Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

6.I insist that you take immediate action to put this right. I insist on your …

7."It was nice of you to help me. Thanks very much." He thanked me for …

8.It was interesting to read your article in the newspaper last week. - I was interested in …

Ex. 7. Choose the proper form of the gerund.

1. You can’t avoid material (разрушения) in the conditions of excessive humidity. 2. Earthworms and other essential soil organisms are extremely susceptive to cadmium (отравлению). 3. It's worth (отметить) that the issues raised here do not apply to carbon dating, which does not utilize isotopic ratios. 4. The professor entered the lab without (незамеченным). 5. After (выполнения) the same job for ten years, I felt I needed a change. 6. Chris succeeded in (решении) the problem. 7. My memory is getting worse. I keep (забывать) things. 8. She suggested (обсудить) the article about radioisotope dating techniques. 9. Some people love new challenges, while others resist (изменению) old patterns. 10. The student complained of (его неправильно поняли).

Ex. 8. Translate the text, define the functions of the gerund.

Automation in the Research Process

During the past several decades it has become clear that our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the creative process.

With that word of caution, let's proceed by arbitrarily dividing research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conducting the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem — drawing conclusions and making recommendations.

Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one's own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

The term " … " was introduced by the British chemist Frederick Soddy in 1913, as recommended by Margaret Todd. The word means "having the same place" from the Greek words isos "equal" (iso-) + topos "place".

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Isotopes … the same place on the periodic table even though isotopes of an element have different atomic weights.

Stable isotopes do not … or decay over time, unlike an isotope such as

C14 used in radiocarbon dating. The isotopes of an element chemically behave very … to each other, although they will fractionate during certain processes. The end result is a shift in the isotopic … . It can tell you about where the material is from, what processes it has gone through, and to what extent it has changed.

The isotopic ratio is … using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. To calculate the ratio of an unknown sample you must compare it to a known reference.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences.

1. Думаю, вы будете гордиться, если вас номинируют на эту премию. 2. Датировка археологических образцов обычно проводится с помощью С-14. 3. Мы с нетерпением ожидали поездки на эту конференцию. 4. Почему он избегает выступлений на семинарах? 5. Она ненавидит составлять уравнения. 6. Они настаивали на использовании технеция-99 m для диагностики. 7. Чиновники опасаются, что изотопы, использующиеся в медицинских целях (medical isotopes), могут использовать террористы. 8. Обжиг (roasting) карбонатных и сульфидных минералов на воздухе превращает их в оксиды. 9. Если бы ваш эксперимент оказался успешным, его результаты стоило бы опубликовать в вестнике университета. 10. Он начал измерять уровень заражения морской воды неподалеку от свалок и мест захоронения отходов.

Ex. 11. Match the words and the definitions.

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WORD LIST

TEST

1. Translate the text and put four questions of different types to it.

Radioactive isotopes (also called radioisotopes) have unstable nuclei. These isotopes disintegrate to form atoms with stable nuclei by the release of subatomic particles and gamma rays (akin to X-rays). The radioactive elements are referred to as parents atoms; the atoms they disintegrate to form are called daughter products.

Some isotopes release an alpha particle during nuclear disintegration; an alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons (equivalent to the nucleus of an atom of helium). Others release a beta particle, which is an electron, or negatively charged nuclear particle. Beta particles originate in the nucleus, presumably by breakdown of a neutron into its proton-electron components. Gamma rays are released during both types of radioactive decay.

When an isotope emits an alpha particle, the resultant daughter product has an atomic number two units less than its parent's atomic number, and an atomic weight four units less than its parent's atomic weight. When an isotope emits a beta particle, it decays to a daughter with an atomic number one unit greater and

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an essentially unchanged atomic weight. The Table of Radionuclides documents the naturally-occurring radioisotopes.

