Английский язык. Практикум по чтению научно-популярных текстов

вторую длину (length), мы можем найти площадь (area). 9. Когда цепная реакция (chain reaction) началась, её невозможно остановить. 10. Эксперименты, которые нам сейчас показывают (to demonstrate), тесно связаны с нашей работой. 11. Напряжение (voltage), приложенное к аноду, меняется в полярности. 12. После того как лёд нагрели (to warm) до 0°, он начал таять. 13. При работе c этими веществами, нужно соблюдать осторожность (to be careful).

The Infinitive. The Infinitive Constructions

Ex. 21. Choose the correct translation of the following sentences.

1.Molecules are too a) Молекулы слишком малы, чтобы их

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Ex. 22. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the function of the Infinitive.

1. The increased temperature accelerates chemical-biological processes and decreases the ability of the water to hold dissolved oxygen. 2. The phenomenon to be observed tends to take place only in the upper layers of atmosphere. 3. It has become possible to modify the Periodic Table so as to bring out the structural features more clearly. 4. There are many technical problems to overcome before such nuclear systems can be developed. 5. Diamonds are cut and their faces are ground and polished so as to reflect and retract light beams. 6. To be accelerated the particles require a strong magnetic field. 7. The experiments to be made will help us to approach the subject under investigation. 8. Electrostatic precipitators and filters are used in power plants to meet particulate emission standards and low sulfur content fuels can be used to limit sulfur dioxide emissions. 9. Bohr was faced with the problem of how to derive the energy levels from the theory alone. 10. The scientist attempted to demonstrate the lack of relationship between electricity and magnetism. 11. To explain why magnets behave the way they do is our purpose. 12. The 16th century philosophers learned to base their laws of nature more on experiment than contemplation. 13. No one was able to find any force between a charged object and a magnet.

Ex. 23. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the function of the Infinitive.

1. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science. 2. We shall study minerals to be obtained in these mountains. 3. The problem to consider is concerned with these gases. 4. The first scientist to discover this phenomenon was Lavoisier. 5. The procedure to be followed depends upon the substances being tested. 6. Hydrogen gas re-

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acts with iodine vapour to form hydrogen iodine. 7. Our task is to check the result of the experiment. 8. You have to know the temperature to make the plot (график). 9. The phenomenon to occur is of cosmic origin. 10. Many scientists made serious investigations in this field to make the discovery. 11. To strengthen the magnetic field means to increase the acceleration of the particles. 12. Our aim is to lower the average kinetic energy of temperature of the remaining molecules. 13. Germanium and silicon are known to be the most important of present semiconductors. 14. It is rather difficult to prevent impurities from contaminating the molten silicon. 15. Many scientists are trying to explain this phenomenon, but still many problems remain to be solved.

Ex. 24. Insert the particle ‘to’ where necessary.

1. It is unnecessary … mix these substances. 2. You should … recharge your battery directly. 3. The purpose of this paper is … describe properties of new materials. 4. New data let us … carry out another experiment. 5. The professor expected the student … connect the contacts of the circuit. 6. The flow of water makes the wheel … turn. 7. The assistant warned them not … create a magnetic field. 8. This method proved … be very efficient. 9. The professor watched the students … quench a steel bar in oil. 10. Domestic appliances are supposed … consume plenty of electricity. 11. The distance … be measured is between these two points. 12. Why not … demonstrate the properties of this substance to the researchers? 13. … obtain an alloy, one must … mix metals with non-metals. 14. We would like you … show the students how this device works. 15. He suddenly felt the electrode … touch the surface of the workpiece. 16. The addition of one per cent of helium to pure nickel oxide can … lower its resistivity.

Ex. 25. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing.

1. It takes the rays of the Sun light minutes to get to the Earth. 2. A larger motor takes a long time to get up speed owing to its inertia. 3. The surface tension of water is strong enough to let a steel needle float on water. 4. Radium is too expensive to be used in every day life. 5. To be fully effective control must start with the production of raw materials. 6. We observed the evaporation of water, a phenomenon to be fully described later. 7. The method to be followed is based upon some peculiar properties of these rays. 8. Here are some figures to be referred to later. 9. To show this phenomenon in terms of forces between currents is the purpose of our experiment. 10. Here is the device to help the scientist in the experiment. 11. A final problem to be explained was why all atoms of the same ele-

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ment are exactly the same. 12. This diagram is too difficult to be understood. 13. Only the most swiftly moving molecules possess sufficient energy to escape. 14. In order to explain this phenomenon we give the mathematical definition of it. 15. Polonium was the first of the radioactive elements to be isolated by the chemists. 16. Becquerel experimented with fluorescent substances to see if they emitted X-rays as well as visible light. 17. The properties to influence the rate of reaction are listed below. 18. Science is a world with many fields to be explored.

