In 1962, inventor Robert Hall created a revolutionary type of laser that is still used in many of the electronic appliances and communications systems that we use every day.

Patel's Carbon Dioxide Laser

The carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel in 1964.

Walker's Laser Telemetry

Hildreth Walker invented laser telemetry and targeting systems.

Laser Eye Surgery

New York City ophthalmologist Steven Trokel made the connection to the cornea and performed the first laser surgery on a patient's eyes in 1987. The next ten years were spent perfecting the equipment and the techniques used in laser eye surgery. In 1996, the first Excimer laser for ophthalmic refractive use was approved in the United States.

Trokel patented the Excimer laser for vision correction. The Excimer laser was originally used for etching silicone computer chips in the 1970s. Working in the IBM research laboratories in 1982, Rangaswamy Srinivasin, James Wynne and Samuel Blum saw the potential of the Excimer laser in interacting with biological tissue. Srinivasin and the IBM team realized that you could remove tissue with a laser without causing any heat damage to the neighboring material.

But it took the observations of Dr. Fyodorov in a case of eye trauma in the 1970's to bring about the practical application of refractive surgery through radial keratotomy.

Vocabulary:

acronym – сокращение, аббревиатура emit – излучать

aplification – усиление

stimulated emission – стимулированное излучение infrared – инфракрасный

visible spectrum light – свет видимого спектра helium-neon gas lasers – гелий-неоновые газовые лазеры liquid dye laser – лазер на жидких красителях controversy – разногласия, противоречия

The 8 Best Study Apps to Get in 2020

If you are a college student, then studying is a big part of your life - but although studying is essential, it doesn’t have to be boring, especially with the great new apps available digitally for your phone or laptop. Study apps can be a lifesaver for the busy college student. Whether you are attending a traditional university, obtaining your degree online or if you are just taking a course to advance your career, these study apps can help you stay on top of your game. Some apps are free and some you have to buy, although most are very inexpensive. Keep reading to find a few of the very

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best study apps on the market today that'll help you secure a spot on the honor roll or Dean's List.

Best Free: My Study Life

My Study Life is a free app available on Google Play for Android and on the App Store iTunes and also iPhone, Windows 8 phone. With the My Study Life app, you can store information about your homework, exams and classes on the cloud and manage them anywhere from any device. You can even access your data offline, which is great if you happen to lose your Wi-Fi connection. Plus, you can set tasks and reminders and sync the information across multiple platforms. Some features you are sure to like include the ability to see when your homework is due or overdue for all of your classes, as well as if you have any scheduling conflicts between classes and exams. You will get notifications for unfinished tasks, upcoming exams and class schedules. The best thing about My Study Life is that it is free. And that means a lot for college students on a budget.

Best Organizational Study App: iStudiez Pro Legend

Studiez Pro Legend is a study app available through the Mac App Store, iTunes and is compatible with iPhone, iPad and Android devices. This award-winning college student app has many features that will help them get organized, including overview screen, assignments organization, a planner, a sync for multiple platforms, grade tracking, notifications and integration with Google Calendar. Free Cloud sync is available between all your devices, including Mac, iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Android devices and Windows PC. This app allows you to calculate your grades and your GPA. The IStudiez Life app is free on iTunes and GooglePlay, and free for Windows 10. There is a legacy version for Windows 7 and 8 for $9.99.

Best Brainstorming Study App: XMind

Sometimes the best way to work through an assignment is through brainstorming and mapping out new ideas and ways of interpreting information. The XMind study app is a mind-mapping software that can help with researching and with idea management. When you need your ideas to flow, this app is what you need. There is a free edition and other versions that are not free. XMind 2020 is $59.99/year (or $34.99 for students), while the Pro version runs $129 annually. With the app, you can make use of organizational charges, logic charges, a matrix chart and multiple templates for weekly planning, projects and more. If you also have the Evernote app, you can export any mind maps you create directly into your Evernote app.

Best Notetaking Study App: Dragon Anywhere

Dragon Anywhere is a dictation app that helps you dictate your study notes by speaking into your device. The subscription for Dragon Anywhere starts at $15 a month. After your subscription begins, you can log in with the free application and dictate to your device from anywhere. This app is much more accurate than Siri dictation. The Dragon Anywhere app turns itself off if you are silent for 20 seconds. As long as you don’t pause, the app will keep dictating as long as you keep talking. There is a userdefined dictionary so you can add your frequently spoken words. Another great feature is the voice commands, including “scratch that,” which can remove your last dictated test or “go to end of field,” which moves your cursor to the end of the text. You can share the text you dictate to your other applications.

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Best Flashcard Study App: Flashcards+

If you are a student who enjoys learning with flashcards, you can download the free Chegg Prep flashcard study app. You can make flashcards for any subject you need

— from Spanish to the SAT prep. You can customize your cards and once you’ve mastered a card, you have the ability to remove it from your deck. You can also add images and if you don’t want to go through the trouble of creating your own flashcards, there are thousands you can download that have already been created by other students. You can get The Chegg Prep flashcard app on Google Play or download from the Apple App Store.

Best Overall Study App: Evernote

Evernote is one of the best-known organization apps on the market and for good reason! The multi-functional app will help with many of your college study requirements. Evernote is using for getting all your notes and schedules streamlined. Special functions include the ability to enhance notetaking with checklists, links, attachments and even audio recordings. The basic Evernote app is free, the premium subscription is $7.99/user/month and a business account costs $14.99/user/month.

What comes with the basic subscription? You’ll get 60 MB of uploads per month, sync across two devices, search for text inside images, clip Web pages, share notes, add a passcode lock, receive community support and have the ability to access your notebooks offline from your desktop. The paid accounts afford the ability to forward emails into Evernote, annotate PDF files, present notes with one click and scan and digitize business cards. There is also special student pricing available (50 percent off the regular price) on the premium subscription.

Best Scanner Study App: Scanner Pro

ScannerPro is actually an enhanced added feature of Evernote but it is pretty awesome for students and is worth a special mention of its own. It only costs a one-time fee of $3.99 and allows you to turn your iPhone or iPad into a portable scanner. Imagine how convenient this will be when doing research. You can scan book pages in the library without having to check out multiple books. Once you have scanned the study material you need, you can then upload it to the Cloud. If you have the Evernote app, you can upload your scans directly into Evernote. ScannerPro recognizes text within photos so all your pictures are also searchable. This is an easy and convenient way to go paperless.

Best Exam Tracking Study App: Exam Countdown Lite

Exam Countdown Lite is a free app that will help you never forget your exam schedule again. It has a countdown feature that tells you how many minutes, days, weeks or months you have left until exam time. It has cool customizable features where you can change colors and icons and make it look snazzy. There are over 400 icons to choose from and you have the ability to add notes to exams and tests. There are basic notifications available and you can share your exam on Facebook or Twitter. Exam Countdown Lite is available on iOS and for Android devices.

Vocabulary:

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