Some isotopes decay and immediately produce a stable daughter product. For example, one-step decays to stable daughters are completed by the radiogenic isotopes 14C (decaying to 14N by the beta process), and 87Rb (decaying to 87Sr by the beta process). Others decay and produce unstable daughters, which then become the parent products of their own daughters. Unstable isotopes producing unstable daughters form a radioactive decay chain. For example, the 235U decay chain eventually produces 207Pb, a stable daughter.

2. Complete the sentences with Gerunds.

1. They found four papers that were clearly worth ….

a) being published b) publishing c) of publishing

2. Sometimes as few as 20 out of 500 or more candidates succeed … all the

3. Match a phrase from column A with one from column B to make a sentence.

e)on discussing this issue.

4.Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.

be famous … get used … miss … insist …

don’t mind … be good/ bad …

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risk … persist …

5. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Стоит упомянуть о различных подходах к решению проблемы высокоактивных отходов, связанных с ядерной энергией.

2.Студент настаивал на том, что на предыдущем экзамене ему поставили

«5».

3.Он предложил добавить в пигмент сульфид кадмия.

4.Она винила себя за то, что была такой неуклюжей и разбила пробирку.

5.Я не мог не обратить внимание на графики измерения радиации, висящие на стене.

ADDITIONAL READING

Paper Spotlights Key Flaw In Widely Used Radioisotope Dating Technique

An oversight in a radioisotope dating technique used to date everything from meteorites to geologic samples means that scientists have likely overestimated the age of many samples, according to new research from North Carolina State University.

To conduct radioisotope dating, scientists evaluate the concentration of isotopes in a material. The number of protons in an atom determines which element it is, while the number of neutrons determines which isotope it is. For example, strontium-86 has 38 protons and 48 neutrons, whereas strontium-87 has 38 protons and 49 neutrons. Radioactive elements, such as rubidium-87 (but not strontium-86 or strontium-87), decay over time. By evaluating the concentrations of all of these isotopes in a rock sample, scientists can determine what its original make-up of strontium and rubidium were. Then, by assessing the isotope concentrations of rubidium and strontium, scientists can back-calculate to determine when the rock was formed.

The three isotopes mentioned can be used for dating rock formations and meteorites; the method typically works best on igneous rocks.

But it's not quite that straight-forward. The data from radioisotope analysis tends to be somewhat scattered. So, researchers "normalize" the data by making a ratio with strontium-86, which is stable -- meaning it doesn't decay over time.

Dividing the isotope concentrations of all the forms of strontium and rubidium by the isotope concentration of strontium-86 generates something called the "isochron." The isochron is then plugged into a model, which uses it to turn the overall radioisotope data into a clear, linear function. This function is able to tell researchers how old a sample is. Or it's supposed to.

But there's a wrinkle in the process that has been overlooked.

The ratios of strontium-86 to rubidium and strontium-87 are thought to only be influenced by the radioactive decay of the rubidium-87 into strontium-87. The current model of radioisotope dating is based on that idea.

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But that model doesn't account for differential mass diffusion -- the tendency of different atoms to diffuse though a material at different rates. And atoms of strontium-86 can diffuse more readily than atoms of strontium-87 or rubidium, simply because atoms of strontium-86 are smaller.

"It's a slow process, but not necessarily a negligible one when you're talking about geological time scales," says Robert Hayes, an associate professor of nuclear engineering at NC State and author of a paper describing the work.

"The rate of diffusion will vary, based on the sample -- what type of rock it is, the number of cracks and amount of surface area, and so on," Hayes says. "So, there's not a simple equation that can be applied to every circumstance. Researchers will need to evaluate samples individually, then apply the relevant physics accordingly.

