Английский язык. Практикум по чтению научно-популярных текстов

CHAPTER 2. GRAMMAR PRACTICE

The Passive Voice

Ex. 1. Translate the following word combinations paying attention to the adverbial modifiers of time.

1.It is annually planned, such experiments are made every day, the possibilities are often limited by, power is usually increased by, microscopes are generally combined with computers;

2.All were obtained two years ago, it was discovered five years ago, it was formulated last year, the substances were decomposed yesterday, the experiment was carried out some minutes ago;

3.The surface had been modified before, the utilization had been planned by the middle of the year, it had been determined by the end of the week, the report had been written before the scientist left;

4.The deposits of metals have already been mined, the body has been affected by, it has been intensively exploited since 2005, the effort has been applied, the law has been formulated;

5.The problem is being discussed, the area is being relatively fast recovered, the experiment is being made, these topics are being discussed at the moment;

6.Decisions have to be made, an element can be subdivided, the consequences should be reduced, the ways have to be selected, these forms can be found.

Ex. 2. Read word combinations a) which can be predicates:

are known from, living matter, is living, will lead to, identified substances, are being identified, is shown, has been resulted, when compared to, is closely interrelated, represented various approaches, is represented, will be associated, associated with;

b) where subjects: 1) act, 2) are acted upon:

these papers deal with, the metal impact has been examined, the scientists present the results of investigation, the primary settlement is described, the substance was placed, the scientist has been working, new results cannot be achieved, chemists regarded, the development of the project is governed mainly by.

Ex. 3. Choose the correct form of the verb. Translate the sentences.

1.These substances (study, are studied, studies) in organic chemistry.

2.The first two papers (deal, are dealt, is dealt) with the problem of classi-

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fication. 3. The students (have been studied, have studied, are studied) the chemical properties of iron. 4. The chemist (obtain, has obtained, has been obtained) pure oxygen. 5. Several organic compounds (have been obtained, were obtained, obtained) last time. 6. The scientists (are discussing, are being discussed, discuss) the new reaction at the moment. 7. The experiment (has been discussed, had been discussed, has discussed) and the result (are being used, is used, is being used) now. 8. This law (had been discovered, is discovered, discovered) by the end of the 19th century. 9. We can’t begin the experiment, the students (are being mixed, are mixed, are mixing) the liquids and this process will take some 10 minutes more.10. The new principles of public education (proclaimed, were proclaimed, proclaim) in our country in 1918. 11. This experiment (will be made, will make, will have been made) by the end of the lesson. 12. The rate of the reaction was very slow because these two gases (are being mixed, had been mixed, have been mixed) before the temperature was raised. 13. They (were discussing, discussed, were discussed) the question when I came to the meeting. 14. If these two gases (are mixed, have been mixed, mix) at high temperatures, a great amount of this chemical substance (produces, is produced, has produced).

Ex. 4. Choose the correct translation of the following English sentences.

1. She is told to decompose the substance.

2. The results of the experiment are being discussed with a lively interest.

3. A wide variety of colored glasses was obtained by Lomonosov.

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Ex. 5. Choose and insert the correct form of the verb. Translate the sentences.

a) is added, has been added, is being added

1. In this reaction this substance ... always ... . 2. The liquid is bluish because a drop of ink ... . 3. What are you doing? What substance ... now? b) are being built, were built, have been built

1. New plants or enlarged old plants ... now to reduce pollutants from conventional waste sources by most industrialized countries. 2. Govern-

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ments now impose discharge limits on the industrial plants that ... . 3. A lot of purification facilities ... last year all over the world.

c) were recorded, have been recorded, are recorded

1. The environmental effects of exposure to high-level radiation ... in postwar studies on individuals who had been exposed to nuclear radiation in Japan. 2. Some forms of cancer show up immediately, but other radiation poisoning ... from 10 to 30 years after exposure. 3. The effects of exposure to low-level radiation ... to be not yet known.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing. State the form of the verb in the Passive Voice.

