Проект «Словаря заимствований в современном английском языке в эпоху глобализации»

ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ, ФУНКЦИОНИРУЮЩИЕ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ ИЗ БАНГЛАДЕШ, ИНДИИ И ПАКИСТАНА

2. ВсовременнойЮжнойАзиислово«фиранги» (иеговарианты«фиринги» и «фаранги») используется реже и с менее выраженной отрицательной кон-

нотацией, чемещёодносовокупноеобозначениеиностранцевевропейского происхождения «ангрези». Фиранги – это иностранцы (как правило, жите- ли стран Запада), укоренившиеся в Индии, т.е.: адаптировавшиеся к мест- ной кухне, климату, культуре повседневности, профессионально занятые. Они могут принадлежать к разным слоям общества – к элите, описанной в историко-художественной работе Уильяма Далримпла «Белые моголы» (2002), и к маргинальным группам, которым посвящена работа Джонатана Гила Харриса «Первые фиранги» (2015).

“He had lived in this land for fifty years – or if not fifty then so nearly as to make no difference – and it no longer seemed fantastic or exotic; it was more utterly familiar now than any other landscape on earth. Yet the eyes of the people who passed by glanced at him who was still strange and unfamiliar to them, and all said: Firanghi, foreigner. For the Indian sun had not been good to his skin, it had not tanned and roasted him to the colour of a native” [Desai 1998: 19–20].

“In Germany he had been dark – his darkness had marked him the Jew, der Jude. In India he was fair and that marked him the firanghi. In both lands, the unacceptable. Perhaps even where his cats were concerned, he was that – man, not feline, not theirs. He nodded thoughtfully; ja, the cats, they always knew. Still, it was a long time since he had felt so acutely aware of his outlandishness” [Desai 1998: 20].

“A German form Germany. He had sensed, he had smelt the German in him like a cat might smell another and know its history, its territory. Farrokh had told him nothing – to Farrokh they were just firanghi” [Desai 1998: 21].

“Go, Baumgartner. Out. He had not been found fit. Shabby, dusty white man, firanghi, unwanted. Raus, Baumgartner, raus” [Desai 1998: 190].

“He looked doubtful, ‘You are not a ferengi?’” [Sahota 2011: 165].

“Instead I looked to the comb-seller, who came alive. ‘Ferengis,’ he said, poiting from me to the soldier, and then he stood back and smiled his toothless smile as if he expected us to greet each other like long-lost friends or something” [Sahota 2011: 208].

“There is also the important question of how far Indian writers in English have to compromise if they are writing primarily for a firangi audience. After all, the market in India itself, while growing fast, is still tiny: most books sell less than 1,000 copies and even 5,000 copies can make you a bestseller; therefore to make a living as an Indian writer in English you have to crack the British and American markets and that can mean serious compromises” [The Guardian 13.08.2005].

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М. А. КУЗИНА. ПРОЕКТ «СЛОВАРЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ В ЭПОХУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ»

10.sari [ˈsɑːriː] N [C] – сущ. [исч.]

Other forms: (1700s) saurry, (1800s) sar(r)ie/sahree/sarhi, (1900s) saree/sari Etymology: < (1785) Hindi (sāṛhī, sāṛī “garment, petticoat”) < Sanskrit (sati “(a cut of) cloth”)

Frequency: 0,1–1,0

Другие формы написания: (1700-e) saurry, (1800-e) sar(r)ie/sahree/sarhi, (1900-е) saree/sari

Этимология: < (1785) хинди (sāṛhī, sāṛī «одежда, (нижняя) юбка») < сан- скрит (sati «отрез, полоса ткани»)

Частотность: 0,1–1,0

A long wrapping garment of cloth (4,5–9 metres in length and 0,6–1,2 metres in breadth), usually of bright-coloured silk or cotton, worn by Hindu women (in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal): it is wrapped around the body (in at least 19 ways) with one end draped over the shoulder and partly baring the midriff. The sari is worn with a bodice (choli) and a petticoat (ghagra, pavada). The most common type of sari draping is the Nivi style: the part of the sari thrown over the shoulder in the Nivi style is called the pallu. In modern times, handwoven and hand-decorated Mysore silk saris are popular for wedding and other social occasions whereas machine-made saris made of artificial fibres (polyester, nylon, rayon) are more affordable. Widows always wear white saris.

