Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

TEST

1. Translate the text and put four questions of different types to it.

Analytical chemists use their knowledge of chemistry, instrumentation, computers, and statistics to solve problems in almost all areas of chemistry and for all kinds of industries. For example, their measurements are used to assure the safety and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and water; to assure compliance with environmental and other regulations; to support the legal process; to help physicians diagnose diseases; and to provide measurements and documentation essential to trade and commerce. Analytical chemists conduct basic laboratory research; perform process and product development; design instruments used in analytical analysis; teach; and work in marketing and law. Analytical chemistry can be a challenging profession that makes significant contributions to many fields of science.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct tense form.

1. The development of chemistry … on finding out the composition of various

2. Analytical chemistry … a lot of impact on the discovery, study and

3. Recently analytical chemistry … many fields of science, technology and society.

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3. Match a phrase from column A with one from column B to make a sentence.

4. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

1)to deal … the properties … substances

2)to be involved … the analysis … substances

3)to create … specific purposes

4)to be made … … pure substances

5)to depend … chemists

5. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Химические вещества, которые невозможно разделить на более простые, называются элементами.

2.Я решил специализироваться на исследовании генетических изменений организма.

3.Элементы 99 и 100 были названы в честь физиков Альберта Эйнштейна и Энрико Ферми.

4.Любое химическое вещество обладает определенными свойствами.

5.Биохимия - это наука, изучающая химический состав клеток любых живых организмов.

ADDITIONAL READING

What is Matter?

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.

Properties of matter can be divided in two ways: extensive/intensive, or physical/chemical.

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One important physical property is the state of matter. Three are common in everyday life: solid, liquid, and gas. The fourth, plasma, is observed in special conditions such as the ones found in the sun and fluorescent lamps. Substances can exist in any of the states. Water is a compound that can be liquid, solid (ice), or gas (steam).

The states of matter depend on the bonding between molecules.

Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. The molecules in a solid are close together and connected by intermolecular bonds. Solids can be amorphous, meaning that they have no particular structure, or they can be arranged into crystalline structures or networks. In crystalline solids, the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in an ordered and symmetrical pattern that is repeated over the entire crystal. The smallest repeating structure of a solid is called a unit cell. Unit cells combine to form a network called a crystal lattice. There are seven crystal systems based on the arrangement of the atoms. They are cubic, hexagonal [hekˈsægənl], tetragonal, rhombohedral [rɒmbəʊˈhiːdrəl], orthorhombic [ɔːθəˈrɒmbɪk], monoclinic and triclinic.

The liquid state of matter is an intermediate phase between solid and gas. Like the particles of a solid, particles in a liquid are subject to intermolecular attraction; however, liquid particles have more space between them, so they are not fixed in position. The attraction between the particles in a liquid keeps the volume of the liquid constant.

The movement of the particles causes the liquid to be variable in shape which is determined by internal (e.g. intermolecular) and external (e.g. gravity, wind, inertial) forces.

Gas is a state of matter that has no definite shape and no definite volume. Gases have lower density than other states of matter, such as solids and liquids. There is a great deal of empty space between particles, which have a lot of kinetic energy. Gases undergo effusion and diffusion. Temperature, pressure, amount and volume of a gas are interdependent, and many scientists have developed laws to describe the relationships among them.

Plasma is a state of matter that is often thought of as a subset of gases, but the two states behave very differently. Like gases, plasmas have no fixed shape or volume, and are less dense than solids or liquids. But unlike ordinary gases, plasmas are made up of atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been stripped away and positively charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely. Speaking of electrostatic interactions, because particles in a plasma – the electrons and ions –

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can interact via electricity and magnetism, they can do so at far greater distances than an ordinary gas. Another characteristic of plasmas is that they can be held in place by magnetic fields.

Atom

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and could not be divided. We now know that atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons — which are composed of even smaller particles such as quarks.

Virtually all the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus are approximately the same mass. Protons and neutrons are called nucleons.

Protons are positively charged particles found within atomic nuclei.

The number of protons in an atom defines what element it is. For example, carbon atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one and oxygen atoms have eight. The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the atomic number of that element.