1. Radioactive nuclear wastes cannot be treated by conventional chemical methods and must be stored in heavily shielded containers. 2. Most noise sources are measured in terms of intensity or strength of the sound field. 3. Noise may be generally associated with industrial society. 4. The substances that, in sufficient concentration, endanger human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials are accumulated in the atmosphere. 5. More persons have been seriously affected by smog than by any other type of air pollution. 6. A coal economy has been replaced by a petroleum economy. 7. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are carried long distances by the atmosphere and then precipitated in solution as acid rain. 8. The Earth’s climate may be altered by the increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. 9. It is believed that some chemicals are responsible for the noticeable loss of ozone over the polar region that occurred in the 1980s. 10. The cellulose fibers in wood can be used to make rayon, photographic films, artificial sponges and other plastics. 11. The motorcar is looked upon by many as the biggest culprit of all for contaminating the air. 12. The longer your car lives, the more effectively the raw materials have been utilized.

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing. State the form of the verb in the Passive Voice.

1. When was the telephone invented? 2. Paper was first made from wood about 150 years ago and it is still made primarily from wood. 3. How is glass made? 4. Few people did much to protect against the damage to the planet until Greenpeace was formed. 5. The discovery of this substance is much spoken about. 6. This problem was paid much attention to. 7. What is the atom made of? 8. The rate of this reaction can be strongly influenced by high temperature. 9. His work in this field can be relied on. 10. They were told about the new discoveries in oil production. 11. The change in colour was followed by the change of other properties.

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12. Fermi is looked upon as an outstanding physicist of our time. 13. The result of their investigation is referred to. 14. The professor was asked to attend the lecture on chemistry. 15. Liquid solutions will be dealt with in this chapter.

Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into English in writing.

1. Об этом открытии много говорят. 2. На эту статью будут ссылаться. 3. Недавно меня попросили провести этот эксперимент. 4. Что влияет на скорость реакции? 5. Студентов нашего института обучают различным специальностям. 6. Только что проведен новый эксперимент. 7. Здесь не говорят по-английски. 8. Оптику сейчас изучают на втором курсе. 9. За исследованиями в этой области следят с большим интересом. 10. Вчера ему предложили новую интересную работу. 11. На него нельзя положиться. 12. Над его идеями никогда не смеются.

The Participle.

The Absolute Participial Construction

Ex. 9. Translate the following word combinations into Russian. State the form and the function of the Participle.

1.The plan containing many details, forces producing the change of speed, sounds ranging from blasting stereo systems to the roar of supersonic transport jet, the period following the discovery, the engineer carrying out the research, a car moving with constant velocity.

2.Using new equipment, following the disclosure of possible harmful effects to the public from nuclear weapons, decreasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, increasing the average global temperature, discovering new laws, dividing into three parts.

3.Having calculated the distance, having been replaced by a petroleum economy, having installed new equipment, having been emitted by supersonic aircraft, having proposed the removing of pollutants from the atmosphere, having become weakened and infected by insects and diseases, having been created by human or natural activity.

4.The research made in the laboratory, dissolved solids make the water undesirable for drinking, the discharge of heated water, the controlled release of energy, individuals exposed to radiation in Japan, the methods offered by the scientist, nuclear wastes must be stored in heavily shielded containers, sounds generated by human activities.

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Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences according to the given models.

Model I The question involved is to be solved today.

Вопрос, о котором идёт речь (данный вопрос) должен быть решен сегодня.

1. The elements involved varied in their properties a great deal. 2. The rate of the reaction depends on the substance involved. 3. The acid involved acted as a catalyst. 4. The importance of the technique involved was evident to everyone.

Model II The discovery followed by many experiments resulted in new investigations in physics. Открытие, за которым последовало много опытов, привело к новым исследованиям в области физики.

1. The lecture followed by practical hours took place in the multimedia room. 2. These rays uninfluenced by the magnetic field were examined by our scientists. 3. The substance affected by a magnetic field must be a metal. 4. The analysis followed by an examination gave unexpected results.

Model III When (if) heated water turns into a stream.

При нагревании (когда воду нагревают) вода превращается в пар.

1. When heated sufficiently the substance was dissolved. 2. If carried out carefully the experiment can give reliable data. 3. When started the chain reaction cannot be stopped. 4. If directed properly the particles will be constantly accelerated by a set of strong magnets.

