Практический курс английского языка = Practical Course of English for Students of Economics. Учебное пособие для студентов экономических специальносте

ous purposes including peace-keeping and world order, and regulating, facilitating, and developing commercial or economic activities of member states. Some of the more important organizations are briefly introduced below.

United Nations. The United Nations was created at the end of the Second World War to promote resolution of international disputes and provide for collective action to stop aggression, the United Nations also is concerned with economic development, social welfare, and human rights. The United Nations Charter divides the organization into constituent parts. The Security Council is vested with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council’s nonprocedural decisions are subject to by its permanent members: China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The General Assembly is composed of representatives from all member states. Resolutions of the General Assembly have, in recent years, increasingly addressed trade, investment, and economic matters, rather than peace-keeping issues. General Assembly resolutions enjoy rather limited adherence in the international arena. The Secretariat, headed by the secretary general, administers the day-to-day affairs of the United Nations, and occasionally takes initiative in political matters.

International Court of Justice. Perhaps the most important United Nations body from a legal standpoint is its judicial branch, the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ issues advisory opinions and decides actual disputes. Its jurisdiction is limited by two basic principles. First, only states may be parties to litigation before the ICJ. Second, jurisdiction is not compulsory but is based upon the state’s consent. The Court consists of fifteen judges, no more than two of whom may be from the same country. Judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council to nine-year terms with one-third of the Court being re-elected or replaced every three years. The ICJ is not the only international tribunal. Other international courts have been created, for example, under regional treaties of economic or political cooperation. Most notable among these is the Court of Justice of the European Economic Community.

All organizational products have one thing in common: derived demand. Derived demand means the demand for every organizational product depends on the demand for some other product. The demand for tempera paints, water colors, and chalk sold to the art departments of public schools is derived from the demand of students or their parents for a basic, well-rounded education. Ultimately the demand for all organizational products depends on consumer demand for finished goods and services.

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Appendix

Guidelines to Summarizing and Abstracting

1. Summaries

A summary (рус. реферат) is a shortened version of a text giving the most important information of the original. Summaries may be given either orally or in writing. A good summary should meet the following requirements:

1.It compresses the original text to about one third or one fourth of its length and gives a comprehensive coverage of all essential items of information.

2.It is preferably given in the summarizer’s own words.

3.It is neutral and does not evaluate the source text.

4.The introductory part of the summary contains the name of the author of the original, its title, and the subject.

5.The summary contains enough supporting detail and transition devices to show the author’s line of argumentation and the logical relationship of the ideas.

Steps in Summarizing

1.Skim the original text and identify the author’s purpose and the main idea of the text.

2.Try to divide the text into logically complete parts. If it has subheadings, think about the idea that each section (or paragraph) contains.

3.Read the text again and take notes of the most important information in each section; you may also draw up an outline of the text.

4.Try to give a one-sentence summary of each section or item of the outline in your own words; avoid evaluation or comments. Use the words and phrases synonymous to those used by the author of the original text.

5.Think about most essential details that may be added to support the main points.

6.Formulate the introductory part of the summary including the name of the author, the title and the subject of the text.

7.Add appropriate transition words and phrases to show the logical connection between the parts of the summary.

8.If you prepare a summary in writing, go through the resulting text again and edit it.

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2. Abstracts

An abstract, or synopsis (рус. аннотация) is a short written account of the original text, article, or book.

The purpose of the abstract is to give a potential reader the most important information about the text and prepare him/her for reading the whole text, or help decide whether to read it or not.

Abstracts may be written by authors themselves or by special reviewers, in case they are published in abstracting journals. The requirements to abstracts may vary, depending on the purpose and edition they are prepared for. Below you’ll find the most common language and textual characteristics of an abstract:

1.it consists of a single paragraph;

2.it contains 4–7 sentences;

3.it avoids the first person and tends to use impersonal active or passive constructions;

4.it rarely uses negative sentences;

5.it avoids abbreviations, symbols and numbers;

6.the most frequent tenses used in abstracts are the present and the

past.