"It's a pain in the neck, but it will make our estimates significantly more accurate," Hayes says. "If we don't account for differential mass diffusion, we really have no idea how accurate a radioisotope date actually is. It's worth noting that the issues raised here do not apply to carbon dating, which does not utilize isotopic ratios." https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170131104433.htm

Scientists Discover The Secret Behind The Stability Of Carbon Isotopes

The magic numbers of nuclei are partly determined by the spin-orbit coupling force, which is related to the spins of the protons or neutrons in a nucleus. The spin-orbit coupling force was introduced by Nobel Laureates Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen in 1949 to explain the splittings of quantum states of protons or neutrons. Its actual nuclear force origin is still not fully understood.

Researchers have identified that the magic number of six is particularly important because it should allow the origin of spin-orbit coupling to be thoroughly investigated. However, the existence of an atomic species with a magic number of six had not been confirmed.

Now, an international research team led by Osaka University has changed this situation by identifying a species of carbon - an essential element for life - that possesses a proton magic number of six. They conducted experiments that allowed them to measure the radii of protons in the nuclei of different carbon isotopes (isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei). Interestingly, the different carbon isotopes displayed very similar proton radii. They published their findings in Nature Communications.

"Combining our radii measurement results with nuclear charge radii, electric quadrupole transition rates, and atomic mass data allowed us to identify a carbon isotope with a predominant magic number of six" study first author Dinh Trong Tran says.

To help understand the experimental results, the researchers conducted computational calculations. Calculated proton radii agreed well with experimental

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values. The spin-orbit splitting of the carbon isotopes was also investigated by analysis of experimental and theoretical data for the energy to add or remove a proton from the nucleus of each isotope.

"Our analysis clearly demonstrated that large spin-orbit splittings exist universally for atomic nuclei," corresponding author Hooi Jin Ong explains. "In addition, the magic number of six is as prominent as that of other identified magic numbers."

The identification of the magic number of six provides an avenue to investigate the origin of spin-orbit splittings in atomic nuclei. The team's findings increase fundamental knowledge of the spin-orbit force, the origin of the magic number of nuclei, and nucleus stability, representing a contribution to eventual comprehensive understanding of nuclear physics. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180502094655.htm

UNIT 6

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

Massive Extinctions From Human Activity

Despite knowing about biodiversity’s importance for a long time, human activity has been causing massive extinctions. According to the report of Environment New Service a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth is about 10-30% of the mammal, bird and amphibian species threatened with extinction, due to human actions.

The threats to biodiversity can be summarized in the following main points:

Alteration and loss of the habitats: the transformation of the natural areas determines not only the loss of the vegetable species, but also a decrease in the animal species associated with them

Introduction of exotic species and genetically modified organisms: species originating from particular area, introduced into new natural environments can lead to different forms of imbalance in the ecological equilibrium

Pollution: human activity influences the natural environment producing negative, direct or indirect, effects that alter the flow of energy, the chemical and physical constitution of the environment and abundance of the species

Climate change: for example, heating of the Earth’s surface affects biodiversity because it endangers all the species that adapted to the cold due th the latitude (the Polar species) or the altitude (mountain species)

Overexploitation of resources: when the activities connected with capturing and harvesting (hunting, fishing, farming) a renewable natural resource in a particular area is excessively intense, the resource itself may

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become exhausted, for example, is the case of sardines, herrings, cod, tuna and many other species that man captures without leaving enough time for the organisms to reproduce

The loss of biodiversity is increasingly threatening the Earth’s ability to provide humans with things like food, water, fertile soils, and protection from pests and desease, according to a 20-etar review. http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-

extinctions

Ex. 2. Prepare presentations and/or organize discussions on the major factors that contribute to the loss of biodiversity:

-Destruction of Habitat

-Hunting

-Exploitation of Selected Species

-Habitat Fragmentation

-Collection for Zoo and Research

-Introduction of Exotic Species

-Pollution

-Control of Pests and Predators

-Natural Calamities

-Distribution range

Ex. 3. Match the words with their equivalents.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.