Ex. 26. Change the following object clauses into the construction with the Complex Object in writing. Translate the sentences.

1. We know that the light is the form of energy. 2. We find that granite is a mixture. 3. Atomic engineers found that the release of atomic energy is a very complicated process. 4. We know that this experiment is followed in many researches on the subject. 5. We expect that using solar energy is a complicated problem. 6. Scientists suppose that magnets and their properties of attraction have been known for nearly 5 000 years. 7. The ancient Greeks believed that magnetic and electric forces were of common origin. 8. We know that the discovery was made accidentally. 9. We find that these forces are interrelated. 10. We want that this phenomenon will be explained. 11. We expect that such definitions will simplify the calculations. 12. Nobody observed that the value had decreased. 13. You can see that the needle makes a great oscillation. 14. Democritus proposed that all matter was made up of atoms. 15. The researchers found that collective motion develops in the electron shell model.

Ex. 27. Change the following noun-clauses into the construction with the Complex Subject in writing. Translate the sentences.

Model 1. It is believed that the group will complete the researches next month.

The group is believed to complete the researches next month.

2.It seems that they are interested in this phenomenon.

They seem to be interested in this phenomenon.

3.It is likely that solar energy will be an energy source in future.

Solar energy is likely to be an energy source in future.

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1. It seems that atomic fusion will be the energy of future. 2. It is certain that the words force, energy and power mean different things. 3. It is considered that light is some kind of wave motion of electro-magnetic origin. 4. It is expected that he will be asked to calculate the energy of the particles. 5. It is found that the atomic number corresponds to the charge of the nucleus of an atom. 6. It is known that these elements were found two decades ago. 7. It is not likely that this gas suits experiments. 8. It proved that the four best conducting metals are silver, copper, gold and aluminum. 9. It doesn’t appear that the boundary electrons are strongly connected to the rest of the atom. 10. It seems that the scientist has presented some interesting data. 11. It is known that the resistance of the conductor depends not only on the material it is made of and its temperature but on its diameter and length as well. 12. It is said that these two transistors have been short-circuited. 13. It is known that sound travels in water at the speed of about a mile a second. 14. It was proved that heat is a form of energy. 15. It is believed that fluorescence is caused by sunlight.

Ex. 28. Choose the correct translation of the following English sen-

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Ex. 29. Translate the sentences given below into Russian, paying attention to the Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions.

1. We can expect any compound to contain no less than two different substances. 2. We know substances to possess different properties. 3. The recent research has shown the nucleus to be very complex. 4. The radius of our orbit is believed to be increasing very slowly. 5. When a current is said to flow from the positive pole of a battery towards the negative pole, actually electrons run in the opposite direction. 6. We consider hotness or coldness of any body to depend on the quality of heat possessed by the body. 7. This substance doesn’t seem to have this property. 8. We know a magnetic field to be quite analogous to an electric one. 9. This method is unlikely to give the results required. 10. The students of the second year are supposed to know this physical law. 11. The new method turned out to be a success. 12. We expect this computer to make thousands of calculations per second. 13. Democritus proposed the space between atoms to be a vacuum. 14. The atom was thought to be indivisible. 15. A water molecule was found to be made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms. 16. We are said to live in the age of atomic energy. 17. We proved this substance to be very dense. 18. The experiment proved the particles to collide with great force. 19. The suggestion proved to be wrong. 20. The temperature is proved to fall. 21. The temperature proved to have fall.

Ex. 30. Restore the original sentences.

1.This device / an electrical charge / enables / to be built up and stored

2.These / to join / is / difficult / rather / metal plates

3.This / the current / makes / the circuit / flow / through

4.Scientists / field / easier / a / to understand / magnetic / mathematical / things / gave / definition / of / a

5.Field / the assistant / them / warned / to create / not / a / magnetic

6.Are known / semiconductors / to be made of / silicon

7.Numerous / to offer / solar heaters / seem / advantages

8.Valuable / this new substance / to possess / is sure / properties

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Ex. 33. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The whole idea of building a number of purification facilities is very opportune nowadays. 2. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. 3. On being heated to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed. 4. Sulphur is hardened by being mixed with copper. 5. Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances. 6. The device has the merit of being suitable for many purposes. 7. Experimenting with lasers is very dangerous. 8. On studying the specific features of a new device we put it into operation. 9. The idea of connecting these wires was not his. 10. The scientist knows of the problem having been solved. 11. The act of rubbing a body with a cloth is the easiest way to charge the rubbed substance. 12 By making use of electrostatic induction it is possible to charge conductors without giving up any of the original charge of the rod.

Ex. 34. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund. Translate the sentences.

1.It is no good (изменять план). 2. It is no use (брать этот прибор).