▲sari’d, sari-clad, sari-draped, sari-shrouded ADJ Wearing a sari.

▲sari-shop N [C] A shop selling saris.

***

Традиционная женская одежда из куска (мисорского) шёлка или хлопка (длиной 4,5–9 м и шириной 0,6–1,2 м), которая широко распространена в Южной Азии (в Бангладеш, Индии, Пакистане, Шри-Ланке и Непале): на- считывается не менее 19 видов драпировки сари, каждый из которых дик- туется статусом, возрастом, местом проживания, принадлежностью к касте женщины. Сари носится с блузкой-чоли, которая оставляет спину и живот частично открытыми, а также с нижней юбкой (гхагрой, павадой). Самой яркой частью сари является паллу – это край одной стороны полотна, кото- рыйсвободносвисаетслевогоплечаженщинапридрапировкевстилениви. Внастоящеевремясотканныеивышитыевручнуюсариизмисорскогошёл- ка особенно популярны для свадебных церемоний и других торжественных мероприятий, а автоматизированным способом производятся сари из более доступных материалов (полиэстера, нейлона, района) для ежедневного но- шения. Вдовы всегда носят сари белого цвета.

▲ sari’d, sari-clad, sari-draped, sari-shrouded прил. Одетый в сари. ▲sari-shop сущ. [исч.] Магазин сари.

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ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ, ФУНКЦИОНИРУЮЩИЕ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ ИЗ БАНГЛАДЕШ, ИНДИИ И ПАКИСТАНА

“She was squeezed between two large sari-draped ladies, fleshy bookends, who exchanged stage whispers across her lap, giving a wheezy running commentary to the great drama unfolding before them” [Syal 2015: 14].

“Sunita had been a perfect size right when she wore her wedding sari” [Syal 2015: 16].

“She was pacing along the terrace, almost lazily, her arms folded against the cold. Her sari pullau unfurled slowly behind her like a sail, the beads on its hem tinkling gently with each step” [Syal 2015: 180–181].

“Tochi drove to Kumhrar Road, where he caught a couple of fares: two whitesaried widows carrying trays of unlit dia lamps to the Radha Krishna Mandit, and then a father and a son who wanted to fly their kites on the ghats” [Sahota 2015: 48].

“She is a red bride, or so I must assume from the black-and-white picture, and her sari has a single line of embroidery” [Doshi 2020: 37].

“There was much speculation about whether she (Michelle Obama) would don a sari at the state dinner Monday night. She didn’t, opting instead for a floor-length shimmering silver skirt with a metallic long-sleeved top” [The Washington Post 08.11.2010].

“Can western women carry off the sari – and should they even try?” [The Guardian 10.11.2013].

“The photograph of Mrs May clad in a sari plays well to her Exotic Marigold Hotel constituency but are we to assume that it is her preferred sightseeing attire or should we now expect to see other carefully chosen folkloric costumes on official visits?” [The Guardian 11.11.2016].

“In India’s highly unequal and stratified country, the sari is the most democratic clothing; it cuts across classes and castes, regions and religions, albeit with delightful variations in weave, fabric and style of draping” [The Washington Post 17.11.2017].

“As has often been said, modern England is a land of cricket matches and cathedral choirs; but it is also a land of pub darts, Indian saris and Islamic minarets” [The Guardian 08.11.2018].

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Заимствования, функционирующие в художественных произведениях писателей из Кении и Нигерии

1. baobab [ˈbɑːəʊbab] N [C] – сущ. [исч.]

Other forms: (1600s) bahobab/boabab

Etymology: < (1600s) Latin (bahobab) < (1590s) a Central African language

Frequency: 0,1–1,0

Другие формы написания: (1600-e) bahobab/boabab

Этимология: < (1600-e) латинский (bahobab) < (1590-e) один из языков Центральной Африки

Частотность: 0,1–1,0

A generic name for eight types of tropical trees that were originally from Africa but later were transplanted and naturalized in South Asia and in West Indies. It is also called “bottle tree” (because of the peculiar shape of its stem), “monkeybread” (because baboons enjoy eating its fruit), “upside-down tree” (because most often it hasn’t got any leaves and looks like a root), “the tree of life” (because local people use every part of it for food, timber, medicine, etc.). It has a stem of enormous thickness and is supposed to live for at least 1000 years (and according to some estimates – up to 5000 years).

