Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. Robots are used for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans.

Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

Vocabulary:

аllegedly – предположительно, по утверждению еnvision – воображать, представлять себе аrtificial Intelligence – искусственный интеллект small-parts assembly – сборка мелких деталей

Electromagnet

An electromagnet is a device in which a magnetic field is produced by an electric current.

British electrical engineer William Sturgeon, a former soldier who began to dabble in the sciences at the age 37, invented the electromagnet in 1825. Sturgeon’s device came a mere five years after a Danish scientist discovered that electricity emitted magnetic waves. Sturgeon harnessed this idea and conclusively demonstrated that the stronger the electric current, the stronger the magnetic force.

Invention of the First Electromagnet

The first electromagnet he built was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with a loosely wound coil of several turns. When a current was passed through the coil the electromagnet became magnetized, and when the current was stopped, the coil was de-magnetized. Sturgeon displayed its power by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent.

Sturgeon could regulate his electromagnet that is, the magnetic field could be adjusted by adjusting the electrical current. This was the beginning of using electrical energy for making useful and controllable machines and laid the foundations for large-scale electronic communications.

Improvements on Sturgeon's Invention

Five years later an American inventor named Joseph Henry (1797 to 1878) made a far more powerful version of the electromagnet. Henry demonstrated the potential of Sturgeon's device for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet which caused a bell to strike. Thus the electric telegraph was born.

Sturgeon's Later Life

After his breakthrough, William Sturgeon taught, lectured, wrote and continued experimenting. By 1832, he had built an electric motor and invented the commutator, an integral part of most modern electric motors that allows the current to be reversed to

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