Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕНОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет промышленных технологий и дизайна»

А. В. Коханова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ХИМИЯ И ЭКОЛОГИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ

Утверждено Редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия

Санкт-Петербург

2019

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ВЕДЕНИЕ……………………………………………………………………….. 4 UNIT 1…………………………………………………………………………….5 TEST …………………………………………………………...………………..11 ADDITIONAL READING …………………………………………………..…12 UNIT 2……………………………………………………..…….………………..14 TEST ……………………………………………………..……………………..23 ADDITIONAL READING…………………………………………..………….24 UNIT 3……………………………………………………………..……………26 TEST …………………………………………………………………..………..31 ADDITIONAL READING…………………………………………………..….33 UNIT 4……………………………………………………………………..……34 TEST ……………………………………………………………………..……..41 ADDITIONAL READING……………………………………………………..42 UNIT 5………………………………………………………………..…………45 TEST ………………………………………………………………..…………..53 ADDITIONAL READING……………………………………………………...55 UNIT 6………………………………………………………………..…………57 TEST …………………………………………………………………….……...64 ADDITIONAL READING……………………………………………………...65 UNIT 7……………………………………………….……………………….....67 TEST ………………………………………………….……………………..….74 ADDITIONAL READING……………………..………………….……….…....76 UNIT 8……………………………………………………………….………......78 TEST ………………………………………………………………….……...….84 ADDITIONAL READING………………………………………………..….....85 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ………………………………………………………..……....88

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для бакалавров второго года обучения, обучающихся по специальностям «Химическая технология» и «Техносферная безопасность» для занятий по дисциплине «Иностранный язык».

Цель данного учебного пособия состоит в формировании навыков и компетенций, предусмотренных ФГОС третьего поколения, а именно расширение лексического запаса в области профессиональной деятельности, освоение основных грамматических конструкций, необходимых для общения на профессиональные темы и для перевода литературы по специальности, а также умение извлекать и обрабатывать информацию из специализированной литературы.

Пособие состоит из 8 уроков, каждый из которых вводит грамматический и лексический материал, содержит текст по специальности, а также упражнения разного уровня сложности для тренировки и закрепления этого материала. После каждого урока предлагается тест, который позволяет проверить полученные знания.

Данное учебное пособие основано на материалах, заимствованных из оригинальной литературы и интернет-сайтов на английском языке. Все материалы соответствуют ФГОС 3, поэтому издание будет способствовать развитию необходимых профессиональных компетенций и навыков у учащихся в чтении, говорении и письме.

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UNIT 1

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

Define Chemistry as a Science

Chemistry is a branch of natural science that deals with the properties of substances, their changes, and the natural laws that describe these changes.

Chemistry has traditionally been divided into organic (organic compounds - containing carbon and hydrogen) and inorganic chemistry (chemistry that is not related to organic molecules) but the boundaries between the disciplines are not as clear these days.

The study of chemistry can be organized into distinct branches that emphasize subsets of chemical concepts.

Here are the traditional fields of chemistry:

Analytical chemistry: This branch is highly involved in the analysis of substances. Chemists from this field of chemistry may be trying to find out what substances are in a mixture (qualitative analysis) or how much of a particular substance is present (quantitative analysis) in something. A lot of instrumentation is used in analytical chemistry.

Biochemistry: This branch specializes in living organisms and systems. Biochemists study the chemical reactions that occur at the molecular level of an organism — the level where items are so small that people can’t directly see them.

Biochemists study processes such as digestion, metabolism, reproduction, respiration, and so on. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between a biochemist and a molecular biologist because they both study living systems at a microscopic level. However, a biochemist really concentrates more on the reactions that are occurring.

Biotechnology: This is a relatively new area of science that is the application of biochemistry and biology, when creating or modifying genetic material or organisms for specific purposes. It is used in such areas as cloning and the creation of disease-resistant crops, and it has the potential for eliminating genetic diseases in the future.

Inorganic chemistry: This branch is involved in the study of inorganic compounds such as salts. It includes the study of the structure and properties of

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these compounds. It also involves the study of the individual elements of the compounds. Inorganic chemists would probably say that it is the study of everything except carbon, which they leave to the organic chemists.

So what are compounds and elements? Matter is made up of either pure substances or mixtures of pure substances, and substances themselves are made up of either elements or compounds.

Organic chemistry: This is the study of carbon and its compounds. It’s probably the most organized of the areas of chemistry. There are millions of organic compounds, with thousands more discovered or created each year. Industries such as the polymer industry, the petrochemical industry, and the pharmaceutical industry depend on organic chemists.

Physical chemistry: This branch figures out how and why a chemical system behaves as it does. Physical chemists study the physical properties and behavior of matter and try to develop models and theories that describe this behavior.

Ex. 2. Make a short summary of the text using word combinations:

-a branch of science

-a body of knowledge

-pure substances

-chemical reaction

-the general field of chemistry

-different areas of chemistry

Ex. 3. Match the words with their equivalents.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.