Useful Phrases for Summarizing and Abstracting

Introducing the main theme of the text:

•the text (book, article, paper, chapter, excerpt, passage, etc) is about… / deals with… / focuses on … / develops the theory (idea, method, etc)…

•the text solves the problem of …

•the aim (objective, purpose, task) of the text is to determine (test, establish, describe, explain, etc)…

•the text was intended to establish…

•the basic topic is…

Introducing the key ideas, facts and arguments:

•the main idea of … is …

•the main facts of the text are…

•the author considers (describes, gives a description of, explores, discusses, studies, investigates, examines, determines, finds, establishes, assesses, evaluates, offers, suggests, provides, states, emphasizes, analyzes, summarizes)

•the author performs detailed (careful, thorough, extensive, accurate, comprehensive, brief, short, preliminary, etc) analysis of (on)…

•the author thinks (believes) that…

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•the author takes unto account… outlines

gives full coverage of comments on…

draws one’s attention to… reminds that…

notes that…

expresses the view that… argues that…

voices concern about… is sure that…

•as visualized by the author

•according to the author…/ in the author’s opinion

Comparing

•The author makes/gives a comparison of … with…

•The author makes/gives a comparison between … and…

•In comparison with …

•In contrast to …

Balancing Arguments

•On the one hand … on the other hand…

•On balance…

•To weigh up…

•To take into account…

•One way or the other…

•For and against

•Pros and cons …

•Either way…

Linking Ideas

•To this should be added the fact that…

•It should be mentioned that…

•It led to…

•Thus we have an opportunity to observe

•In addition to …

•On top of that…

•To begin (to start) with

•The author thinks it is right for the following reasons…

Concluding

•Summing it up…/ to sum up / to summarize…

•In conclusion…

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•The author winds up by saying…

•By and large…

•All in all…

•On the whole…

•In brief…

•In a word…

•The long and the short of it…

•The author comes to (draws) a conclusion that…

•In a nutshell…

•It is concluded that…

•It is possible to conclude that…

•It may be noted (stated) that…

•As a result…

•Consequently…

•Thus…

From Nerd to Networker

By Denise Winterman (BBC News Magazine)

Being a boffin1 is no longer going to get graduates the well-paid jobs they want − the stakes have been raised. As well as academic success, employers want people who are able to communicate properly, work as part of a team, are culturally aware and can lead others − skills gained outside the lecture theatre, says Carl Gilleard, chief executive of the Association of Graduate Recruiters (AGR).

Traditionally the boffin or nerd was hired for their brains but put in a backroom job and didn't have to communicate much. But those jobs are now few and far between. Employees have to communicate all the time with colleagues and clients so companies want people who can do that effectively. They have higher expectations now.

For those who spend more time with computers than with fellow humans, here's the quick guide to brushing up on the social skills required to get ahead in business.

Communicating. Mumbling2, avoiding eye contact, talking to their shoes – the boffin’s biggest challenge can often be talking to another human being. They can decipher3 the most complicated equation but trying to work out the social etiquette required to converse with someone else leaves them baffled – and making small talk can be plain scary. The only way to improve communication skills is to get out of the house and actually talk to someone. Following a formula called OPEN should set the socially inept well on their way. It stands for ‘occupation, personal, environment and non-work activities.’ Use these four areas as the basis of a conversation and the chat should flow. It’s all aimed at encouraging small talk.

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Team Working. Some students are so focused on one thing − getting their degree − it can come as no surprise when they are no good at team activities after leaving university. They need to get involved in different social groups and mix. At first they will be awful but they will eventually learn the skills they need to be a good team player. Those skills include being a good listener and being assertive, but in a way that is respectful to other people.

Leadership. The ability to lead and inspire a team of people is essential in a lot of jobs. To improve this skill, seek out a role model. Look for someone who has good leadership skills in your own office and watch what they do and what they say. It’s called modeling.

