Общая микробиология. Учебное пособие

ɍȾɄ 579

ȻȻɄ 28.4

Ɉ

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ

Ɇɚɫɥɹɤɨɜ ȼ ȼ – ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ©Ɋɟɚɜɢɡª ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ

Ʉɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ ȼ – ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ©Ɋɟɚɜɢɡª ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ

2

3

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɬɟɦɩɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɞɢ ɰɢɧɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɍɱɢ ɬɵɜɚɹ ɱɬɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧ ɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɚɱɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɚ ɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɪɟɞ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ-ɦɟɞɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨ ɥɨɝɢɢ ɉɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ ɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɨɨ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚ ɟɬɫɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢɧɨɨɬɪɨɩɨɜ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɚɠ ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɨɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ȼ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨ ɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧ ɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɉɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ ©ɇɨɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚª ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɊɎ

4

1. ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɆɂɄɊɈȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɂ

Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɷɤɨɥɨ ɝɢɸ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ Ɇɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɝɪɢɛɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɚ ɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɢ ɪɭɫɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɪɭ ɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

ɗɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ

Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ

1. ɗɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ

ɂɞɟɢ ɨ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɡɚɪɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɜ ȾɪɟɜɧɟɣȽɪɟɰɢɢ Ƚɢɩɩɨɤɪɚɬɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɫɦɢɚɡɦɚɦɢ ɚȺɜɢɰɟɧɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɨ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ

2. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ

Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɣ ɜɚɧ Ʌɟɜɟɧɝɭɤ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɥ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɤ ɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵ ɬɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɢɪɭɫ ɬɚɛɚɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɚɢɤɢ Ⱦ ɂ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɫɤɢɣ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ;,; ɜɟɤɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɢ

3. Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ

Ʌɭɢ ɉɚɫɬɟɪ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɮɟɪɦɟɧ ɬɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɫɟɩɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɚɤ ɰɢɧɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ʉɨɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɦɢ

4. ɂɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ

ȼɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɗ Ⱦɠɟɧɧɟɪɭ ɢ Ʌ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɭ ɂ ɂ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɚ ɉ ɗɪɥɢɯ – ɝɭɦɨ ɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɗɬɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɥɟɝɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɜɚɤɰɢɧ

5. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ

ȼ ;; ɜɟɤɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɯ ȾɇɄ ɢ ɝɟɧɧɨ-ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ

5

Ɋɨɥɶ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ

Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɮɟɤ ɰɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ Ȼɵɥɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɟɢɧ ɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɡɚ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ

ȼɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ

Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨ ɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɢɪɭɫɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɲɤɨɥɭ Ʌ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɚ ȼ ;,; – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ;; ɜɟɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚ ɧɢɹɯ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ

ɍɱɟɧɢɤ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ȼ Ʉ ȼɵɫɨɤɨɜɢɱ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɨɪ ɝɚɧɚɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɫɢɮɢɥɢɫ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɵ ɋ ɇ ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɚɡɨɬɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɇ Ɏ Ƚɚ ɦɚɥɟɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɜ Ɉɞɟɫɫɟ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɩɪɨɮɢ ɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ

Ʌ ɋ ɐɟɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɜɵ ɚ ɇ ȼ ɋɨɪɨ ɤɢɧ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ⱦ Ʌ Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɥ ɦɚɥɹ ɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɞɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɦɚɡɤɨɜ Ⱦ Ʉ Ɂɚɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɱɭɦɭ ɯɨɥɟɪɭ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ʌ Ⱥ Ɍɚɪɚɫɟɜɢɱ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɥ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɚ Ƚ ɇ Ƚɚɛ ɪɢɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɥ ɫɟɪɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɚɪɥɚɬɢɧɵ

6

2. ȾɈɆȿɇ ȻȺɄɌȿɊɂɂ

Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ©ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹª ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ bacterion ©ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚª Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɨɦɟɧɚ

1.Bacteria – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ

2.Archaebacteria – ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬ ɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɝɥɢɤɚɧɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɊɇɄ ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɪɯɟɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɟɬ

Ɍɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɹ

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ

ɞɨɦɟɧ ɬɢɩ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɞ ɜɢɞ

xȼɢɞ VSHFLHV – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɝɟɧɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɢ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɞɚ ɉɪɢɦɟɪ Corynebacterium diphtheriae ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɢɮɬɟɪɢɢ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸ ɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɢ ɜɢɞ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɨɞ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ C. diphtheriae.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ

1.Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɯ

o ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɛɨɫɨɦɧɨɣ ɊɇɄ ɪɊɇɄ o ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ƚɐ-ɩɚɪ

o Ɋɟɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɝɟɧɨɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ

2.Ɏɟɧɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ o Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ

o Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɩɨ Ƚɪɚɦɭ

o Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɩɨ Ƚɪɚɦɭ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɏ Ƚɪɚɦɨɦ ɞɟ ɥɢɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɚ

xȽɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɧɟ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ

xȽɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ

Ɍɢɩɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɟ Bacteria

1)Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ x Ɍɢɩ 3URWHREDFWHULD ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ

o Alphaproteobacteria (Rickettsia, Bartonella).