***

Родовое название для восьми типов тропических деревьев, характерных для саванн Африки. Баобабы были завезены и прижились в Южной Азии и Вест-Индии. Баобаб часто называют «бутылочным деревом» (из-за фор- мыстволанекоторыхбаобабов), «обезьяньимхлебнымдеревом» (из-запри- страстия павианов к его съедобным плодам), «деревом, растущим вверх ногами» (потому что большую́ часть года оно стоит без листьев и напоми- нает корень, воткнутый в землю), «деревом жизни» (потому что каждая его часть может быть использована с пользой для приготовления пищи и ле- карств, изготовления мебели и верёвок). Отличительные черты баобабов: широкий ствол (в окружности от 25 до 40 м) и минимальный возраст жиз- ни 1000 лет (по данным радиоуглеродного анализа, некоторым баобабам на планете уже по 4500 лет).

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ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ, ФУНКЦИОНИРУЮЩИЕ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ ИЗ КЕНИИ И НИГЕРИИ

“Guessing for how long the hills layered majestically high with dense rocks have lived, and the baobab trees with bulbous trunks and buttress roots that make them stand out like aliens in the sprawling savanna landscape” [Nwaubani 2018: 3].

“Of all the tales Papa has told us when we’ve gathered around him under the light of the full moon, my favourite is about the baobab tree. ‘A long, long time ago,’ he said, ‘one of the gods up in the sky threw down a baobab tree from his garden. It landed upside down on Earth but still continued to grow’” [Nwaubani 2018: 8].

“Mama cooks Papa’s favourite miyan kuka soup with the baobab’s leaves” [Nwaubani 2018: 8].

“Men and boys gather under the upside-down branches of the baobab tree in front of our village health care center, exchanging news or deciding who to vote for in the next election. Women and girls gather under the baobab tree near the communal well, exchanging gossip or deciding what styles of clothes to sew next” [Nwaubani 2018: 9].

“Some of Africa’s oldest and biggest baobab trees have abruptly died, wholly or in part, in the past decade, according to researchers. The trees, aged between 1,100 and 2,500 years and in some cases as wide as a bus is long, may have fallen victim to climate change, the team speculated” [The Guardian 11.06.2018].

“Women have traditionally been responsible for baobab trees but its crop has never been a staple in Ghana, so it’s been undervalued. That is changing. For this tree crops during the dry season when it’s impossible to grow anything else. The baobab doesn’t need fertiliser or irrigation, and the fruits dry naturally on the branch. Now the women can harvest the baobab and make money from it” [The Guardian 30.04.2015].

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М. А. КУЗИНА. ПРОЕКТ «СЛОВАРЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ В ЭПОХУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ»

2.boubou N [C] – сущ. [исч.]

Other forms: grand boubou

Etymology: < French (boubou) < Wolof (mbubb)

Frequency: 0,1–1,0

Другие формы написания: grand boubou

Этимология: < французский (boubou) < язык народа волоф (mbubb)

Частность: 0,1–1,0

A flowing wide-sleeved robe worn by men in West Africa. Although it is often stated that boubou and grand boubou are the names used for this garment in various French-speaking West African countries and the corresponding term in former British African colonies is “gown”, the English-language novels and media employ boubou and grand boubou to describe traditional clothing in Kenya and Nigeria. Its origin lies with the clothing style of the Tuaregs, Yoruba, Hausa, Kanuri and other trans-Saharan trading groups who used the robe as a means of protection against the sun in daytime and sub-freezing temperatures at nighttime while traversing the Sahara desert.

***

Длинная свободная мужская туника (наподобие мужской арабской джала- бии), котораяможетбытьскроенасрукавами«летучаямышь». Широкорас- пространена в Западной Африке. Бубу и гран бубу используются как на- именования одежды мужского гардероба не только в бывших французских колониях, но и в бывших английских колониях (например, Кении и Ниге- рии), о чём свидетельствуют контексты употребления этих заимствований из французского языка-донора в СМИ и художественной литературе на ан- глийском языке. Данный костюм изначально носил утилитарный характер: в нём было удобно пересекать пустыню Сахару торговцам из племён туа- регов, йоруба, хауса, канури и др.: длинная просторная туника защищала от жары днём и от холода ночью.