Cultural Awareness. Often the day-to-day life of a boffin involves a lot of isolation. But in today’s global community, graduates will have to work with people or deal with clients from many different backgrounds. Ignorance can result in an embarrassing faux pas5.

Notes

1)boffin = nerd n – исследователь, ученый; человек с всепоглощающим стремлением к учебе, научной деятельности

2)mumble v – бормотать

3)decipher v – расшифровывать, разгадывать

4)small talk – светский разговор

5)faux pas – ложный шаг, ошибка

Summary

Denise Winterman, the author of the article “From Nerd to Networker” published in BBC News Magazine emphasizes the significance of good communication skills for everyone who wants to have a successful business career. Being an expert in a professional area is not enough; most jobs nowadays require effective communication.

The article contains a brief guide to the social skills needed to be ahead in business. According to the author, the four skills are essential – communicating, team working, leadership and cultural awareness.

In terms of face-to-face communication even the most knowledgeable boffins might have difficulties in small talk. To solve the problem the use of the formula OPEN is recommended that stands for ‘occupation, personal, environment and non-work activities‘, suggesting the range of topics for small talk.

The other skill is ability to work in a team which might be difficult for a person concentrated on solving a particular task. Being a good team player implies being a good listener, being assertive but respectful to others.

To improve leadership skills the author suggests a modeling technique, i.e. finding a role model with good leadership skills to watch and follow.

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Finally, in modern globalized business environment cultural awareness will help a person to avoid mistakes in dealing with colleagues coming from different cultures.

Abstract

The article discusses the significance of good communication skills for success in modern business environment. The author gives a few practical recommendations on developing such social skills as small talk, team working, leadership and cultural awareness. A formula encouraging small talk is suggested. The usefulness of a modeling technique for improving leadership skills is shown. The importance of raising cultural awareness to function in global business community is emphasized.

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ANSWER KEYS

Part I

Unit 1. Economics

Language

9. applicable, small, wonderful, beautiful, funny, green, produces, limits, anywhere, rooms, weak, childish, tiny, not, ancient, young.

10.competition, prices, system, quantities, consume, scarce, people, item, low, available, demand, reaction, supply, sufficient, needs, natural

11.1 – within; 2 – on; 3 – with; 4 – under; 5 – over; 6 – for; 7 – –; 8 – far beyond; 9 – for; 10 – to; 11 – for; 12 – at; 13 – in; 14 – on; 15 – on; 16 – to; 17 – with.

16.1 – j; 2 – k; 3 – h; 4 – m; 5 – a; 6 – i; 7 – l; 8 – b; 9 – f; 10 – g; 11 – c; 12 – d;

13 – e.

18.were growing, were developing, were organized, called, were, were financed, supported, expected to protect, were developing, involved were dependent, to trade, financing, organizing, had, sailing, get, trade, went, had been playing, continued, to play, financing, establishing, supporting, was, to protect, had evolved, was marked, be classified, encouraged, limited, legitimized, financed, limited, to protect, favoured, allowed, to operate, kept, was not allowed, to respond.

Unit 2. Goods and Services

Reading

Text 2. 1 – 3; 2 – 10; 3 – 8; 4 – 7; 5 – 2; 6 – 4; 7 – 6; 8 – 5; 9 – 1, 10 – 9. Text 6. 1 – F; 2 – F; 3 – F; 4 – F; 5 – F; 6 – T; 7 – F; 8 – T; 9 – F; 10 – F.

Language

4. green, profound, maximum, following, across, quantity, beautiful, clever, cherry, well, boring, annually, narrow, future, raw, plus.

6.1 – a; 2 – b; 3 – c; 4 – d; 5 – j; 6 – i; 7 – h; 8 – e; 9 – f; 10 – g.

7.classify, generalization, customers, products, tangible, durable, nondurable, example, service, temporary, intangible, manufacture.

8.process, raw, broad, scope, movement, storage, needed, production, planning, physical, occur, getting, customers, transportation, companies, distribution.