Electrons are tiny compared to protons and neutrons, over 1,800 times smaller than either a proton or a neutron. Electrons surround the atomic nucleus in pathways called orbitals. This model is known as the quantum model. Using the electron configuration and principles of physics, chemists can predict an atom's properties, such as stability, boiling point and conductivity.

Neutrons are uncharged particles found within all atomic nuclei (except for hydrogen-1). A neutron's mass is slightly larger than that of a proton.

The number of neutrons in a nucleus determines the isotope of that element. For example, hydrogen has three known isotopes: protium, deuterium and tritium.

UNIT 2

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

Environmental Chemistry

There are many thousands of chemicals affecting the environment in our modern society, and their use is increasing rapidly. Environmental chemistry involves understanding how the uncontaminated environment works, which chemicals in what concentrations are present naturally, and with what effects.

The Environmental Chemistry deals with the chemical and biochemical phenomena of atmosphere. It involves the study of impact of chemical species on the environment and other surrounding substances like air, water, soil, terrestrial etc. The main focus is on the fundamental research process for the nature of chemical processes occurs in the environment. Environmental chemistry starts by

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understanding how the uncontaminated environment works. It identifies the chemicals that are present naturally.

It includes the soil, analytical, atmospheric, and aquatic science fields. Thus the basic of the environmental chemistry is to study the pollutants effect on the environment and reduction process for contamination and proper management of environment.

1. The toxicity of any substance depends mainly on three factors which are the nature, concentration, and distribution of chemical substance. The distribution of any substance in atmosphere is the major criteria for its exposure in the environment.

2. The viability of chemical substances can be understood by knowing the behavior of the substances in the environment. The behavior of substance is studied from transport, effect and fate of chemical.

3.The transport of chemical is a process of distribution of chemicals in the environment while the fate of chemical deals with eventual disposition of chemicals. The main focus area involves the detection of pollutant levels and their behavior.

4.The samples are first collected and then analyzed with various techniques. Different types of quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques, spectroscopic, and chromatography techniques are used to measure the chemical processes and their content.

5. Some of them are gravimetric method, volumetric method, electrochemical methods, mass spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, the combined technique of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy etc.

Ex. 2. Read the short summary of the text and add the missing information.

Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical occurrences in natural places. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as the study of chemical processes caused by human activities. Environmental chemistry involves first understanding how the uncontaminated environment works, which chemicals in what concentrations are present naturally, and with what effects…

Ex. 3. Match the words with their equivalents.

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Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.

1. Sandy river beds, even close to the reactor, were relatively uncontaminated. 2. The computer model assesses the likely impact of new pollution sources. 3. Soil consists of various chemical substances. 4. Unfortunately, fertilizers from surrounding farmland has reduced the aquatic life. 5. There is a danger of serious contamination from radioactive waste. 6. Tests of the chemical have shown that it has a high level of toxicity. 7. The data was analyzed using traditional quantitative and qualitative analytic techniques. 8. The workers are constantly monitored for exposure to radiation. 9. Scientists tested the viability of the new stem cells. 10. Growth of the chemical distribution market continues to outpace overall consumption growth. 11. The loss of visibility that commonly accompanies high pollutant levels is perhaps the aspect of air pollution most obvious to the public. 12. Researchers found 17 per cent of their random sample to be severely depressed. 13. An ounce in liquid measure is different from an ounce in dry measure. 14. Improper choice of indicators can introduce serious errors into volumetric work.

ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)

Причастие — неличная форма глагола, обладающая признаками глагола,

Ванглийском языке имеется два вида причастий:

Participle I или Present Participle (причастие настоящего времени).

Participle II или Past Participle (причастие прошедшего времени).

Формы причастия

Participle I

Причастие группы Simple, как активного, так и пассивного залога, обозначает, что действие им выраженное происходит одновременно (в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем временах) с действием, выраженным смысловым глаголом-сказуемым.

There are many chemicals affecting the environment nowadays. - В наши дни существует множество химических веществ, влияющих на окружающую среду.

Причастие группы Perfect, как активного, так и пассивного залога, обозначает, что действие им выраженное предшествует действию,

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выраженным глаголом-сказуемым. Предшествование может относиться также к действию в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем временах.

