Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

(Africa) pangolins to satiate the Asian market. And poachers are decimating …

(to populate) of rhinos, elephants and more throughout Africa.

… (legal) logging is also on the rise in some regions. Reports from the last few years have shown that illegally sourced timber is still … (export) frequently from Peru, and customs data from Vietnam revealed in May that despite a blanket ban on timber imports from Cambodia trade continues at an … (to alarm) rate.

These two crises are … (close) interlinked—and so are the emerging strategies to combat them.

Ex. 7. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the given model.

After he had failed in January he had to take the examinations again in February. After failing in January he had to take the examinations again in February.

1. When the young man graduated from the University he went abroad. 2. After they had passed their exams they had a party. 3. The child was given an emetic after he had swallowed some poisonous berries. 4. After a little seal was hauled out it was dragged safe on the beach. 5. When they had walked 20 miles, they decided to call a halt. 6. Only two patients had problems with lungs after they had been successfully treated. 7. When the poachers have been arrested they were questioned. 8. Rhino numbers have declined by 90 percent since the 1970s, so it is decided to to monitor rhino movements 24 hours a day.

Ex. 8. Use Gerund or Infinintive.

1. Endangered species need (to keep) secure from poachers. 2. Scientists explored why the people in Tanzania poached certain species and when they are more likely (to do) so. 3. The demand is still a major factor in (to drive) poaching. 4. To help governments (to win) the fight against wildlife traffickers, the Global Snow Leopard & Ecosystem Protection Program will create a comprehensive range-wide database on poaching and illegal trade. 5. We need patrol boats that allow armed rangers (to check) the activities of suspicious boats and sport divers in the protected areas. 6. Tigers are primarily killed (to supply) underground black markets with their organs, pelts, and bones. 7. Wildlife Conservation & Anti-Poaching Groups are worth (to donate). 8. African Wildlife Foundation Operating has worked since 1961 (to conserve) large regions of ecological importance throughout Africa. 9. Animals Asia focuses on (to rescue) bears from illegal captivity. 10. Some laws and regulations were established to protect renewable natural resources. 11. People poach for commercial gain, home consumption, trophies, pleasure and thrill in (to kill) wildlife. 12. Corruption and weak judicial systems allow criminal networks to keep (to plunder) wildlife with little regard to consequences.

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

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game or fish) illegally

f) the act of buying or selling goods illegally

WORD LIST

TEST

1. Translate the text and put four questions of different types to it.

A 500-ton Chinese fishing vessel, the Min Long Yu, crashed into a coral reef. When the boat was inspected, authorities found more than 2,000 butchered pangolins [pæŋˈgəʊlɪn] rolled up and packed into 400 boxes. It is one of the largest hauls of the species, which is subject to an international trade ban.

Pangolins are long, lizard-like land mammals covered with scales, which make them look like pine cones when they roll themselves up for protection.

The meat of this strange animal is considered a delicacy in southern China, while the scales are thought to have medicinal properties to treat asthma and cancer and to induce lactation in new mothers.

Filipino authorities are holding the ship's crew on charges of poaching and attempted bribery, and they face further charges of damaging the coral reef, which is in a UNESCO-protected marine sanctuary, Tubbataha Reef.

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The incident seems likely to add another element of contention between China and the Philippines, already in dispute over sovereignty of fishing waters.

"It is bad enough that these Chinese have illegally entered our seas, navigated without boat papers and crashed recklessly into a national marine park and World Heritage Site," the chief executive of World Wildlife FundPhilippines, said in a statement. "However, it is simply deplorable that they appear to be posing as fishermen to trade in illegal wildlife.’ " http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/16/world/la-fg-wn-chinese-poaching- pangolin-20130416

2.Complete the sentences with Infinitives or Gerunds.

1.… oxygen through molten pig iron (расплавленный чугун) lowers the carbon content of the alloy and changes it into steel.

3. Match a phrase from column A with one from column B to make a sentence.

4.Fill in the blanks with particle “to” and prepositions where necessary.

1.The question is what makes a chemical reaction … go.

2.Unless we get more funding we'll be prevented … finishing our experimental programme.

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3.It is unclear whether we will ever succeed … making a fusion reactor working.

4.The chemical was used … kill a mold that grows on peanuts.

5.I can't help … thinking he knows more than he has told us.

5.Translate the sentences into English.

1.Профессор настаивал, чтобы мы приняли участие в обсуждении этой темы.

2.Лаборанта заставили повторить этот эксперимент.

3.Мы знаем, что торговля дикими животными запрещена.

4.Мы наблюдали, как панда ест бамбук.

