Английский язык. Устный последовательный перевод. Учебное пособие

●Primary Schools 5-11 years old

●Secondary Schools 12-18 years old

After completing the GCSE, students will typically study in either the Sixth Form of a School, a Sixth form college, or a further education college. These courses can also be studied by adults over 18. This sector is referred to as Further Education.

A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales, Northern Ireland where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school-level qualifications, such as A-levels.

In England and Wales, education is only compulsory until the end of their fifth year, the school year in which the pupil turns 16 (although this is changing in September 2013). In the English and Welsh state educational systems, those wishing to continue may either stay on at a secondary school with an attached sixth form, transfer to a local sixth form college, or go to a more vocational further education college, although, depending on geographical location, there may be little choice as to which of these options can be taken. In the independent sector, sixth forms are an integral part of secondary schools (public schools).

Students at sixth form college typically study for two years (known as Years 12 and 13, Years 13 and 14 in Northern Ireland and/or lower sixth and upper sixth).

Students normally enter University from 18 onwards and study for an Academic Degree. Apart from a single private university, all undergraduate education is largely state financed, and UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance.

ThetypicalfirstdegreeofferedatBritishuniversitiesistheBachelor’s degree (typically three years). Many institutions now offer an

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undergraduate Master’s degree as a first degree, typically lasting four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate Master’s degrees makes taking an undergraduate Master’s degree as a first degree a more attractive option, although the novelty ofundergraduateMaster’sdegreesmeansthattherelativeeducational merit of the two is currently unclear.

Postgraduate education

Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree, which includes:

•Master's degree (typically taken in one year)

•Doctorate degree (typically taken in three years) Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the

State, and so admission is in practice highly competitive.

Specialist qualifications

•Education: Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE), Certificate in Education (Cert Ed), Bachelor of Education (BA or BEd), most of which also incorporate Qualified Teacher Status (QTS).

•Law: Bachelor of Laws LL.B.

•Medicine: Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery studied at Medical school (United Kingdom)

•Business: Master of BusinessAdministration MBA.

Task 2. Background reading

Read the text

Pre-school education embraces all formal and informal education before the age of six (when compulsory schooling starts). It includes tots and toddler programmes, play school, nursery school (collectively known as pre-kindergarten) and kindergarten.

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Attendance at school for children under six isn’t compulsory, and the provision of schools for children under six varies according to the finances and circumstances of local communities. Most public elementary schools provide a pre-school kindergarten (K) year for five-year-olds, which is usually the first year of elementary school.

TheschoolsystemstartswithtwelveyearsofprimaryandsecondaryschooleducationwhichtheAmericanshavetofollow.Asecondaryschool(“highschool”)diplomaorcertificateisacompulsoryrequirementforthestudenttobeableto entercollege,university, vocational, secretarial or other professional and technical schools. PrimarySchoolnormallybeginsataroundsixyearsofagefortheU.S. children and the termof the primary schoolingis five to six years. Secondary School is the next step. This may be of 6 or 7 years durations consisting of either two threeyear programs, or a threeyear and a four-year program. Schools at this level are known as Middle School or Junior High School and High or Senior High School.

Completion of this stage is called Twelfth Grade. International students are advised to find out which level of education in their country corresponds to the twelfth grade in the U.S.A.

In America, higher education starts at the age of 18 after the completion of twelve years of primary and secondary schooling.

Undergraduate Study or Bachelors:

A candidate who has successfully completed class XII is eligible for the Bachelors Programme or Undergraduate Study in the USA.

The bachelors degree or undergraduate study usually lasts for 4 years. In some cases an accelerated Programme

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can be completed in three years, while some professional fields require five years.

A student receives a Bachelor’s degree or undergraduate degree when (s)he finishes around 40 courses in different subjects within the span of four years.

1st year students are called Freshmen, 2nd years Sophomores, 3d years Juniors and the 4th or last year students are referred to as Seniors. The decision of the major’s to be taken is necessary only after the 2nd or Sophomore year. Deciding the majors is termed ‘Declaring a Major’ in the US.

Many colleges give an Associate degree after the sophomore year or second year of a Bachelor’s degree. It is the degree awarded after either a college transfer or a ‘terminal’, One to three year programme providing training for a specific occupation.

Graduate Study:

In the US, higher studies after taking a degree or Bachelor’s is termed Graduate study.

A candidate who has successfully completed four years of Bachelors Programme or Undergraduate Study is eligible to apply for the Master’s Degree in the US.

Masters degree is the first Graduate degree in the liberal arts and Sciences and certain professional fields requiring 30 credit hours of full-time study within a year or 2 years. You can get your Master’s degree by taking 8 courses of subjects with 3 credits each plus a thesis of 6 hours credit or 10 courses of subjects with 3 credits each without the thesis. Some Universities have a final exam. Usually masters degree include M.S and M.A degrees.

It is not particular that you continue with the same majors that you chose for undergraduate study in graduate study. But if you change the majors, you will have to take

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additional basic courses for the new subjects. These courses are called Pre-requisite courses. You have to get a pass in these courses.

Research (Doctoral Degree) - The highest degree awarded in research-oriented academic disciplines, usually requiring 3 to 6 years of full time study besides the Bachelor’s degree as preparation for University level teaching and research.

The main criteria for admission is the applicants interest in the particular subject of research.

First Professional Degree — The degree required to be academically qualified to practice in certain professions, such as law, medicine etc usually requires a total of at least six years of study. It must have as a prerequisite at least two years of college credit.

