Моделирование предохранительных конструкций. Учебное пособие
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Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ ɂɜɚɧɨ ɜɢɱ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
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Qɜ |
ǜ[ɋ] ǜ[ɇ] 8ǜ [S] í [Ɉ] ɤȾɠ ɤɝ |
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Qɧ |
ǜ[ɋ] ǜ[ɇ] 8ǜ [S] í [Ɉ] ɤȾɠ ɤɝ |
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ɝɞɟ [ɋ] [ɇ] [S] ɢ [Ɉ] ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ;
Qɜ – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;
Qɧ – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɟɥɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧ ɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯɞɨ % ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɯɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɳɟ ɫɬɜɚ Rɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ ɩ
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɟɣ ɱɟɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨ ɲɟɣɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ5 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɨɰɟɧɢɬɶɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭɬɟɩɥɨɬɵɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹɦɧɨɝɢɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɢɯ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ Ɇɟɬɚɧ ɋɇ4. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɨɜ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ
0 0& 40H · .
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ
[&] %0& 0 ǜ ;
[H] %0H 0 ǜ
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
Qɜ ǜ 7 ǜ = 56979 ɤȾɠ ɤɝ;
Qɧ ǜ 7 ǜ ɤȾɠ ɤɝ.
ɗɬɚɧɨɥ ɋ ɇ6Ɉ 0 ǜ 1 ǜ
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ
[&] % 0& 0 ǜ
[H] % 0H 0 ǜ
[2] % 02 0 ǜ
5 ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ – ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ % ɚ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ – ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ %.
31
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
Qɜ ǜ ǜ ǜ 8 ɤȾɠ ɤɝ;
Qɧ ǜ ǜ ǜ 41 ɤȾɠ ɤɝ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Q ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɝ ɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ %.
2.2.3. ǷȇȘȞȌș ȗȇȎȉȏȉȇȌȓȕȐ șȌȓȖȌȗȇșȚȗȢ Ȗȕ ȈȗȚșșȕ-țȕȗȓȚȒȇȓ ȏ ȖȘȌȉȋȕȏȔȋȏȉȏȋȚȇȒȣȔȢȓ țȕȗȓȚȒȇȓ ȉȌȠȌȘșȉ
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɚ ɞɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɧ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹ ɟɦɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨ ɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɜɟɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨ ɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ ɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟ ɪɟɞɶ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɨ ɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɭɝɥɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɋ86 %ɇ14 % ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɹɪ ɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɤɝ ɤɦɨɥɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
n& 0 ǜ = 155 ǜ nH 0 ǜ = 155 ǜ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɢɞ
ɋ ɇ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɋ ɇ E ǜ 1 2 &2 + 2 1 ;
E § ; n&2 111;
nH 2 § 8; nN Eǜ
32
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
T T1 |
MQ |
Ʉ. |
|
111Cv&2 78Cv H 2 Cv N |
|
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ 'H ɨɛɪ ɢ ɋɪ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɞɥɹ Ɍ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ % ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ … % ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɢɫ ɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚ a % ɛɨɥɶɲɟ …6 % ɢ … % ɉɪɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɌ1 ɜɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɍ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨ ɫɥɟ ɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ ɬɨɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɝɞɚɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɪɚɫɱɟɬɩɨɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ
2.2.4 ǷȇȘȞȌș șȌȕȗȌșȏȞȌȘȑȕȐ șȌȓȖȌȗȇșȚȗȢ ȊȕȗȌȔȏȦ
Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭɝɨɪɟɧɢɹɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
xɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɣɫɦɟɫɢɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɟɫɬɶɩɪɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
xɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ Tp Tv n G H E J0 QY ɫɬɯ Qp ɫɬɯ ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ: ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɤɨ
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟ ɳɟɫɬɜ
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ Ɍɩ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢɦɟ ɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɮɨɪɦɭɥɵɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɨɤɢɫ ɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɩɪɢQ&+ 16 ɢɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɨɥɟɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɫɝɨ ɪɚɧɢɹ
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Q&2 >&2 @Q+ 2 >+ 2@Q62 >62 @Q+&O >+&O@Q1 >1 @
6 ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
Q&+&nF +n+6n6&On&O 1n1 2n2 Q1 1 Q2 2
Q&2 &2 Q+ 2+ 2 Q62 62 Q+&O+&O Q1 1
33
En& n6 n+ n&O n2
Q&2 nC Q+ 2 nH nCl Q62 nS QHCl nCl
QN nN Eǜ D D = nN E
1.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
6Qi ɤ Q&2 Q+ 2 Q62 Q+&O QN
6Qi ɧ Q&+ ǜE E
6Qi ɤ í 6Qi ɧ ǻQ
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ɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ |
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ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ |
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_Ɍ – Ɍ _ ɩɪɢ Ɍ = Ɍɩ
ɛ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ _Ɍ í Ɍ _ ɩɪɢ
ɌɄɞɥɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ;
ɌɄɞɥɹ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ;
ɌɄɞɥɹ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ;
ɌɄɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ
ɌɄɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
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ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ .
ɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
Cv C p R.
34
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ
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ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
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4 Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ 'H ɢ 'U ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
'H = 6 Qi'H i ɨɛɪ ɤ í 6 Qi'H i ɨɛɪ ɧ
'U = 'H í RT 'Q
5.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɚ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
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ɛ ɜ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ |
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6 Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ J ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜ
ɥɟɧɢɹ G ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ H |
ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ P |
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35
0 &n |
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n1 ǜ 0& Q ǜ 0H Q ǜ 0S Q4 ǜ 0&O Q5 ǜ 0N Q6ǜ02 |
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QYɫɬɯ = 'U Tɩ – · ¦Qi |
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ɧ 0 &n1 Hn Sn &On4 Nn5 2n6 |
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ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
xɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ &ɋ %HH %22 %SS %&O&O %;
xɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ 0 ɤɝ ɤɦɨɥɶ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
1. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɫɦɟɫɢ
nɋ |
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ɉɫɟɜɞɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ &n& HnH 2n2SnS &On&O .
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ Qɧ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ
Qɧ ǜ[&] ǜ[H] ǜ [S] í [2] .
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ .
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
§ |
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Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
T |
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36
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Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ J n G H:
J= Tv – Tɩ Tp – Tɩ
n 6Qi ɤ 6Qi ɧ
G = nTv Tɩ
H = nTp Tɩ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɉɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɩɵɥɟɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɨ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɭ ɩɨɥɢ ɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɧɨɡɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ:
0 = n&0& + nH0H + n202 + nS0S + n&O0&O + nN0N
[&] % n&0& 0
[H] % nH0H 0
[2] % n202 0
[S] % nS0S 0
[&O] n&O0&O 0
>1@ nN0N 0
Ȼɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ && %HH %22 %SS %&O&O %NN %.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮ ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɩ. 5 6 ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɛɪɭɬɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
37
3 ǶȇȗȇȓȌșȗȢ ȖȕȗȇȍȇȥȠȌȊȕ ȋȌȐȘșȉȏȦ ȉȎȗȢȉȇ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɛɵ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ
2.3.1. ǯȎȈȢșȕȞȔȕȌ ȋȇȉȒȌȔȏȌ Ȗȗȏ ȉȎȗȢȉȌ
Ɂɧɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟ ɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ
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pV |
RT 6Qi |
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ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ V ɢ R ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ |
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p 6QiT |
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Ɉɬɧɨɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ |
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ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ |
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Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ |
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Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ |
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ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɰɢɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
'pmax P G í .
ɉɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɟɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ
xɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɣ
xɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;
xɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
38
xɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
xɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ
ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɵɢɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢɩɨɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɨɩɵ ɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ
Ɍɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜ ɧɵɦ
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ɉɪɢ ɞɟɮɥɚɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ Ʉ| |
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ɉɪɢ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ Ʉ| |
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Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɮɥɚɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟ |
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ɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ |
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] Vɫɬɯ V . |
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ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ |
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'P | ]'Pmax = ]'pmax . |
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ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɝɨ ɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣɮɚɡɟɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɨɷɦ ɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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Ɋɞ = J í Qɫɬɯ Uɫɬɯ |
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ɝɞɟɊɞ ɤɉɚɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ; Qɫɬɯ ɤȾɠ ɤɝ– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ; Uɫɬɯ ɤɝ ɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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'Pɞ Ɋɞ íɊ 4. |
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Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɚɡɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɚ |
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Ɋɞɯ = 4 J í Qɫɬɯ Uɫɬɯ |
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ɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ |
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'Pɞɯ Ɋɞ íɊ . |
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2.3.2. ǯȓȖȚȒȣȘ ȖȕȗȇȍȇȥȠȌȊȕ ȏȎȈȢșȕȞȔȕȊȕ ȋȇȉȒȌȔȏȦ Ȗȗȏ ȉȎȗȢȉȌ
ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
ɚ ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ t ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ
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ɉɪɢ ɞɟɮɥɚɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ |
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ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ |
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Uɩɥ |
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ɝɞɟ ɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ Uɧ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɨ ɪɟɧɢɹ H ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ
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Uɩɥ . |
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ɉɪɢ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ |
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ɦɭɥɟ |
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J 1 Qɫɬɯ . |
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Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧ: |
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ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɥɚɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɟ |
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r'P Uɩɥ; |
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ɩɪɢ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ |
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ɛ ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɬɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɜɡɪɵɜ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɟɦɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
40