Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

●После глагола help (помогать) инфинитив может употребляться и с частицей to, и без нее. Допустимы оба варианта, при этом вариант без to менее формален.

●После выражений had better (= ‘d better - лучше бы), would rather

(= ‘d rather - предпочитаю, лучше бы).

I had better stay at home today.

●После Why, с которого начинается вопрос без подлежащего, а есть только сказуемое, выраженное инфинитивом.

Why not go there?

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences and compare the forms of the Infinitive and define its functions.

1. Today, scientists are experimenting on how to recycle these rods so as to reduce waste and use the remaining actinides as fuel. 2. The methanol reacts with water in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen ions and electrons. 3. Hydride atomic fluorescence [flʊəˈresns]spectrometric method is used to analyse cadmium in hair. 4. The soil proved too infertile to sustain real pasture or arable crops. 5. We decided to begin the experiment in the evening. 6. At higher temperatures, magnesium reacts vigorously with oxygen to produce a blinding white light. 7. CS (Counter-Strike) sprays being used by more than 100,000 police officers contain a "hazardous" solvent that is too toxic to be safe. 8. Researchers also hope to create a tank design that could be adaptable to any type of solid-state hydrogen storage. 9. The system controls are adequate to prevent use of unreleased material. 10. To be frank, you didn’t make a very good impression. 11. I’m glad to know you were successful. 12. The oxygen concentration in the bottom layer may then become low enough for hypoxia [haɪˈpɒksɪə] to occur.

Ex. 6. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the given models.

A.He was the first who passed all his exams. - He was the first to pass all his exams.

1.Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff were the first who developed flame emissive spectrometry as instrumental analysis. 2. She was the last who learned the news. 3. Alpha radiation was the first that was studied in detail at that time. 4. Joseph Proust was the first who stated the Law of Definite Proportions. 5. This student was the last who left the laboratory. 6. Dalton was the first who deduced scientifically the atomic theory from experimental data. 7. He was the third who translated the article so well. 8. He was the second chemist who received the award. 9. She was the only student in our group who had read “Organic Spectroscopy”.

B.The concentration of ammonium is very low. It can’t affect plasma pH. – The concentration of ammonium is too low to affect plasma pH.

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1. The cost on fertilizerwas very high. It couldn’t be used here. 2. The cord is very fragile. It couldn’t bear the weight. 3. We have too mach material. I don’t think we’ll analize it on time. 4. Radioactive isotopsof nitrogen and oxygen are very short. We cannot carry out studies of the processes longer than a few minutes. 5. The nuclei are very heavy, so they become unstable. 6. Measurement results are not very stable, so you can’t rely on them. 7. There are too many factories in my part of Britain, we can’t avoid pollution.

Ex. 7. Complete the following sentences by adding the infinitive.

1. The problem is too complicated . . . 2. Do you know him well enough. . .? 3.

Who of us is brave enough . . .? 4. These isotopes are stable enough … 5. The experiment is too important … 6. When the volatile chemicals exploded, he decided … 7. Large amounts of hydrogen are required … 8. I haven’t seen the laboratory assistant … 9. . Chemical engineers work to … 10. He didn’t know what safety procedures …

Ex. 8. Translate the text.

Словосочетание «биологическое разнообразие» первым применил Г. Бэйтс в 1892г. в работе «Натуралист на Амазонке», описывая случай, когда он во время часовой экскурсии в южноамериканских джунглях встретил около 700 видов бабочек. Термин «биоразнообразие» стал широко применяться в 60–70 гг. ХХ в.

Все типы биологического разнообразия взаимосвязаны между собой: генетическое разнообразие обеспечивает разнообразие видов. Разнообразие экосистем и ландшафтов создает условия для образования новых видов.

Вымирание видов - естественный процесс эволюции, который происходит без вмешательства человека.

В настоящее время под воздействием антропогенных факторов происходит сокращение биологического разнообразия за счет элиминации (вымирания, уничтожения) видов. В последнее столетие под влиянием человеческой деятельности скорость вымирания видов во много раз превысила естественную (по некоторым оценкам в 40000 раз).

