Моделирование предохранительных конструкций. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ Ɍ ɞɨ Ɍ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɱɢɫ ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
T
|
|
|
|
|
³CpdT |
|
|
|
|
B |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
C |
p |
T |
|
| A |
T T |
|
|
ɤȾɠ ɤɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ |
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
'T |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T T |
|
|
||||||||||
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C = a + bT + cT + dT |
|
|
|||||||||||||||
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ Ɍ1 ɞɨ Ɍ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɱɢɫ |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
T |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
³CpdT |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
T1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
B |
|
|
|
|
C |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
C p |
|
'T |
|
| A |
|
|
T T |
|
T T T |
T |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
D T |
|
T T T |
ɤȾɠ ɤɦɨɥɶǜɄ 1. |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ |
|
v ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɚɣɟɪɚ |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
C |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
v |
|
|
p R |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
C |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
ɝɞɟ R ɤȾɠ ɤɦɨɥɶǜɄ .
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɍ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ Ʉ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨ ɠɟɬɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟɩɪɢɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɜɰɟ ɥɹɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɤɨ ɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍ :
ɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ;
ɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ;
ɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ;
ɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ
ɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ .
ɉɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɟɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɌ Ʉ ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɍ1 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
1 ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɦ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶɉɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ Ɍ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ % ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
21
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɌ Ʉ °ɋ ɢɊ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ .
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ¨f ɢ ɬɚɛɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟ ɝɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɍ FRQVW Ɋ FRQVW ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
¨f = 6 Qi'H i ɨɛɪ ɤ 6 Qi'H i ɨɛɪ ɧ |
|
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ |
|
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɧɟɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚ ɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɨɠɟɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
'H ¦ Qi C pi ɧ T T 'H ¦ QLC pi ɤ T T
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ¦ Qi C pi ɧ T T ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɟɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ1 ɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T ;
¦ Qi C pi ɤ T T ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɟɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ Ɍ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ Ɍ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
¦ Qi C pi ɧ T T 'H .
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨɝɨ 9 FRQVW ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
'U ¦ Qi |
|
vi ɧ T T 'U ¦ QL |
|
vi ɤ T T |
|
C |
C |
|
|||
ɝɞɟ 'U 'H RT'Q. |
|
||||
ɂɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɍ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɦ '+ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ '8
1 ɚɬɦ = ɤɉɚ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɚɬɦ ɤɉɚ – ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɚɬɦ ɤɉɚ – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ
22
dzǬǹǵǫǯDZǧ ǷǧǸǾǬǹǧ ǶǧǷǧdzǬǹǷǵǩ ǩǮǷȂǩǴȂǼ ǩǵDzǴ ǶǷǯ ǴǬǶǷǬǫǴǧdzǬǷǬǴǴȂǼ ǶǷǵdzȂǿDzǬǴǴȂǼ ǩǮǷȂǩǧǼ ǪǧǮǵǶǧǷǵ- ǯ ǶȂDzǬǩǵǮǫǺǿǴȂǼ ǸdzǬǸǬǰ
ǵȈȠȏȌ ȖȕȒȕȍȌȔȏȦ
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɝɚɡɵ ɩɚɪɵ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɫ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ Ʌȼɀ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɚɜɚ ɪɢɣɧɨ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡ ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟ ɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ
2.1.1. ǩȕȎȋȚȜ ȑȇȑ ȕȑȏȘȒȏșȌȒȣ ȉȕ ȉȎȗȢȉȕȕȖȇȘȔȢȜ ȉȕȎȋȚȟȔȢȜ ȘȓȌȘȦȜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɚ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫ ɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɭɳɟ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
xɞɨɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
xɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ;
xɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ;
xɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɤɨɧ ɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ .
23
ǹȇȈȒȏȝȇ 2
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
|
% |
|
% |
|
|
||
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ |
|
|
|
|
ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ |
|
ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ |
|
|
|
|
Ⱥɡɨɬ |
78 |
|
|
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ |
|
|
|
ɍɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ |
|
|
|
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞ |
|
|
|
Ⱥɪɝɨɧ |
|
|
|
ȼɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɬɨɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɷɬɢɯɩɚ ɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɯ ɞɨ ɤɦ
ɉɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ Ʉ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɡɨɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɨ ɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ 12 &2 ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ȼɜɢɞɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟ ɫɬɜɟɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣɞɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚɜɫɨɫɬɚɜɟɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣɞɥɹɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ ɧɢɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ
ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ % ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ D Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɦɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɜɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɱɬɨɜɨɡɞɭɯɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɢɡɞɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ í Į ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ í Į Į
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɢ:
ɤɉɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚɤɉɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ
ɤɉɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɪɹ
ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɉɚ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɭɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ í °ɋ 4.