Having analyzed the data, we could count the equivalent fuel consumption. -

Проанализировав данные, мы смогли рассчитать точный расход топлива. Причастие настоящего времени в английском языке может выполнять в предложении несколько функций и быть:

oпределением (как и русское причастие), которое стоит перед существительным или после него.

I saw her smiling face in the window. — Я увидел ее улыбающееся лицо в окне.

oбстоятельством (образа действия, причины, времени).

Knowing English perfectly he was able to watch genuin foreign movies. — Зная английский в совершенстве, он мог смотреть оригинальные иностранные фильмы.

Working hard, he hoped to be a leading researcher in his field of study. — Усердно работая, он надеялся стать ведущим исследователем в этой области науки.

Whislting he closed the door of the lab. — Насвистывая, он закрыл дверь лаборатории.

частью сказуемого.

The answer of the student is disappointing. – Ответ студента - разочаровывает.

Participle II

Причастие прошедшего времени Participle II на русский язык переводится в форме страдательного причастия в прошедшем времени. moved — подвинутый

cleaned — почищенный made — сделанный

Причастие прошедшего времени употребляется в функции:

определения

The book taken from the library was devoted to the anthropogenic impact to the environment. - Книга, взятая из библиотеки, была посвящена антропогенному воздействию на окружающую среду.

The answer received from forensic lab greatly surprised us. - Ответ,

полученный из судебно-медицинской лаборатории, очень удивил нас. обстоятельства (причины, образа действия, условия для выражения

времени или причины).

When called he refused to come. - Когда его позвали, он отказался прийти. (обстоятельство времени)

Frightened by the reports of technicians the chemical company decided to stop producing this substance. – Напуганная сообщениями технологов, химическая компания решила прекратить производство этого вещества. (обстоятельство причины)

части сказуемого

I have learnt English. — Я выучил английский.

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Many chemical technicians are employed in manufacturing industries. -

Многие химические техники работают в обрабатывающей промышленности.

Самостоятельный причастный оборот

Существуют два вида причастных оборотов:

первый — когда причастие выражает действие, которое относится к подлежащему всего предложения.

Being a scientist he spent much of his time in the lab. – Будучи (Так как он был) ученым, большую часть времени он проводил в лаборатории.

Having pursued the research he could analyze air quality. - Проведя эти исследования, он смог проанализировать качество атмосферы.

В этих предложениях причастия being и having pursued относятся к подлежащему he (другого подлежащего в этих предложениях нет) и зависят от него, поэтому этот причастный оборот зависимый (от своего подлежащего). В русском языке ему соответствует деепричастный оборот;

второй вид — это когда причастие имеет свое собственное, самостоятельное подлежащее, выраженное существительным или местоимением в именительном падеже, и не зависит от подлежащего всего предложения. Такой причастный оборот, который имеет свое собственное подлежащее, называется независимым причастным оборотом.

The scientist having forgotten the deadline, his new article wasn’t published. –

Так как ученый забыл о сроках, его новая статья не была опубликована. Независимый причастный оборот выполняет в предложении роль

обстоятельства времени, причины или условия и отделяется от главной части предложения запятой.

Независимый причастный оборот переводится:

1.Придаточным обстоятельственным предложением с союзами так как, поскольку, ввиду того что; после того как, если независимый причастный оборот предшествует основной части предложения.

The experiment being over, we went out for a walk. – Так как эксперимент был закончен, мы пошли гулять.

The student knowing English well, the teacher asked him to meet the delegation.

Поскольку студент хорошо знал английский язык, учитель попросил его встретить делегацию.

2.Самостоятельным предложением с союзами а, причём, в то время как, если независимый причастный оборот стоит после основной части предложения.

China is the first in the list of countries by electric energy consumption, the USA placing second. – Китай на первом месте в списке стран-потребителей электроэнергии, в то время как США занимают второе место.

Translate the Participles.

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Affecting – affected, increasing – increased, understanding – understood, surrounding – surrounded, focusing – focused, contaminating – contaminated, including – included, depending – depended, distributing – distributed, polluting

– polluted, knowing – known, disposing – disposed, analyzing – analyzed, monitoring – monitored

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences and compare the forms of the Participle.