12.1 – before; 2 – of; 3 – to; 4 – due to; 5 – with; 6 – at; 7 – on; 8 – to; 9 – at;

10– for; 11 – on; 12 – in, for; 13 – on; 14 – in, of; 15 – into; 16 – in.

15.1. them meeting their partners at the airport. 2. the price to increase so fast.

3.us to purchase the equipment at a higher price. 4. you to check the data once again. 5. us to do it ourselves. 6. them to begin the manufacturing of new goods at the end of the year. 7. them discussing a new product with the director of the firm. 8. you to begin the development of a new package for your goods. 9. these goods to become out-of-date so soon. 10. to make the list of services your firm can offer to its clients.

Unit 3. Business Organization

Language

4.1. multinational 2. parent company 3. associated company 4. commercial

5.venture 6. company 7. corporations 8. subsidiaries 9. acquisition 10. big business

11.conglomerates 12. mergers 13. shares 14. chairperson 15. chief executive;

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5.1. image 2. ladder 3. performance 4. culture 5. governance 6. strategy 7. collapses 8. logo;

6.1. collapses 2. culture 3. strategies 4. ladder 5. governance 6. performance

7.logo; image;

7.to; with; of; in; into; of; in; of; at; into; for; of; of; with; from; among; to; at; on; to;

8.1 – b; 2 – a; 3 – g; 4 – f; 5 – t; 6 – d; 7 – c;

11.1. multinationals 2. a holding company 3. a conglomerate 4. entrepreneur

5.board of directors 6. partnership 7. property 8. a franchise 9. private corporation

10.Takeover;

13.in; very; the; be; the; too; that; the; that; to; one’s; many; in; of; which; to; the; as; up; the;

14.has grown; observes; forced; forced; divides; began; have seen; were; has opened; rose; has increased; has also pushed; have always been; has just been built; have pulled;

15.1. who 2. who 3. who 4. who 5. who; which 6. which; who 7. which 8. which

9.which 10. what 11. what 12.who;

17.the; the; a; the; the; a; the; the; the; the; the; the; a; the; the; the; an; the; the; the; a; a; a; a; the; the; a; the; the; a; the;

Unit 4. Small Business. Entrepreneurship

Reading

Text 2

2. 1 – c: 2 – d; 3 – b; 4 – a.

Language

3. 1 possibility; 2 aware; 3 familiarity; 4 effective; 5 necessary; 6 willingness; 7 certain; 8 certain; 9 difficulty; 10 clear; 11 formalities; 12 personal; 13 creative.

6.1 – i; 2 – d; 3 – h; 4 – f; 5 – b; 6 – c; 7 – j; 8 – g; 9 – a; 10 – e.

7.1 – d; 2 – f; 3 – h; 4 – g; 5 – a; 6 – c; 7 – b; 8 – e.

8. pursue a dream, assume a risk, recognize an opportunity, own a company, make a profit, establish priorities, set goals, cut a budget, grant a loan.

10.1 on/in; 2 with; 3 in; 4 with; 5 at; 6 on; 7 with, on, for; 8 of; 9 with; 10 of.

11.1 – f; 2 – i; 3 – j; 4 – g; 5 – l; 6 – a; 7 – e; 8 – d; 9 – b; 10 – c; 11 – h;

12 – k.

1) a – U business; b – C a business; c – U business; d – C businesses; e –

U business; f – C businesses; g – C a business; h – U business; i – C a business; j – C businesses; k – U business.

2)a – C ventures; b – U venture; c – C ventures.

3)a – C a(n) enterprise; b – U enterprise; c – C an enterprise; d – U enterprise; e – C a(n) enterprise; f – U enterprise (2); g – C enterprises.

14. 1 survival; 2 entrepreneurs; 3 premises; 4 business plan; 5 incubation; 6 a fee; 7 incubators; 8 venture capital; 9 start-up; 10 success rate; 11 assistance.