4 Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ í °ɋ
24
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ tɩ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɠ ɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ
|
Tɩ tɩ Ʉ. |
|
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡ ɞɭɯɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
Uɜɨɡɞ |
M P |
|
|
|
| |
|
ɤɝ ɦ |
|
|
RTn |
Tn |
|
Tn |
Tn |
|
||
ɝɞɟ Ɇ ɤɝ ɤɦɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ R ɤȾɠ ɤɦɨɥɶǜɄ ɭɧɢ ɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ
2.1.2. ǪȕȗȥȞȏȐ ȑȕȓȖȕȔȌȔș ȘȓȌȘȏ
ȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɜɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɷɬɨ ɬ ɧ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟ ɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɦɟɫɢɢɩɵɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ
Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
xɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɧ ɷɬɚɧ ɩɪɨɩɚɧ ɧ ɛɭɬɚɧ ɢɡɨɛɭɬɚɧ ɧ ɩɟɧɬɚɧ ɧ ɝɟɤɫɚɧ ɧ ɝɟɩɬɚɧ ɰɢɤɥɨɝɟɤɫɚɧ
xɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ ɢɡɨɛɭɬɢɥɟɧ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ
xɫɩɢɪɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥ ɷɬɚɧɨɥ
xɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɛɟɧɡɨɥ ɬɨɥɭɨɥ ɩ ɤɫɢɥɨɥ
xɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɤɫɢɞ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɤɫɢɞ ɤɟɬɨɧ;
xɯɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɯɥɨɪɦɟɬɚɧ ɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɦɟ ɬɚɧ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧ ɯɥɨɪɜɢɧɢɥ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ;
xɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɫɟɪɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɩɪ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɉɪɢ ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ .
Ʉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɟɞɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸ ɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɪ
25
ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɦɟɬɪɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɢɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨɝɨɪɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɫɯɟɦɚɬɚɤɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨɩɨɫɥɨɣ ɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɮɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢ ɤ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɮɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɇɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ Uɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦ ɫ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɦ F.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɚɧ ɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ȿɫɥɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɮɨɪɦɭɥɭɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɦɵɛɭɞɟɦɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɨ ɪɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɋn1 Hn Sn &On4 Nn5 2n6 ɝɞɟ n1 n n n4 n5 n6 ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɟɪɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
M ɋn +n 6n &On 1n 2n n MC n M H n MS n MCl n M N n MO
ɝɞɟ 0& 0H 0S 0&O 0N 02 ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɟɪɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɜɟɳɟ ɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ &2 ɩɚɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ + 2 ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵ62 ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ +&O ɢ ɚɡɨɬ 1 ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨ ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
26
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣɚɬɨɦɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚɢɤɚɠɞɵɣɚɬɨɦɫɟɪɵ ɬɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɢɫɥɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
|
E n n |
|
n n |
|
n |
n& |
n6 |
|
n+ n&O |
|
n2 |
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
ȼɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɧɢɠɧɢɦɤɨɧɰɟɧ ɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɇɄɉȼ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ȼɄɉȼ ȼɧɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɪɢɫ ɗɬɨ ɫɬɟ ɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ
ȿɫɥɢ Į ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɨ D ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴ ɟɦɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɨɥɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɋɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
|
ɫɫɬɯ |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|||||
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
ɫɫɬɯ |
|
|
D E. |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|||||
T |
P |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tɩ |
P |
|
|
|
ɋ % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɇɄɉȼ |
ȼɄɉȼ |
% |
|
|
ǷȏȘȚȔȕȑǶȕȒȔȕșȇ ȘȊȕȗȇȔȏȦ ȉȌȠȌȘșȉȇ ȉ ȎȇȉȏȘȏȓȕȘșȏ ȕș ȑȕȔȝȌȔșȗȇȝȏȏ ȌȊȕ ȘȓȌȘȏ Ș ȉȕȎȋȚȜȕȓ
27
ǶȗȕȝȌȘȘ ȊȕȗȌȔȏȦ
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ ɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɫɫɚ ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ ɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɜɨɞɹ ɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ ɚɡɨɬ ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
h & |
+ |
6 &O |
1 |
2 |
E |
§1 D |
1 |
2 |
· |
|
|
n |
n n |
n |
n |
n |
¨ |
|
|
¸ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
© D |
|
|
¹ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
f+&O g1 b1 D 1 |
|
||||
c&2 d+ 2 e62 |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ h b c d e f g ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬ ɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ h ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ h 1 ɬɨɝɞɚ F Q1 H Q I Q4 J Q5 G n ín4
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɩɪɨɞɭɤ ɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ T ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ǵȘȔȕȉȢ ȗȇȘȞȌșȇ ȗȇȎȉȏȉȇȌȓȕȐ ȉ ȕȑȏȘȒȏșȌȒȣȔȕȓ ȖȗȕȝȌȘȘȌ șȌȓȖȌȗȇșȚȗȢ
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɨ ɠɚɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ ɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɟ ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢ ɧɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɫ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ
Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸ ɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɩ ; ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣɩɩ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ ɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩ .
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɫɭɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ
28
2.2.1. ǮȇȑȕȔ ȖȕȘșȕȦȔȘșȉȇ ȘȚȓȓ șȌȖȒȇ ȎȇȑȕȔ ǪȌȘȘȇ
ɉɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɫɝɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤȾɠ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚ ɨɤɢɫ ɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤȾɠ ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɨ ɠɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨ ɪɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟ ɚɤɰɢɟɣɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɷɬɢɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɉɨɫɥɟɷɬɨɝɨɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹɪɚɡɧɢɰɚɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɢɬɟɩɥɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯɤɨɦɩɨ ɧɟɧɬ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟ ɦɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ȼɫɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɨ ɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɦɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɫɫɚ
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɋ ɇ4 ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
H & H
H & H
ɬɨɟɫɬɶɜɧɟɣɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɱɟɬɵɪɟɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɯɫɜɹɡɢɋ– ɇɢɨɞɧɚɞɜɨɣɧɚɹɫɜɹɡɶ ɋ ɋ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ
ɋ ɇ4 Ɉ = ɋɈ ɇ Ɉ Q. |
|
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ |
|
Ɉ ɋ Ɉ ɇ Ɉ ɇ Ɉ = Ɉ |
|
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɋ = Ɉ ɞɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ Ɉ ɇ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɜɹɡɶ Ɉ = Ɉ ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
Q ǜ ǜ ǜ ǜ – ǜ – ǜ =
ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ = ɤȾɠ ɤɝ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
29
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ǹȇȈȒȏȝȇ
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ
|
, |
|
|
H |
|
ɋ |
|
|
N |
|
Ɉ |
ɋO |
|
F |
||||
H |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
9 |
|
7 |
|
|
567 |
|||
& |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
6 |
|
9 |
|
1 |
|
|
468 9 |
|||
N |
|
|
1 |
|
6 |
|
|
158 |
|
7 |
|
191 8 |
|
|
|
|||
Ɉ |
|
|
9 |
|
9 |
|
|
7 |
|
7 |
|
154 5 |
|
|
|
|||
ɋO |
|
|
7 |
|
1 |
|
|
191 8 |
|
154 5 |
|
4 |
|
|
8 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F |
|
|
567 |
|
468 9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
158 |
|||
S |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
6 |
|
|
5 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ǹȇȈȒȏȝȇ |
|
|
|
|
|
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɨɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ |
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
ɋɜɹɡɶ |
|
ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ |
|
ɋɜɹɡɶ |
|
ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ |
|
ɋɜɹɡɶ |
|
ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
6 |
Ɉ |
|
|
|
|
S = N |
|
|
|
S = S |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
ɋ |
Ɉ |
|
|
|
ɋ |
1 |
|
|
|
& & |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
0J |
|
Ɉ |
|
|
|
|
ȺO |
Ɉ |
|
|
|
&{ & |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
2 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
N = N |
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡ ɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɝɚɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ ɪɚɯ ɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
Ʉɨɪɨɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɟɚɤ ɰɢɢ
2.2.2. ǻȕȗȓȚȒȇ dzȌȔȋȌȒȌȌȉȇ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸ ɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ
30