Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

WORD LIST

TEST

1. Translate the text and put four questions of different types to it.

The integer number above the element symbol is its atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in every atom of that element. The number of electrons can change, forming ions, or the number of neutrons can change, forming isotopes, but the proton number defines the element. The modern periodic table orders the element by increasing atomic number.

The number below the element symbol is called the atomic mass or the atomic weight. It's the sum of the mass of protons and neutrons in an atom (electrons contribute negligible mass), but you may notice it isn't the value you'd get if you assumed the atom had an equal number of protons and neutrons.

The atomic weight values may be different from one periodic table to another because it's a calculated number, based on the weighted average of the natural isotopes of an element. If a new supply of an element is discovered, the isotope ratio may be different from what scientists previously believed.

2.Complete the sentences with Participle.

1.The target compound was synthesized … substituted aniline as starting material by condensation, hydrolysis and oxidation.

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3. Match a phrase from column A with one from column B to make a sentence.

5.Translate the sentences into English.

1.Нужно быть осторожным, используя такие токсичные материалы как свинец, серная кислота и сульфид ртути.

2.Железо потеряло свое значение, так как в конце 19века его сменила

сталь.

3.Изготавливая латунь, они использовали цинк.

4.Это очень активный металл, который энергично взаимодействует с кислородом, содержащимся в воздухе.

5.Записав схему реакции, она задумалась, какие коэффициенты нужно расставить.

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ADDITIONAL READING

Element Groups and Element Periods

The periodic table gets its name because it arranges the elements according to recurring or periodic properties. The groups and periods of the table organize elements according to these trends.

Even if you didn't know anything about an element, if you knew about one of the other elements in its group or period, you could make predictions about its behavior.

Groups

Most periodic tables are colour-coded so that you can see at a glance which elements share common properties with each other. Sometimes these clusters of elements (e.g., alkali [ˈælkəlaɪ] metals, transition metals, non-metals) are called element groups, yet you'll also hear chemists refer to the columns (moving top to bottom) of the periodic table called element groups. Elements in the same column (group) have the same electron shell structure and the same number of valence electrons. Since these are the electrons that participate in chemical reactions, elements in a group tend to react similarly.

The Roman numerals listed across the top of the periodic table indicate the usual number of valence electrons for an atom of an element listed below it.

For example, an atom of a group VA element will typically have 5 valence electrons.

Periods

The rows of the periodic table are called periods. Atoms of elements in the same period have the same highest unexcited (ground state) electron energy level. As you move down the periodic table, the number of elements in each group increases because there are more electron energy sublevels per level.

Periodic Table Trends

In addition to the common properties of elements in groups and periods, the chart organizes elements according to trends in ionic or atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity.

Atomic radius is half the distance between two atoms that are just touching. Ionic radius is half the distance between two atomic ions that are barely touching. Atomic radius and ionic radius increase as you move down an element group and decrease as you move across a period from left to right.

Electronegativity is how easily an atom attracts electrons to form a chemical bond. The higher its value, the greater the attraction for bonding electrons. Electronegativity decreases as you move down a periodic table group and increases as you move across a period.

The energy needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or atomic ion is its ionization energy. Ionization energy decreases moving down a group or column and increases moving from left to right across a period or row.

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Electron affinity is how easily an atom can accept an electron. Except that the noble gases have practically zero electron affinity, this property generally decreases moving down a group and increases moving across a period.

The Purpose of the Periodic Table

The reason chemists and other scientists use the periodic table rather than some other chart of element information is because the arrangement of elements according to periodic properties helps predict properties of unfamiliar or undiscovered elements. You can use the location of an element on the periodic table to predict the types of chemical reactions it will participate in and whether or not it will form chemical bonds with other elements.

UNIT 4

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land

Arable land refers to land where crops can be cultivated. This usually refers to the totality of land that is not only already cultivated, but also land that has the potential to be cultivated, such as land where the soil and climate are suitable for agriculture. Arable land refers primarily to land which can be used for production with little or no modification. This is because modifications designed to recapture arable land are often expensive and energy-intensive.

According to the Global Land Assessment of Degradation, nearly two billion hectares worldwide has been degraded since the 1950s. These two billion hectares represent 22 per cent of the world’s cropland, pastures, forests and woodlands. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land. Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land, as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation.

Degradation is not the only reason for declining levels of arable land. There are a variety of climatic, environmental and human factors all of which have an effect on available arable land resources.

According to the 2010 World Soil Resources Report 13 – 16 per cent of global arable land area are called constraining due to erosion hazard, aluminium toxicity, soil shallowness and hydromorphy. These soil constraints make a significant portion of land unsuited for the production of crops without serious modification or enhancement.

Irrigation, deforestation, desertification, terracing, land fill, urban encroachment and issues surrounding topology and land mass further constrain availability of arable land.

Increased investment and diversion of land for bio-fuels production has further contributed to declining availability of arable land.

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The increasing scarcity of arable land is also complicated by unequal land distribution. Inequalities in land distribution often mean that food produced is less likely to be more even distributed, and is often exported for profit rather than sold locally.