1. Compare the physical properties of the two substances. 2. Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound. 3. The boundaries between the materials create reflective surfaces within the crystal. 4. Inventions typically involve minor improvements in technology. 5. The analysis showed a few grains of arsenic [ˈɑːsnɪk] in the solution. 6. The application of new scientific discoveries to industrial production methods usually increases efficiency. 7. What sort of substance could withstand those temperatures? 8. As students of chemistry

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know, even small rearrangements of a molecules structure can produce a compound that acts differently. 9. The temperature often effects a change of the state of matter. 10. Hurter was a pioneer in applying the disciplines of physical chemistry and thermodynamics to industrial processes. 11. In any plausible way of forming Jupiter the hydrogen and helium are initially well mixed at a molecular level. 12. This construction involves approximately 20 new reactors.

ВРЕМЕНА ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE

ВРЕМЕНА СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

Ex. 5. Define the tenses and the voice of the sentences.

1. There are five main branches of chemistry, each of which has many areas of study. 2. Atom masses are measured in a mass spectrometer. 3. RaynerCanham has written about the history of science. 4. Molecules are composed of atoms that have "bonded" together. 4. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is being measured. 5. Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter. 6. Nihonium [naɪˈəʊbɪəm] (symbol Nh, element number 113) was discovered at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in

Japan. 7. CO2 shortage has been reported in Mexico. 8. “Pure” water does not exist in nature. 9. If you place a piece of copper in a zinc sulfate solution, nothing

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will happen. 10. It has been known for at least a thousand years that some substances can be broken down by heating or chemical treatment into "simpler" ones. 11. For a long time, the noble gases were called the inert gases, because people thought that these elements wouldn’t react at all. 12. What prevents the negatively-charged electron from falling in the nucleus? 13. Petroleum geochemists are employed by oil and gas companies. 14. Geochemists can evaluate how contaminants are moving through the system. 15. The lime water has turned cloudy, therefore carbon dioxide has been produced during the experiment. 16. They revealed to me that the experiment had failed. 17. Freshwater environments have been extensively studied for many years. 18. The health of our children is being endangered by exhaust fumes.

Ex. 6. Word-building. Complete the table.

Ex. 7. Use Active or Passive forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Water … (to compose) of hydrogen and oxygen. 2. Nutritional supplements … (to develop) to increase the productivity. 3. Chemical engineers … (to involve) in designing and operating processing plants. 4. The development of chemistry … (to base) on finding out the composition of various compounds. 5. After studying all the data some tests … (to help) in further research. 6. This method … (to consider) much more accurate. 7. In recent times, analytical chemistry … (to simulate) not only chemistry but many fields of science, technology and society. 8. Analytical chemistry … always heavily … ( to influence) by fields like nuclear engineering, materials science, environmental protection, biology and medicine. 9. The development of chemistry … (to progress) significantly by analytical findings over several centuries. 10. The observation of chemical reactions … (to generalize) in certain way called laws of chemical change. 11. Organic chemistry … (to become) a defined science in the nineteenth century. 12. 'Organic' … (to refer) to the compounds that … (to synthesize) from living organisms in the past. 13. Humans … (to use) practical application of chemistry for thousands of years. 14. Food science … (to deal)

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with the three biological components of food — carbohydrates [ˈkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪts], lipids and proteins.

Ex. 8. Translate the text.

Существует множество определений химии. Люди называют ее, вопервых, наукой о химических элементах и их соединениях; во-вторых, наукой о веществах и их превращениях; в-третьих, наукой о процессах качественного превращения веществ. Специфика химии в том, что она является одновременно и наукой, и производством. Химия всегда была нужна человеку в основном для того, чтобы получать вещества с необходимыми заданными свойствами. Это – производственная задача и, чтобы ее реализовать, надо уметь производить качественные превращения вещества. Таким образом, главной проблемой является получение веществ с заранее заданными свойствами и выявление способов управления свойствами вещества. Способы ее решения меняются в зависимости от эпох, развития материального производства и способов познания.

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

1.Plasma is the fourth state of … along with solids, liquids and gases.

2.Chemical … revealed a high content of copper.

3.Hydrogen and … combine to form water.

4.A catalyst is a … which speeds up a chemical reaction.

5.One of the … of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very

well.

6.Plants absorb … in the form of carbon dioxide.

7.Further … of the data is needed.

8.When two or more elements combine and form a … , a chemical change takes place.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences.

1. Причиной появления летучих органических соединений являются разные факторы, как антропогенные, так и природные. 2. Книга разделена на 5 частей. 3. В ее обязанности входит химический анализ и мониторинг производства. 4. Она провела исследования оптических свойств органических соединений. 5. В этих экспериментах было исследовано влияние неорганических добавок на свойства аммиачной селитры. 6. Он имеет дело с отравляющими веществами и работает с ними уже 5 лет. 7. Я решил специализироваться на растительных химических веществах, которые могут быть использованы в качестве инсектицидов. 8. Два основных класса количественного анализа, гравиметрический и объемный

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(volumetric), были разработаны в восемнадцатом и девятнадцатом веках. 9. Работа Джона Тиндаля с рассеянием света (light scattering) породила (spawn) совершенно новую отрасль науки. 10. Данные в этой таблице систематизированы по нескольким категориям.

Ex. 11. Match the words and the definitions.

WORD LIST

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