3.There is no sense (использовать минеральное топливо в современном мире). 4. Why are we against (использовать эти данные)? 5. I can’t help (участвовать в исследовании). 6. His aim was (увеличить напряжение). 7. Do you mind (повторить опыт)? 8. They had no intention of (решить эту задачу) 9. He likes the idea of (использовать этот прибор в эксперименте). 10. The scientists began (сравнивать полученные данные). 11. It is no use (выполнять эту работу вручную). 12. It is worth (проанализировать результаты исследования).

Ex. 35. Point out the Gerundial Complex and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. We know of nitrogen being used in metal industry. 2. We are afraid of Freon destroying the ozone layer. 3. The professor insists on the stu-

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dents studying the properties of carbon. 4. Do you believe in our restoring the ecological balance on the planet? 5. We hear of gases being applied to produce the flame of temperature of 6, 0000F. 6. It is difficult to imagine robots having explored ocean depths autonomously. 7. They know of toxic gases having been used during the last experiment. 8. Safety rules insist on acetylene being stored in the liquid state under pressure. 9. He spoke about distant galaxies being observed through a telescope. 10. The professor was not surprised at our having finished all the experimental part in time.

Ex. 36. Form the gerundial complexes out of the elements in brackets in writing. Translate the sentences.

1. Environmentalists insist on (we / to cut) releases of CO2 (carbonic acid) into the atmosphere. 2. With the Industrial Revolution / humans began to think of (they / to change) the face of the earth. 3. The striking effects of acid rain are (water / to become acid; fish / to be poisoned and killed; birds and animals / to leave) their natural areas. 4. Everyone was interested in (he / to made) such a discovery. 5. The value of (he / to discovered) natural lasers is not realized completely yet. 6. We hear of (the up-to-date equipment / to buy) for your lab. 7. We are aware of (silver and copper / to be) good conductors of electricity. 8. The idea of (robots / to replace) men goes back to ancient times. 9. Nobody is surprised at (he / to receive) the Nobel Prize for his discoveries in optics. 10. They insist on (the short circuit / to avoid).

Ex. 37. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “ingforms”.

1. Changing the resistance of a circuit is one of the methods of controlling the flow of a current in a circuit. 2. The theory having been discussed, they could proceed to practice. 3. Since the Industrial Revolution, man has made increasing use of fossil energy and mineral recourses. 4. The motorcar is looked upon by many as the biggest culprit of all for contaminating the air. 5. The process of electrization is not one of creating electricity but of transferring electrons from one material to another. 6. Being appointed the head of the Department Mr. Brown resumed his work on atomic collisions. 7. Accelerating of elementary particles is achieved by high potential. 8. While using the microscope Anosov could examine the internal structure of metals and alloys. 9. The reaction rate under given conditions is proportional to the concentration of the substance being transformed. 10. A machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical one by making use of the interaction between a conductor and a magnetic field is

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called a generator. 11. In a liquid a single molecule will have some difficulty in breaking away from the main body of molecules. 12. Having discovered the electrical properties of semiconductors scientists were able to use them for making devices small in size. 13. During the experiment they watched the temperature rising.

Ex. 38. Restore the original sentences.

1.Being cheap / the air / used / is / because of / in welding

2.Aircraft / is / lifting / helium / of / capable

3.Interested / materials / in / energy / they / producing / losses / are / without / of

4.Ignition / sure / anybody / he / repairing / was / of / the / system / helping / without

5.Robots / become / exploring / a reality / other / by means of / soon / will / worlds

6.Up-to-date / hear / lab / we / equipment / the / being bought / for / of

7.Carrying out / must / the operator / necessary / the test / before / prepare / all / equipment / the

Ex. 39. Translate the following sentences into English in writing.

1. Мы знали, что воздух используется в металлургии. 2. Он не возражает против того, чтобы роботы выполняли эту опасную работу (to object to). 3. У студентов возникли трудности при определении свойств фреона. 4. Он отвечает за то, чтобы работа была закончена своевременно. 5. При анализе данных исследователи получили интересные результаты. 6. Стоит ли покупать это оборудование? – Да, я даже настаиваю на его покупке. 7. Составление программы – задача достаточно сложная. 8. Данный метод решения этой проблемы является наилучшим. 9. Это открытие привело к получению очень важных данных. 10. Вы не против, если я проведу эксперимент?

11.Имея разные уровни энергии, электроны нижних уровней могут переходить на более высокие путем поглощения света и тепла.

12.Без использования лазера голограмма невозможна. 13. Получение (to produce) мощного луча возможно только с помощью лазера.

14.После изменения спектра света (light spectrum), мы получили другую голограмму. 15. Внедрение (to introduce) изобретения иногда требует больших усилий, чем его изготовление.

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