Together these factors contribute to a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land available in the future.

At present some 12 per cent (over 1.5 billion hectares) of the world’s land surface is used in crop production. This area represents over a third (36 per cent) of the land estimated to be suitable for crop production to some degree. There remains some 2.7 billion hectares of land with potential for crop production.

This land, however, while plentiful, is unevenly distributed between regions and countries. An estimated 1.8 billion hectares of the potential crop land is located in developing countries, where rapid projected population growth means that demand pressures in the future will be significant, which leads to food insecurity and political instability. http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/the-future-prospects-for-global- arable-land/

Ex. 2. True, false or not stated.

1.Population growth and changing consumption habits will create a considerable degree of additional demand which will in turn place pressure on arable land resources.

2.Arable land scarcity is the result of a range of human and climatic factors including degradation, climate change, soil constraints, urban encroachment and unequal land distribution.

3.There currently remains some 2.7 billion hectares of land with potential for crop production in the world, concentrated in South and Central American and Sub-Saharan Africa.

4.The solutions to addressing the availability of arable land are threefold: the production of more arable land, increase in the productive capacity of existing arable land and the conservation of arable land in order to prevent degradation.

5.Despite more than an adequate supply of arable land to meet future demand, land availability will continue to be a major factor in meeting future food security because of the need to find a balance between competing interests and uses and finite resources.

Ex. 3. Match the words with their equivalents.

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Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.

1. Arable land on some islands in the Palau archipelago has been contaminated by sea water, forcing their inhabitants to import food. 2. Modern farming is highly energy-intensive: a lot of B.T.U.'s (Board of Trade Unit is a traditional unit of heat - один киловатт-час) go into producing fertilizer, running tractors and, not least, transporting farm products to consumers. 3. Today, the increased price is a mechanism for constraining the demands of an overheated global economy. 4. One night wolves got into the pasture and mangled the landowner's flock of sheep. 5. Agricultural advisors often inadvertently encourage pests by advising farmers to cultivate more intensively. 6. Growing levels of pollution represent a serious health hazard to the local population. 7. The shallowness of the water limited the tsunami's destructive power, but flooding was extensive. 8. Constraints of finance, manpower and time all conspire to limit what may be achieved. 9. This enhancement of the greenhouse effect leads to increasing Earth-surface temperatures and global climate change. 10. The workers were charged with forest encroachment and illegal logging.

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

Условные предложения – одна из разновидностей сложноподчиненных предложений, соответственно они состоят из главного предложения (a main clause) и придаточного (if-clause), в которых выражаются следствие и условие. В условных предложениях придаточное чаще всего соединяется с главным с помощью союзов if (если) и when (когда), но кроме них используются и другие союзы, например: unless

(если… не), provided that, providing that, on condition that (при условии,

что…)

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Cмeшaнный тип — Mixed conditionals

В cмeшaнных пpeдлoжeниях ycлoвиe мoжeт oтнocитьcя к бyдyщeмy или к нacтoящeмy вpeмeни, a cлeдcтвиe выпoлнeния ycлoвия – к пpoшeдшeмy вpeмeни.

Пpидaтoчнoe пpeдлoжeниe Глaвнoe пpeдлoжeниe

Past Simple (he worked) (II тип) Would + have + Past participle (III тип)

If they had this book, they would have given it to you yesterday. Ecли бы y них былa тaкaя книгa, oни бы oтдaли ee тeбe вчepa.

Вoзмoжнa и oбpaтнaя cитyaция.

If he hadn’t failed his experiment then, I wouldn’t be angry now. Ecли бы он не провалил свой эксперимент, я бы ceйчac тaк нe злилcя.

*Времена группы Continuous и модальные глаголы can/could, may/might, must, should тоже встречаются в условных предложениях.

If you are experimenting with mercury, you must be very careful. Если вы экспериментируете с ртутью, вы должны быть очень осторожны.

**Все типы условных предложений, за исключением нулевого условного, можно инвертировать. Инверсия (нарушение обычного порядка слов в предложении) используется для того, чтобы придать сказанному эмоциональный окрас. В таком случае союзы if, provided и пр. могут быть опущены; при этом в присоединяемом без союза придаточном предложении условия вспомогательный или модальный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим.

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Should any repair be required it will be made immediately. (If any repair is required, it will be made immediately. - Если потребуется ремонт, он будет произведён немедленно.

Had I not worked closely with him I would have seen little of this. – Не работай я с ним в тесном контакте, я бы не увидел этого.

Ex. 5. Define the type of the Conditional sentences and translate them.

1.The contents could not be pumped up hill if the pipe were only half-full.

