Comment on the structure of a complex sentence. State the type of connector and the type of subordinate clause.

1. I could hardly recognize in that self-possessed man the hotheaded youngster I had once known.2.The place was so delightful that we stayed there all summer though we had to rent it at an excessive price. 3. Gemma was rather more attractive in her late twenties than she had been when Arthur had first met her. 4. Arriving at the airport where he was to change, he had to wait for three hours. 5. I felt that it was my duty to be with them at that difficult moment. 6. She was about to take a step, which might lead to further complications. 7. Had he not been kept awake by a jangle he might have fallen asleep immediately. 8. What I want is that everything should be ready in an hour. 9. Make haste lest you come in time for classes. 10. He loved the place where he lived as if he had been born there, though he was actually a newcomer in the community. 11. He was so terribly shaken that I had to pass my hand under his arm as we walked up the stairs. 12. The other day we heard they had finally come back after a long voyage they had been dreaming of for years. 13. The room had a musty smell as though it hadn’t been lived in for quite a time. 14. The first person upon whom Arthur’s eyes fell as he entered the room where the students’ little gatherings were held, was his old playmate. 15. She could not tell when her fiancée would come and if he would come at all. 16. There was an epoch in his life when he lived in utter solitude which made him a brooding misanthrope. 17. I thought that all I was doing was trying to keep a roof over our heads. 18. Simple as the case seems, there may be something deeper underlying it. 19. When Stephen saw me he stopped and waited until I came down into the hall because we were to drive away together. 20. Should you need my help, I am always at your disposal whenever you call.

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

Exercise 28. REVISION. Point out compound and complex sentences. Dwell on their structural and communicative properties. Distinguish between affirmative and negative constructions among them. Comment on the sentences containing reported speech.

Teachers Reveal the Most Ridiculous Things Said to Them by Parents.

Being a teacher can be both rewarding and challenging. Some kids are more difficult to get through to than others, but even the worst behaved students, for the most part, are manageable. But parents? Parents are a whole other story.

1.That I was responsible for the childhood obesity epidemic with the 20 minutes of homework I gave three times a week.

2.A parent once claimed that her daughter kept losing her school jumper because I was selling them.

3.That the reason their son was making inappropriate, sexual comments towards me was because I was “enticing him with flirtatious private meetings”. They were referring to the times I had to keep him back after class to lecture him on his behavior.

4.I had a student who told her parents that I was picking on her because I tossed her a piece of candy and she didn't catch it, so it hit her forehead. The parents came in and called me racist for picking on their daughter because she's Mexican. I looked at them and said, “Are … Are you serious? Is this some sort of a joke?” The mom proceeded to say, “Absolutely not. I can tell you're racist by looking right at you.” I responded, “I don't know if you noticed, but I'm Mexican.”

5.“She doesn't have to be smart, she has to be pretty. She will find a rich man, marry him and never use chemistry again.”

6.Parent of a high school freshman: “My son is struggling so much. Can you send home a copy of the test ahead of time so he can prepare?”

7.One of my 5th graders had been flashing gang signs, drawing gang symbols, and bragging about dealing hard drugs. I showed his mom one of his many drawings of gang symbols. She was pissed. She asked me if she could see the drawing and a pencil. Upon giving these to her, she began editing. She said, “that f*cker didn't even draw it right.”

8.During my work-experience at a kindergarten,one of the mothers said I was a pedophile, because what other reason would there be for a male to work at a kindergarten?

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9.This year, I was asked if I work in special education because I couldn't get a job teaching “regular kids.”

10.From the mom of a high school freshman: Can you [the teacher who has 130 students every day] make sure he puts his homework in his homework folder every day? I want him to be better organized, but I just don't have the time. I have 5 kids!

www.knowable.com

Exercise 29. Study the following semi-composite sentences. Distinguish between primary and secondary predication.

1. I regret his ever having raised the matter. 2. Pamela wants the carpets cleaned. 3. Ann gazed out into the July morning, her eyes glistening with delight. 4. Often he found her quietly weeping alone. 5. It is no use your talking to her. Let me do it. 6. Have you ever heard a nightingale sing? 7. I can't do my homework with all this noise going on. 8. Doctor Jones often keeps his patients waiting. 9. He objected to our starting so early. 10. She stood with her arms folded, smoking, staring thoughtfully. 11. I know you to be an honorable man. 12. The applause seemed to go on forever. 13. I was aware of a tall dark figure watching me. 14. The trainer had the players running round the field. 15. He is said to be out of danger. 16. I saw Jane addressed by a stranger. 17. We think it most dangerous Stephen’s climbing the mountain alone. 18. They caught a student cheating in the exam. 19. We prefer the lights turned down. 20. His family were anxious for him to do something.

Exercise 30. Identify verbal complexes used in the semi-composite sentences below.

1. Do you mind me smoking here? 2. I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, and take out a document. 3. With prices going up so fast, we can’t afford a new car. 4. The incident resulted in his being dismissed from his job. 5. You’ll have your question answered as soon as possible. 6. He had said enough for me to get alarmed. 7. It was no good your telling lies. 8. She stood under the tree, her head full of strange ideas. 9. The wall was too high for anything to be visible. 10. The weather being warm and sunny, we spent the weekend in the country. 11. Dave is going to have computer memory increased. 12. I don’t want you to miss classes. 13. We didn't count on so many people being on vacation. 14. We found the door locked. 15. I can’t

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YULIA SERGEEVA, IRINA SYRESINA. A STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO ENGLISH SYNTAX: FROM WORD TO DISCOURSE

make the machine work. 16. Fancy him saying that to you, of all people. 17. All I want is for Jack to get out of here for good. 18. I heard the writer’s name mentioned. 19. Can you set that engine going? 20. For me to hear him was disturbing.

Exercise 31. Paraphrase the following semi-composite sentences making them either compound or complex ones.

1. She disliked the idea of the children remaining in town the whole summer. 2. Nora bumped against the table and sent the plates crashing to the ground. 3. I insist on his coming up with us. 4. The boy stood with a finger stuck up his nose. 5. Hurry up! It is sure to rain soon. 6. They had nothing to say and preferred to keep silent. 7. I appreciate your coming always in time. 8. She went on reading with her eyes fixed on the pages of the book. 9. I didn’t like him taking all the credit. 10. Who is responsible for that letter to be delivered today? 11. They are said to have sold the house. 12. We jumped into the water with bullets whizzing past our ears. 13. We guessed him to be in his late fifties. 14. How did you get out without Mum’s seeing you? 15. Her heart full of despair, she could not say a word. 16. Have you ever heard him speak Japanese? 17. I have brought a book for you to read on the way home. 18. You can rely upon his being discreet. 19. With the moon rising so high, we could easily continue our walking. 20. They are not likely to win this race.

Exercise 32. Transform the complex sentences into semi-complex. Make all the necessary changes.

1. I remember how Mother reprimanded me when I spoiled her cake. 2. He suggested that we should start at once. 3. Now, when prices are going up so fast, we can’t afford luxuries. 4. The exercise was so difficult that the students failed to do it. 5. Nobody knew that they had agreed to take part in the expedition. 6. He was occupied with the translation and did not notice that I had entered the room. 7. As her heart was full of despair, she could not say a word. 8. The doctor insisted that the patient should go to the South. 9. The house is so small that we cannot live in it. 10. I propose that we shall do the work. 11. It was a large room, where bookshelves covered most of the walls. 12. I hope you will excuse that I came so late. 13. I thought that she was your sister. 14. I watched how they were rehearsing the play. 15. It is so disappointing that Richard has lost

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