Universities:

Universities are larger institutions that include several undergraduate colleges, graduate schools, and professional schools.

Graduate school involves 1 or 2 years of study and offers advanced programs in arts and sciences which gives master’s degrees like M.A or M.S, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) etc.

Professional schools are institutions which specialize in a single field of study such as medicine, pharmacy, business administration , law etc.

Junior College or Community Colleges:

These colleges award only Associate Degree of Arts (A.A) and Sciences (A.S) which involves 2 year of study.After receiving Associate Degree, students must join a 4 years college or University to complete the Bachelor’s Degree.

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Vocational and Technical Institution:

These institutes specialize in training for the skilled trades and technical fields of employment. Duration of the courses depends on the particular subject. After completion, they will be awarded a certificate of completion and they can straight away join for a job.

Classes in USA

Usually, for most Universities and colleges the year begins in late August or early September and ends in May or June. The academic year is divided into semesters, trimesters or quarter depending on the institution. The semester system divides the year into 2 equal terms of 16 weeks. Each semester is 4 months. Trimester system has three equal terms of 16 weeks each, including a summer term. Quarter system divides the year into 3 equal terms of 11 weeks each.

Each student will be assigned an ‘advisor’ who is a member of the faculty. This advisor will help the students to select the courses to be taken in each semester, plan the whole program and monitor the students progress. The students register for the particular courses with the permission of the advisors.

Class Size

The average class size at the undergraduate level, in most universities is 100-150 for introductory courses. Advanced level classes will be smaller in size. Master’s degree classes have an average of 20 students and Doctoral classes have an average of only 10 students.

Tests

Each semester has an average of 4 tests. Test range in style from multiplechoice(objectivetype)formatdesignedtogaugeyourknowledge of the subject and reasoning ability to essay or problem-solving

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type tests. There are 3 kinds of tests - open book tests, closed books testsandtakehometests.Inthe1sttype,youcanrefernotes,textbook, reference material etc during the test. 2nd one is usual tests that we have in Russia. In the 3rd one you take the question paper home and answer at your convenience before the dead line set by the professor. Takehometestsoftenhaveessay-basedquestions.

Grading

•InAmerican Universities, they give grades instead of ranks or classes for courses. The grades areA, B, C, D, E, F, I.Ais the highest grade.GradesfromAtoDisconsideredaspass.GradeI-incomplete.

•Marksbetween100-90-AGrade(Excellent)

•Marksbetween89-79-BGrade(good)

•Marksbetween78-68-CGrade(Average)

•Marksbetween67-57-DGrade(Below)

•Below57-Forfail.

Each grade has points. 4 points forAgrade, 3 for B and 2 for C. The average points taken for all the courses taken together is the GPA (GradePointAverage).Itisthegeneralscoreonascaleof1.0(lowest) to4.0(highest).Itisdifficulttogetadmissionforgraduatestudyifyou don't have at least a G.P.A of 3.0. G.P.A is computed using a unique formula by the university's administration.The grades are fixed by the professorswhoteachthesubjectsbasedontheperformanceofthestu-

dents.

Task 3. Consecutive interpreting skills

Answer the questions:

What do you know about the educational system in the US? Is it thesameasintheUK?

Translate and explane the following words and word combinations:

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practitionals;academics;doctorates;Ph.D;serviceacademy;staff college; public university (USA); student body; tribal college; secular, religious education; Lutheranism; Mormonism; seminary; the clergy; tuition; stipend; service commitment in the armed forces; scholarship; student loans; grants; endowments; coeducational universities; the CommonApplication.

Interpret the recorded abstract (task number seven on the disc).

Task 4. Consecutive interpreting skills

Translate and explane the following words and word combinations:

the SAT Reasoning Test; the College Board; Educational Testing Service; critical thinking skills; grade point average; the ACT; class rank;extracurricularactivities.

Interpret the recorded abstract (task number eight on the disc).

UNIT 9. Legal System. Crime.

Task 1. Background reading

Read the text and give Russian equivalents to the underlined expressions

Death Penalty

An estimated 14,000Americans have been executed since the inception of the death penalty dating back to colonial times. The sanction of death for the punishment of a murder in the United

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The Death Penalty is Racially Biased and Punishes the Poor: Most defendants are poor and are forced to depend on incompetent or token representation. Some lawyers have slept or appeared drunk during trials. Those who kill white people are far more likely to get the death penalty than those who kill black people.

The Death Penalty is Unfair: The death penalty has never been applied fairly across race, class, and gender lines. Who is sentenced to die often depends on the attitudes of prosecutors, where one is tried, the prejudices of judges and juries, and the abilities and commitment of defense attorneys.

The Death Penalty Cost More than Life in Prison:Prosecuting a death penalty case is extremely expensive for a state and drains money that could be used for education and social programs. Capital punishment costs more than sentencing a prisoner to life without parole. The most comprehensive death penalty study in the country found that the death penalty cost North Carolina $2.16 million more per execution over the costs of sentencing murderers to life imprisonment. The majority of these costs occur at the trial level. In its review of death penalty expenses, the State of Kansas concluded that capital cases are 70% more expensive than comparable non-death penalty cases, including the costs of incarceration.

The Death Penalty is Not a Deterrent to Crime:

Since 1977 over 80% of all executions have occurred in the South, the region with the highest murder rate. The Northeast, the region with the lowest murder rate, has accounted for less than 1% of the executions. Although the issue of deterrence has been studied extensively, there is no credible evidence that capital punishment deters murder or makes us any safer.

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