1. They will only triumph by persevering in their struggle against natural calamities. 2. The trends of monoculture forests lead to biodiversity loss and ecosystem service decrease. 3. Fossil fuels have caused irreversible damage to the environment. 4. These hills result from hydrothermal alteration of the granites which are characteristic of the area. 5. Freezing is a widespread response to a predator alarm among many of the better camouflaged species. 6. It can also be used to pinpoint any archaeological finds by giving accurate latitude and longitude positions. 7. An imbalance in certain chemicals leads to disturbances in

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the brain's function. 8. Traditional slash and burn farming methods have exhausted the soil. 9. Mercury thus contains a much greater abundance of denser materials, the strong implication being that it is rich in metallic iron. 10. Farmers had traditionally farmed several plots which were within easy walking distance but had different characteristics of altitude and soil type. 11. Rather than running the risks of using harmful pesticides in your garden, try using natural or organic methods of pest control. 12. Their tadpoles can exploit bodies of water not excessively populated with competitors, and some are adapted to very restricted niches.

ИНФИНИТИВ (INFINITIVE)

В английском языке инфинитив (Infinitive) — это неличная форма глагола, которая обозначает действие, но при этом не указывает на лицо и число, это неопределенная форма глагола, которая отвечает на вопросы «что делать? что сделать?»: жить — to live.

Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to. Формы инфинитива

Sorry not to have noticed you. – Прости, что не заметил тебя.

He seemed to have been writing this article all day. – Он, казалось, писал эту статью весь день.

Функции инфинитива в предложении

● Подлежащее:

To master this speciality is not an easy thing

● Прямое дополнение:

- Дополнение (после переходных глаголов):

She asked me to determine the age of this geologic sample.

- Дополнение к прилагательному:

I was ready to give up the experiment, but Nick wanted us to carry on.

● Часть составного сказуемого:

- часть составного именного сказуемого:

The basic of the environmental chemistry is to study the pollutants effect on the environment.

- часть составного глагольного сказуемого (чаще всего употребляется после модальных глаголов и глаголов to agree, to advice, to allow, to begin, to continue, to decide, to desire, to expect, to fear, to forget, to hope, to hate, to

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intend, to learn, to like, to love, to manage, to mean, to need, to offer, to prefer, to pretend, to promise, to propose, to refuse, to regret, to remember, to try, to trouble, to want, to wish…):

You ought to decide it now. Negative ions can be formed when an atom has an extra electron bolted on. She intends to look for the solution of this problem.

I offered to copy and send the files to him.

● Обстоятельство цели:

Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.

Перед инфинитивом, выражающим цель, могут стоять союзы in order to — чтобы, so as to — для того чтобы.

The officials think of the conservation of arable land in order to prevent degradation.

After the wheat crop has been gathered, many farmers burn the remains and plough the ash into the soil, so as to enrich the soil.

●Обстоятельство следствия в обороте «too, enough +

прилагательное или наречие + инфинитив»:

It was too late to add the catalyst.

●Определение:

- существительное + инфинитив

There is a lot of work to be done. I have no desire to order these books.

- порядковое числительное + инфинитив

Geologists were among the first to use this technique when attempting to date rocks.

- неопределенное местоимение + инфинитив

I have nobody to ask. I would like something to eat.

● Вводные слова (конструкции с инфинитивом):

to begin with, to be frank, to put it mildly, to tell the truth, strange to say …

Употребление инфинитива без частицы to

Чаще всего инфинитив в английском языке употребляется с частицей to, но есть случаи, когда частица to перед инфинитивом не используется.

Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to в следующих случаях:

●После модальных глаголов can, could, must, may, might, will, shall, should, would и need (в значении модального). Исключения составляют модальные глаголы have to, ought to, be to.

The tritium must be produced artificially.

●В сложном дополнении после глаголов make (в значении

«заставлять, вынуждать») и let (в значении «разрешать, позволять»). Если данные глаголы в пассивном залоге, то инфинитив употребляется с частицей to.

I can’t make you take this medicine.

She was made to rewrite the test.

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