1. Volumetric analysis is a procedure based on the accurate measurements of volume. 2. Nineteenth-century geologists, basing their estimate on sedimentary rock strata (осадочные породы), estimated Earth's age to be hundreds of millions of years. 3. Professor Orr has developed interesting ways of tagging chemical molecules using existing laboratory lasers. 4. In the past the used refractory was treated as industrial wastes. 5. The present research is discussed in detail, and the existing problems are analyzed. 6. Organic compounds are commonly measured using mass spectrometric methods. 7. Radiochemicals are pollutants which emit radioactive materials posing danger to human health and the environment. 8. The environmental impacts of recreation, tourism and sport are insignificant in relation to those posed by forest demise. 9. Other parameters often measured in environmental chemistry are radiochemicals. 10. An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale struck California yesterday. 11. Drain off the liquid into a measuring jug. 12. Soil faces many threats, including compaction, contamination and organic material loss. 13. The included CD-ROM allows fast full text index search. 14. Emissions of greenhouse gases alter the composition of the Earth's atmosphere so that it traps additional heat radiated by the earth, thus increasing the likelihood of global warming. 15. It is a massive cloud of dust, radiating 99% of its energy at far infrared wavelengths.

Ex. 6. Choose the proper form of the Participle.

1. Air quality monitoring requires … (specialized/specializing) observation equipment and tools, … (included/including) sensor networks. 2. This article introduced some new approach of single atom manipulation with STM and discussed the … (involved/involving) physical mechanisms. 3. Research …

(involved/involving) the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive purposes. 4. From here, … (contaminated/contaminating) air radiates out to the open countryside. 5. Arsenic is a metalloid element, …

(contaminated/contaminating) the environment through leaching from industrial and agricultural sources. 6. The farm and … (surrounded/surrounding) area was flooded. 7. … (surrounded/surrounding) on three sides by railway, the site is not suitable for housing because of the large concentration of industry around that area. 8. An … (increased/increasing) number of students comes for degree courses each year. 9. Side effects from prescribed drugs are being reported with

… (increased/increasing) frequency. 10. The … (measured/measuring) seasonal

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variations of peroxide [pəˈrɔksaɪd] and ozone in clean air at Cape Grim during the experiment are contrasted in Figure 4. 11. Four sensors on the tractormounted unit scan the crop, … (measured/measuring) chlorophyll content. 12.

Emissions of any of these substances increase the atmosphere's (warming/warmed) potential. 13. The (warming/ warmed) water may become a thermal pollution problem in terms of the receiving body of water. 14. The acid rain was splashing around my feet, rapidly (dissolved/ dissolving) my boots.

Ex. 7. Word-building. Use the word in brackets to form a word that fits in the gap.

The (1)… (to indicate) are the substances which are used to analyze the change that occurs in any system and helps to understand complex (2) … (real).

(3) … (environment) indicators are the effective and (4) … (to rely) detecting system that assesses and analyzes the (5) … (harm) impacts of anthropogenic activities on the environment. Since the environment is very complex, indicators provide a more (6) … (practice) and economical way to track the state of the environment than if we tried to record every (7) … (possibility) variable in the environment.

Ex. 8. Translate the text.

Защита окружающей среды – одна из тех общемировых проблем, решение которой требует комплексного и повсеместного решения. Нам нужно продумать и внедрить комплекс эффективных мер по восстановлению природных ресурсов. Важнейшими задачами является предотвращение загрязнения мирового и атмосферы океана, вырубки лесов и т.д. Экологи обращают внимание на загрязнение воздуха, провоцирующее истончение озонового слоя атмосферы и ведущее к «парниковому эффекту». Их также тревожит сброс вредных веществ в мировой океан, являющийся причиной гибели его обитателей. Еще одна проблема - увеличение объемов отходов производства, не подвергающихся разложению. Сегодня защита окружающей среды является одним из важнейших вопросов, которые решают правительства и общественные организации большинства стран мира.

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

The environmental indicators can be organized into 3 major … of environmental indicators: environmental quality, environmentally responsible behaviour, and consumption of environmental services. These groups of … are closely interrelated. The quality of local living environment has a direct … on human health and well-being, and economies rely not only on healthy and

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