7

o Betaproteobacteria (Neisseria, Spirillum).

oGammaproteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Vibrio).

oDeltaproteobacteria (Bilophila).

oEpsilonproteobacteria (Campylobacter, Helicobacter). x Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ

oChlamydiae (Chlamydia, Chlamydophila).

o Spirochaetes (Borrelia, Treponema).

o Bacteroides (Prevotella, Porphyromonas).

2)Ƚɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ

xɌɢɩ )LUPLFXWHV:

o Clostridium (Clostridium, Peptococcus). o Bacilli (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). o Mollicutes (Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma).

xɌɢɩ $FWLQREDFWHULD:

o Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium.

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨ Ȼɟɪɞɠɢ

8

Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ:

1) Ʉɨɤɤɢ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ – ɦɤɦ Ɍɢɩɵ

Ɇɢɤɪɨɤɨɤɤɢ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus

roseus)

Ⱦɢɩɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ – ɩɚɪɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɤɨɤɤ ɝɨɧɨɤɨɤɤ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤ ɉɧɟɜɦɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɚ ɝɨɧɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤɢ – ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɨɮɟɣɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ (Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

ɋɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ – ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ (Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans)

ɋɚɪɰɢɧɵ – ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭ ɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ (Sarcina ventriculi, Sarcina maxima)

ɋɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ – ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɨɡɞɢ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis)

2) ɉɚɥɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ – ɦɤɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ – ɦɤɦ

(Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium tetani)

xȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ

ɨɛɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɛɢɪɟɹɡɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɰɢɥɥɚ

ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚ

ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ

ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɧɟɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ

xɈɫɨɛɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ

ȼɢɛɪɢɨɧɵ – ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɯɨɥɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɢɛ ɪɢɨɧ

ɐɟɩɨɱɤɢ – ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɛɢɪɟɹɡɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɚ ɰɢɥɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɧɟɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɢɮɬɟɪɢɢ

3)ɂɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ

ɋɩɢɪɢɥɥɵ – ɲɬɨɩɨɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɞɨɤɭ 6SLULOOXP volutans, Spirillum minus).

Ʉɚɦɩɢɥɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɯɟɥɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ– ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɱɚɣɤɢ (Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori).

ɋɩɢɪɨɯɟɬɵ – ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɜɢɧɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɞ 7UHSRQHPD %RUUHOLD /HSWRVSLUD

9

o ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɚɳɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ

o ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ 7UHSRQHPD pallidum – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɢɮɢɥɢɫɚ %RUUHOLD burgdorferi – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ Ʌɚɣɦɚ /HSWRVSLUD interrogans – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɥɟɩɬɨɫɩɢɪɨɡɚ

4) ȼɟɬɜɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ

xȺɤɬɢɧɨɦɢɰɟɬɵ: Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia. o Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɢɰɟɥɢɣ ɜɟɬɜɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɢɬɢ

o ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ ɥɟɩɪɭ ɞɢɮɬɟɪɢɸ

o Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɵ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ

xɊɢɤɤɟɬɫɢɢ:

o Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ – ɦɤɦɜɲɢɪɢɧɭ – ɦɤɦɜɞɥɢɧɭ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

oɈɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɵ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɹɞɪɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ

oɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ Rickettsia prowazekii – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɮɚ R. rickettsii – ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɥɢɯɨɪɚɞɤɚ ɋɤɚɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɪ

x ɏɥɚɦɢɞɢɢ:

oɈɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɤɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ

o Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɦɤɦ

o Ɋɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ

o ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ Chlamydia trachomatis – ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɬɪɚɯɨɦɚ

Chlamydia pneumoniae – ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ

xɆɢɤɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ:

o Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ – ɦɤɦ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ

o Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ o Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɹɢɱɧɢɰɵ–ɝɥɚɡɭɧɶɢ».

oɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ:Mycoplasmapneumoniae – ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɬɢɩɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɸ, Mycoplasma genitaliumɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ

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