Model IV (While) reading this book he made a lot of notes.

Читая книгу (при чтении) он делал множество пометок. 1. While carrying out the experiment the scientist was interrupted several times. 2. While learning to speak a foreign language you must have much practice. 3. While isolating and separating radium the Curies found other radioactive elements. 4. While working with these substances one

must be careful.

Ex. 11. State the sentences where the verb form with the suffix “ed” is Participle II. Translate them.

1. A piece of iron placed in a container with an acid can diminish in mass. 2. They placed the iron rod in a container with water. 3. Rapid technological advances after the Middle Ages culminated in the Industrial

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Revolution. 4. The results received changed with the material used. 5. The students solved the problem themselves without appealing to the professor. 6. Galvanized sheet steel is sued for the parts of the bodywork mostly exposed to corrosion. 7. They used the diode as a rectifier. 8. They checked the operation of the machine with the help of some instruments received lately.

Ex. 12. Open the brackets choosing the correct forms of the Participles.

1.Much could be (writing, written) about the application of nuclides.

2.Many experiments have been (carrying out, carried out) in the field of radioactivity. 3. The work (doing, done) by these research-workers resulted in many discoveries of great significance. 4. W. Smith (testing, tested) underwater telegraph cables found that the high resistance varied according to the amount of light (falling, fallen) on it. 5. A mechanical method was (substituting, substituted) by a new one. 6. This discovery (following, followed) by many experiments was of great use to chemists.

7.(Contributing, having contributed, contributed) much to the theory of semiconductors Ioffe showed the (increasing, increased) importance of semiconductor devices. 8. The two substances (investigating, investigated) were homogeneous. 9. The (growing, grown) crystal is easily visible during growth. 10. The man (speaking of, spoken of) was the first to discover this phenomenon. 11. A positively (charging, charged) particle (having, had) the mass of the electron was discovered in 1932. 12. According to this theory (dealing with, dealt with) atomic structure the nucleus is a very small, compact, central part of an atom. 13. Elements (composing, composed) of atoms (containing, contained) only one or two valence electrons usually form positive ions. 14. (Investigating, having investigated, investigated) this phenomenon the scientists can make some important conclusions.

Ex. 13. Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English, paying attention to the use of the Past Participle.

1.An iron rod (нагретый) in the fire increases in energy content.

2.(При охлаждении) to the original temperature the substance becomes solid. 3. The question (рассмотренный) was discussed at the last meeting.

4.The new experiment (о котором говорили) so much will be carried out again very soon. 5. The piece of ice (помещённый) in the water began to melt. 6. (При нагревании) ice melts. 7. The particles (излучаемые) should pass through a magnetic field (to emit). 8. The transformer is an apparatus (спроектированный) for changing the alternating voltages and

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currents by means of magnetic indication (to design). 9. The method (использованный) provided them with interesting results. 10. The results (полученные) changed with the materials (использованных).

Ex. 14. Paraphrase the sentences using Participles instead of clauses.

1.The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new.

2.The young man who helps the professor in his experiment is a very talented scientist.

3.When they had improved the device, they could use it for several purposes.

4.The metal that is used in the experiment is titanium.

5.When he carried out the experiment, he made use of some new devices.

6.When that metal had been discovered many years ago, it found wide application in industry quite recently.

7.When the device was checked, it showed bad characteristics.

8.When you deal with gases, it is common practice to consider them under the pressure of 1 atmosphere.

9.This is the most promising theory that has been developed lately.

10.When they follow that new method, they will achieve good results.

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing. Mind the use of the Participles.

1. The substance begins to melt if heated to a sufficient temperature. 2. The method involved depended on a number of factors described earlier. 3. Now, we know that the fumes that come out of the exhaust pipes of the cars are aggravating problems. 4. The experiments carried out in our laboratory resulted in many new investigations in the field of nanotechnologies. 5. If a given amount of energy is put into a machine, the very amount will be developed, neither more nor less. 6. When heated solids can be changed to gases. 7. A greater problem facing the nuclear industry is the storage of nuclear wastes. 8. The energy produced by the splitting of the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear or atomic energy. 9. Mostly atoms contain uncharged particles called neutrons. 10. It is a path of a body moving with constant velocity.