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ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ, ФУНКЦИОНИРУЮЩИЕ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ ИЗ КЕНИИ И НИГЕРИИ

“From the wardrobe, she dragged a boubou, which had black stains from unripe plantains covering most of the stomach area, and pulled it over her nightdress”

[Nwaubani 2009: 69].

“ ‘I was talking to my mother or I would have come earlier,’ he said. He pressed his lips to hers and gestured to the old boubou she was wearing. ‘Aren’t you coming to the club?’ ‘I was cooking.’” [Adichie 2014: 99].

“Mrs. Muokelu hummed for a while to show that she was thinking. His Excellency’s face glared from the fabric of the boubou she wore everyday; she often announced that she would wear nothing else until the state of Biafra was fully established” [Adichie 2014: 265].

“Mrs. Muokelu smiled and picked up the bell. ‘I saw a vision yesterday,’ she said. Her boubou was too long for her short body; it dragged along the ground and Olanna feared that she would trip on it and fall” [Adichie 2014: 265].

“Olanna looked at the threadbare cotton boubou plastered with His Excellency’s glowering face and realized that this unsolicited lesson was an apology” [Adichie 2014: 273].

“Blessing was heavy-set and tall. Menthol fragrance wafted from the folds of her green and orange boubou” [Onuzo 2021: 93].

“I chose the plainest outfit, a black boubou with gold threads on the neckline” [Onuzo 2021: 266].

“When I lay down, the emroidery of my boubou scratched against my neck” [Onuzo 2021: 274].

“My mother is originally from Ivory Coast so perhaps she influenced my dress. You know African people, they like to be fashionable even if they don’t have a lot of money – they love to have good clothes, designer stuff. My mother always wore a boubou – a traditional African dress. It’s a one-piece smock and it’s very colourful” [The Guardian 09.04.2006].

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М. А. КУЗИНА. ПРОЕКТ «СЛОВАРЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ В ЭПОХУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ»

3.calabash BrE [ˈkaləbaʃ] AmE [ˈkæləˌbæʃ] N [C] – сущ. [исч.]

Other forms: (1500s) calabaza, (1600s) callebass, (1600s–1700s) calabasse/ cali-/callabash/callebasse, (1600s–1800s) calabosh, (1700s) calabass/calobash, (1900s) calabash

Etymology: < (1650s) French (calebasse/calabace “gourd”) < Spanish (calabaça/calabaza “pumpkin”) < Persian (kharbuz/kharbuza “melon”)

Frequency: 0,1–1,0

Другие формы написания: (1500-e) calabaza, (1600-e) callebass, (1600–1700-e) calabasse/cali-/callabash/callebasse, (1600–1800-e) calabosh, (1700-е) calabass/calobash, (1990-е) calabash

Этимология: < (1650-e) французский (calebasse/calabace «тыква бутылочная») < испанский (calabaça/calabaza «тыква») < персидский (kharbuz/kharbuza «дыня»)

Частотность: 0,1–1,0

1.A tropical American plant with large hard-shelled globose fruit.

2.The fruit of the calabash tree, the shell of which is used for household utensils, water-bottles, kettles, musical instruments, etc.; it is round or oval, and very hard externally – it can be used for boiling liquids over a fire.

3.The dried, hollowed shell of the calabash tree used as a vessel.

▲calabash fruit N [C] Gourds or pumpkins, the shell of which is used for holding liquids.

▲calabash gourd N [C] The fruit of the calabash tree, the shell of which is used for multiple purposes.

▲calabash-nutmeg N [C] Also known as: African nutmeg, Jamaican nutmeg, Ghana seed, ehuru. It is used to spice up African peppersoup, egusi, ukwa and other dishes.

▲calabash-tree N [C] A tree native to tropical America, the West Indies, Africa and Polynesia bearing the large oval or globular fruit called calabash. ▲calabashful ADJ A calabash full of liquid, etc.