2.Life on Earth will become unsustainable unless population growth is held in check. 3. Baits (приманка, блесна) will only be effective if there is no other accessible food around. 4. The professor, no doubt, would have seen this point and dealt with it somehow if he had published a full account. 5. Enterobacteria

[entə(ˌ)robækˈtɪəriə] does not represent a health hazard provided that good laboratory practices are applied. 6. Even if it had been told that Railways ballasted thousands of miles of track with asbestos [æzˈbestɔs] waste it would not have cared. 7. Hadn’t the first flood lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second, the situation wouldn’t have been so bad. 8. If soapfish is stressed, it may release a toxic substance from the skin that could kill itself and all tankmates. 9. If the bomb had exploded in the main pasture, it would have been devastating. 10. Smaller animals can live where there is less food, provided that it is of high energy content. 11. Had we applied this method of work we should have had the desired results. 12. Computers can yield accurate results providing that they are fed with reliable information to start with. 13. If a pretty, snowy mountain slope is bereft of trees, it's an avalanche zone. 14. If we remove an electron from an anti-bonding orbital, the ion will be more tightly bound than the molecule was. 15. If people wanted to enhance land productivity, they should reduce soil erosion, improve soil tilth (пашня), help reduce pesticide use. 16. Should neutrinos have a small mass, they could provide energy density to close the Universe.

Ex. 6. Word-building. Complete the table.

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Ex. 7. Open the brackets to make zero, first, second and third conditionals.

1. Water vapor could be condensed into a liquid if we (to take) away heat or if we decreased its volume. 2. If phase differences were measured in time, these curves (to represent) different values of time for each frequency. 3. If a vapor (to be superheated), it would behave approximately as a gas. 4. Had water been added to a mixture, more alcohol and acid (to be formed). 5. If this (to be) correct, the experiment would demonstrate the evaporation of the coolant. 6. If the power of the heaters increased, then the evaporation of the coolant (to be) higher. 7. If the liquid phase (to undergo) a slight change in composition at constant temperature, there would be changes in the partial vapor pressures p1 and p2. 8. If we (to pass) an electric current through water using platinum or gold electrodes we find two gases to be given off at the electrodes and the water to be used up. 9. Should the Universe be finite, its expansion (to be eventually stopped) and replaced by a contraction. 10. If the velocity of light were to vary with the relative velocity of the star, certain irregularities in the motion of the stars (to be observed). 11. These plans of recapture of arable land are unlikely to find favour unless the cost (to be reduced). 12. These days, with my fear of snowslides, if I'd fallen in such a place I (to die) of fright before an avalanche could take me.

Ex. 8. Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English.

1. If you (пытались бы) to bend a glass rod when it is not heated, it (сломался бы). 2. If this glass (было бы) transparent, it (могло бы использоваться) in windows. 3. If you try (согнуть) this glass rod, it (сломается) as it is brittle. 4. If they (изучали) solids last year, it (было бы) not so difficult to understand these new phenomena. 5. This substance (можно было) used as an insulator. 6. This question (был бы решен) provided you (помогли) them. 7. If the electron transfer (имело бы место, произошел бы), the atom which has lost the electron (стал бы) a cation. 8. If a liquid (охлаждается), its molecules (теряют энергию). 9. If the cooling process (проводился бы) slowly enough, the particles which constitute the solid (могли бы располагаться) into definite positions with respect to each other.

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

Soil erosion is a natural …, occurring over geological time, and indeed it is a process that is essential for soil …. With respect to soil degradation, most concerns about erosion are … accelerated erosion, where the natural rate has been significantly … by human activity. Physical factors like … , topography and soil characteristics are … in the process of soil erosion. The most dominant effect is the loss of topsoil, which is often not conspicuous but nevertheless potentially very … .

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Ex. 10. Change the sentences to make them conditionals.

We cannot reach an agreement on the problem and no results are obtained. –

Should you reach the agreement, the results would be obtained.

1. They do not make any attempts to reconcile the two conflicting views and the situation does not change. 2. They do not put forward any working hypothesis and we cannot develop any sound approach. 3. They do not suggest any alternative interpretation of the phenomenon and we cannot obtain new information. 4. They do not present any convincing arguments in favour of their approach, and we cannot understand their view on the problem. 5. They do not take any measures to improve the situation and we don‘t know what to do. 6. We do not plan any new experiments and no studies are being undertaken.

Ex. 11. Translate the sentences.

1. Если бы леса не вырубали так интенсивно, проблема эрозии почвы не стояла бы так остро. 2. Используй вы другой метод, результата бы уже удалось достичь. 3. Даже пустыня может стать плодородной при условии, что там удастся построить ирригационные каналы. 4. Если бы население в Азиатских регионах не росло так быстро, проблема обеспечения людей пищей уже была бы решена. 5. Если бы значительное количество земли не было непригодным для земледелия, урожая бы хватало, чтобы накормить все население земного шара. 6. Если мы не будем использовать наши ресурсы бережнее, мы скоро столкнемся с их нехваткой. 7. Если бы восстановление плодородия почвы не было столь дорогим, обрабатываемых земель было бы значительно больше. 8. Будь сельское хозяйство более прибыльным и менее трудоемким, количество людей, которые готовы им заниматься, могло бы увеличиться. 9. Не используй люди такое количество пестицидов и прочих химических веществ, продукты не вызывали бы аллергии. 10. Если бы люди не задумались о правильной обработке почвы, органическое земледение не возникло бы и не стало столь популярным. 11. Если бы система земледелия была экологически обоснованной, плодородие почв не ухудшалось бы так стремительно.

WORD LIST

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