Ex. 16. Translate the following word combinations into English.

1. Профессор, читающий лекцию; завод, увеличивающий производство; студент, оканчивающий университет; учёный, работающий над этим методом; тело, двигающееся со скоростью света (velocity of light);

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2.Исследование, производимое во всем мире; радиоактивные изотопы, содержащиеся в использованном топливе; потребляет растворенный кислород в воде; машина, сконструированная молодым учёным; проблема, успешно решённая;

3.Каждый изотоп, имея разные характеристики; отделяя уран и плутоний от остальных радиоактивных изотопов; увеличивая скорость; устанавливая новое оборудование;

4.Приняв во внимание четыре вида продукта; открыв новый элемент; увеличив скорость; обсудив важную проблему; проверив работу устройства;

5.При плавлении; будучи нагретым; при проведении опыта; находясь в движении; при замораживании до; когда спросили; во время открытия закона всемирного тяготения (the law of gravity).

Ex. 17. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The problem having been solved, the engineers began a new experiment. 2. Simple substances consist of atoms, each substance having its own special atom. 3. A body is under hydrostatic stress, the pressure upon it on all sides being the same. 4. Some hydroelectric stations having been built on big rivers, many towns were electrified. 5. The working day being over, the staff left the laboratory. 6. The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about 10–12cm (ten to the minus twelfth power). 7. The car being used less, people become environmentally friendly. 8. Human populations remaining small and human technology modest, the impact on the environment was localized. 9. Population having increased and technology having improved and extended, more significant and widespread problems arose. 10. Ordinary salt being examined with a magnifying glass, they saw that the crystals were of cubic form. 11. A gas can be dissolved in a liquid, the liquid changing its boiling point. 12. The elements having been arranged in the Periodic Table, it became easier to predict new elements.

Ex. 18. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Construction.

1.This law having been discovered, there are a lot of possibilities.

2.Many men proceeded Sir Isaac Newton in the field of mechanics, perhaps the most outstanding being Galileo. 3. Red phosphorus being a more stable form, its reactions are much less violent. 4. The fuel exhausted, the engine stopped. 5. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated. 6. A magnet being broken in two, each piece becomes a mag-

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net with its own pair of poles. 7. An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged. 8. All gases being poor conductors of electricity, we can use them as insulators. 9. The substance having been tested, the scientist found it to be a good conductor. 10. Other conditions being equal, iron heats up faster than aluminum. 11. According to the molecularkinetic theory the molecules collide with one another and change direction, the speed of the molecular motion greatly depending on temperature. 12. These particles being too small to be seen even with the help of the most powerful microscopes, we cannot observe their motion. 13. One of the fundamental characteristics of matter is inertia, the Latin word “inertia” meaning laziness. 14. In general there are several ways by means of which an electric current can be generated by magnetic action, all of them being used on the same principle, namely on the cutting of the magnetic lines by a conductor.

Ex. 19. Restore the original sentences.

1.The experiment / interest / when / discussed / carried out / great / was / with

2.Having been made / switched off / the hologram / the laser / we

3.Nanotechnology / the professor / interesting / mentioned / delivering / on / facts / a lecture

4.Properties / having / this / substances / of / considered / valuable / is / group

5.Found / the splitter device / is / many / revealing / advantages

6.The engine trouble / they / the instructions / tried / a mechanic / of / to repair / following

7.The results / great / investigations / received / were / of / importance / of

8.Reported / the engineers / improving / the quality / are / a hologram /

of

Ex. 20. Translate the following sentences into English in writing.

1. Метод превращения (to convert) солнечной энергии в электричество, разработанный (to work out) этим учёным, очень эффективен. 2. Обсуждаемая сейчас проблема интересна. 3. Будучи в шаге от решения проблемы (to be close to), он опубликовал полученные результаты. 4. Решая задачу, мы пользовались следующими определениями. 5. Расчёты, последовавшие за экспериментом, дали точные результаты. 6. Лекция, за которой последовала демонстрация экспериментов, имела огромный успех. 7. Поскольку эти количества взаимосвязаны (to interrelate), они изучаются вместе. 8. Определив первую и

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