16. 1 tiring; 2 shocking; 3 shocked; 4 challenging; 5 challenged; 6 excited; 7 exciting; 8 disappointed; 9 interested; 10 depressed; 11 confusing; 12 rewarding; 13 inspiring.

17. 1 are thinking; 2 am dealing; 3 owns; 4 costs; 5 are…staying, don’t know, deals; 6 are taking; 7 is getting; 8 am coming; 9 come; 10 is always breaking down; 11 expect; 12 ‘m expecting; 13 is growing; 14 isn’t selling.

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18.2 will be needed; 3 is distributed; 4 are sent back; 5 is offered; 6 is analysed.

19.1 – the; 2 – a; 3 – the; 4 – –; 5 – –; 6 – a; 7 – the; 8 – –; 9 – a; 10 – the; 11 – –; 12 – an; 13 – a; 14 – the; 15 – a; 16 – a; 17 – –; 18 – the; 19 – a; 20 – a.

20.1 own; 2 in; 3 staff; 4 though; 5 be; 6 ago; 7 so; 8 their; 9 used; 10 have; 11 able; 12 off; 13 have; 14 despite; 15 number; 16 has; 17 result; 18 by; 19 next; 20 into.

Unit 5. Employment

Language

4. 1 – g, 2 – c, 3 – h, 4 – f, 5 – d, 6 – b, 7 – a, 8 – e.

6.1. authority, authorized; 2. apply, application, applicants; 3. promotion, promoted; 4. description, describes; 5. base; 6 competing; 7. determination; 8. required, requirements; 9. qualified, qualifying; 10. recruitment.

8.dissatisfied, unsatisfied, dissatisfaction; motivating, unmotivated, motivation; fulfilment, fulfils, unfulfilled; inspiring, inspirator, inspirational; frustration, frustrating, frustrated.

10.1 – b, 2 – e, 3 – d, 4 – a, 5 – f, 6 – c.

11.A. have been conducted, to be perceived, are entered, were given, were paid, were paid, are reduced. B. to have it repaired, did not have it prepared, to have it fixed, to have it mended, to have them checked.

13.2. agency 3. positions 4. posts 5. application 6. shortlist 7. interview 8. apply

9.payroll 10. personnel 11. companies 12. manual 13. resources 14. staff 15. finance

16.earn 17. minimum 18. tips 19. bonus. 20. company 21. pension

14.3. interrupting 4. to meet 5. to spend. 6. entering 7. speakng 8. living 9. listing

10.to bring 11. to live 12. working 13. to support 14. being delayed 15. explaining

15.1. flexitime 2. shift 3. telecoworking 4. freelance 5. contract 6. job sharing

16.1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – d, 5 – b, 6 – c, 7 – d, 8 – a, 9 – c, 10 – a, 11 – c,

12– a, 13 – d, 14 – b, 15 – b.

Unit 6. Women in Business

4.1. must 2. were able to 3. needn`t have, couldn`t have 4. should have, would have 5. need 6. has to, must, 7. must 8. could, have to 9. could 10. should have

11.must 12. needs, should 13. could 14. must 15. must have, could

5.1. highly 2. firmly 3. deeply 4. much 5. vastly 6. bitterly 7. greatly 8. widely 9. totally 10. broadly 11. utterly 12. entirely 13. utterly 14. completely 15. fully 16. strictly

10.1. care, site, sitters 2. time 3. workers 4. time 5. hour 6. sacrifice 7. pay 8. neutral, integrated 9. paying 10. worth

Part II

Unit 1. Management

Language

2. 1. manager 2. managerial 3. management 4. managed 5. manageress 6. manageable 7. manageability 8. managing 9. managership 10. managing 11. manage 12. manageable;

4. theory X – b, d; theory Y – a, c;

6.of; for; of; from; in; to; in; of; at; on; by; of; from; of; in; on; of; toward; from;

from;

7.set; attract; attitudes; objectives; supply and demand; procedures; needs; knowledge; goals; minorities; the company; applicants; maintain; reputation; the pool;

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