***

1.Ползучая лиана, культивируемая ради плодов. Известна под следующи- миназваниями: горлянкаобыкновенная, тыквагорлянка, тыквабутылочная, огурец индийский, кабачок вьетнамский, лагенария змеевидная.

2.Плод тыквы-горлянки, который в высушенном виде используется для из- готовления домашней утвари, бутылок для воды, музыкальных инструмен- товидр.; плодымогутбытькруглымиилипродолговатымисоченьпрочной кожурой – в них даже можно кипятить воду на огне.

3.Сосуд, изготовленный из плода тыква-горлянки.

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ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ, ФУНКЦИОНИРУЮЩИЕ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ ИЗ КЕНИИ И НИГЕРИИ

▲calabash fruit сущ. [исч.] Плод тыквы-горлянки, который используется для приготовления сосудов (например, калебаса).

▲calabash gourd сущ. [исч.] Длинноплодныйилибутылевидныйплодтык- вы-горлянки с толстой кожурой, используемый для ряда целей. ▲calabash-nutmeg сущ. [исч.] Также называется: африканcкий мускатный орех, ямайский мускатный орех, ганские семена. Специя, которая использу- ется для приготовления африканского супа с перцем и других блюд. ▲calabash-tree сущ. [исч.] Растение (лиана ползучая), изначально про- израстающее на островах Карибского моря, в Африке, Азии и Полинезии и культивируемое ради плодов.

▲calabashful прил. Полный калебас (жидкости и т.д.).

3. “All cooking-pots, calabashes and wooden bowls were thoroughly washed, especially the wooden mortar in which yam was pounded” [Achebe 2008: 30].

“And all the time he traversed the arid district he hallucinated water, pure water, stream water, tap water, rainwater, bottled water, Evian water. Any water. Ajany now draws water with a calabash. Isaiah locks his dry lips. She offers him the bowl and he quaffs down its contents” [Owuor 2014: 62].

“A minute later, Aggrey the aide appeared carrying a calabash of water, which he offered her at once” [Owuor 2014: 114].

“That is the good thing about dreaming with my eyes wide open. It’s like molding a calabash from wet clay. Some other time, some other day, I can always continue from wherever I stop, or even start from the beginning all over again” [Nwaubani 2018: 2].

“Like a water-filled calabash sent off with an emissary to the land of the provoked enemy, she went home the following day, but returned three days later as a calabash smouldered on fire” [Obioma 2019: 106].

“This is why, when a man comes to another with a lie, he has cloaked the fact. He may be offering a rattlesnake in a calabash of food” [Obioma 2019: 225].

“ECHETAOBIESIKE, the confidence he’d arrived with, like an egg in a calabash, was already broken by the time he sat at the table with the family” [Obioma 2019: 93].

“Traditional Argentinian mate tea comes in a calabash gourd with bombilla stick” [The Guardian 12.06.2018].

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М. А. КУЗИНА. ПРОЕКТ «СЛОВАРЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ В ЭПОХУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ»

4.juju BrE [ˈdʒuːdʒuː] AmE [ˈdʒudʒu] N [C, UC] – сущ. [исч., неисч.]

Other forms: ju-ju

Etymology: < (1860) West African language < French (joujou “toy, plaything”)

Frequency: 0,01–0,1

Другие формы написания: ju-ju

Этимология: < (1860) один из западноафриканских языков < французский

(joujou «игрушка»)

Частотность: 0,01–0,1

1.An object of any kind superstitiously venerated by West African native peoples, and used as a means of protection; a fetish.

2.The supernatural or magical power attributed to such objects, or the system of observances connected therewith. Also, a ban or interdiction effected by means of such an object (corresponding to the Polynesian taboo).

▲jujuism N [UC] The system of beliefs and observances connected with jujus, juju religion.

▲jujuist N [C] An observer of or believer in this.

1.Джуджу, т.е. фетиши и амулеты, которые используются в религиозных

практиках народов Западной Африки.

2.Сверхъестественные и магические свойства, приписываемые определён- ным предметам, а также обряды в традиционных африканских религиях. Также ряд табу, соблюдаемых с целью привлечь удачу и отвести беду.

▲jujuism сущ. [неисч.] Религия джуджу (как одна из традиционных афри- канских религий).

▲jujuist сущ. [исч.] Последователь джуджу.

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