5.Он видел, что браконьеры переходят границу.

ADDITIONAL READING

Abalone Poaching: Lifting The Lid On Why, How And Who

Wildlife poaching has long been a subject of interest in academia. Research by biologists, zoologists and environmental scientists mostly focused on the impact of these crimes on wildlife populations and their habitat. More recently, criminologists interested in different types of environmental crimes, have started studying poaching.

This is because of the realisation that poaching affects more than wildlife: it has implications for developing nations’ economies and often involves transnational criminal enterprises.

Theories developed to understand street criminals’ behaviour are now being applied to green criminology. The hope is that this will help identify the causes of wildlife crimes, provide offender profiles and facilitate practical solutions. One of the focus areas is abalone poaching. It’s an in-demand and expensive delicacy, and wild and farmed abalone fisheries are common in the Western Cape.

It is legal to harvest wild abalone (with permits and adherence to number limits) but poaching in the wild fisheries has steadily increased since the mid1990s. This is partly because of the social, political and economic changes in South Africa after apartheid. A weak economy, high unemployment, and ineffective policing have contributed to the rise in abalone poaching. So too has the presence of Asian criminal enterprises in the region and increasing market demand for abalone from Asia.

In 2013 I conducted an exploratory analysis of abalone poaching in a South African national park to see whether the “routine activities theory” might be useful in tackling the problem. This theory, which falls under the concept of situational crime prevention, contends that crime happens when three elements

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converge: a motivated offender, a suitable target and a lack of security or motivational guardianship.

Motivated offenders are the opportunistic criminals often present in socially disorganised communities. Suitable targets are accessible, valuable and desirable. Guardianship includes law enforcement and physical barriers. According to the theory, crime rates vary based on changes to these elements.

Applying the theory in a national park

The concept of situational crime prevention is useful in wildlife crime research. It draws on other theoretical approaches like opportunity theory. Opportunity theory is concerned with the availability of opportunities to commit crime. It also contends that offenders make rational choices or decisions selecting targets with little risk and high reward.

Among the national parks I visited was Table Mountain in the Western

Cape. It’s a well established and frequently visited park in the densely populated

Cape Town area. It has a full staff of rangers including an investigative unit, modern infrastructure to facilitate tourism and controlled access from land.

There’s a marine protected area offshore that is home to abalone.

The rangers didn’t deter motivated offenders from targeting the park. Some poachers were subsistence hunters and sport divers who only took a few. Others were small-scale commercial poachers who legally entered the park by car and operated from the coastline, taking dozens of the molluscs at a time. The area was also targeted by large commercial operations that entered the marine protected areas in boats and dispatched scuba divers to poach hundreds of abalone.

Those are the offenders. Then there’s the “suitable target”: abalone itself.

In 2013 poachers sold abalone for between USD$10 to sometimes USD$40 per kilogram. The value increased as it moved to traffickers and later to overseas wholesalers, where it reached a few hundred dollars per kilogram. Some final retail prices have even exceeded USD$3000 per kilogram in Hong Kong’s markets

Security makes the difference

The key preliminary finding from the research was how variations in proper guardianship or security affected poaching. A park’s fencing had little influence on offender behaviour since land based poachers could legally enter by pretending to be tourists.

The major factor was the size and capability of ranger units. They need to continuously watch visitors and boats near the abalone habitat. Poachers quickly exploited the lack of security in these areas. I found no evidence of collusion between rangers and poachers.

So what are the possible solutions? These may include more remote surveillance from fixed cameras in parking lots and along the coastline, and by drones over the water. Funding for these improvements could come from charging increased fees for park admission or fishing licenses. Adding more rangers to monitor park visitors for suspicious activity along with further

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enhancing the park’s dedicated anti-poaching officers would be effective and is necessary.

Table Mountain had a motivated and capable investigative unit that was specially training in anti-poaching, including offshore operations, and able to deal with armed offenders should the need arise.

Anti-poaching efforts also need a sufficient number of well maintained patrol boats that allow armed rangers to physically check the activities of suspicious boats and sport divers in the protected areas. https://theconversation.com/abalone-poaching-lifting-the-lid-on-why-how- and-who-88486

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ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с требованиями государственного стандарта и предназначено для бакалавров очной и очнозаочной формы обучения. Представленный в пособии лексический и грамматический материал позволяет обучающимся овладеть необходимыми компетенциями в своей области знания. Предложенная в пособии информация по специальности способствует расширению профессиональных знаний, таким образом подготавливая обучающихся к практической работе, связанной с использованием английского языка в профессиональной сфере.

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