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

Biodiversity refers to the variety and … of life on Earth. It includes the number of plants, animals, and microorganisms from the Earth’s vastly different … such as coral reefs, grasslands, tundra, polar ice caps, deserts and rainforests.

According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), variation in biodiversity is typically measured at three levels namely the … , the species, and the ecosystem level. Biodiversity is not evenly distributed on the

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planet and is richest in the … . The tropical forest ecosystems contain about 90 percent of the world’s … but cover less than 10 percent of Earth’s surface.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences.

1. Он сказал, что хочет получить метан в лаборатории, так что ему нужен ацетат натрия (sodium acetate [ˈsəʊdjəm ˈæsɪtɪt]) и гидроксид натрия

(sodium hydroxide [ˈsəʊdjəm haɪˈdrɔksaɪd]). 2. Люди решили создать Международный Союз по охране природы и её ресурсов в 1948 г. 3. Угроза стабильности целых экосистем - самая значительная экологическая проблема, которую надо решить. 4. Они полагали, что еще не поздно спасти гепардов, которые являются видом, близким к угрозе вымирания (Near Threatened). 5. Только в Кении удалось осуществить действенные меры по сохранению зебры Греви (The Grévy's zebra). 6. По правде сказать, местное население ведет браконьерскую добычу гиппопотамов с целью получения мяса и кости животного. 7. Очень часто люди признают, что какой-то вид находится под угрозой исчезновения, когда спасать уже некого. 8. Здесь достаточно света, чтобы увидеть коралловый риф. 9. Цель состоит в том, чтобы увеличить лесное хозяйство (forestry) на 60% к концу десятилетия. 10. Мы попросили его сосредоточиться на создании новых измерительных инструментов.

Ex. 11. Match two parts of the sentences.

WORD LIST

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species storage tuna

TEST

1. Translate the text and put four questions of different types to it.

Threats to Coral Reefs

Despite the importance of coral reefs, these wildlife habitats are imperiled

(поставить под угрозу) throughout the world. A recent report estimated that 75 percent of remaining coral reefs are currently threatened, and many have already been lost. Even some of the most remote and pristine reefs are losing species.

Although there are many problems facing reefs today, rising seawater temperature as a result of climate change is one of the most serious causes of stress to corals throughout the world. When temperatures are too high, the relationship between corals and their symbiotic microalgae breaks down. Warmer ocean temperatures cause even more problems when it comes to disease – high temperatures allow corals to become sick more easily, and allow disease-causing organisms to grow faster.

Seawater absorbs some of the excess CO2 from the atmosphere, causing the oceans to become more acidic. As a result, the oceans’ acidity has increased by

25 percent over the past 200 years. These acidic conditions dissolve coral skeletons, which make up the structure of the reef, and make it more difficult for corals to grow.

Coral reefs are also being degraded by many other factors. The list of problems can seem endless: overfishing, fishing using cyanide and dynamite, pollution from sewage and agriculture, massive outbreaks of predatory starfish, invasive species, and sedimentation from poor land use practices. https://defenders.org/coral-reef/threats

2. Complete the sentences with Infinitives.

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3. Match a phrase from column A with one from column B to make a sentence.

5.The predictive value of this new method of analysis has still

4.Fill in the blanks with particle “to” where necessary.

1.The purpose of these experiments was … observe properties of the element involved.

2.Aquatic animals must … obtain oxygen … survive, and they do so in various ways.

3.Due to the ban their company was made … temporarily cease operations.

4.Isotope studies may … successfully be combined with analytical data for trace elements.

5.I would be the last … say that science has explained everything.

5.Translate the sentences into English.

1.Вам понадобятся специальные химикаты, чтобы нейтрализовать кислоту.

2.Основной задачей этой группы является координация научноисследовательской работы.

3.Органическое соединение начало вступать в реакцию с сульфидом.

4.Меня заставили участвовать в этих мероприятиях.

5.Почему бы не рассказать мне об этом?

ADDITIONAL READING

Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch

By Russell McLendon

Not all trash ends up at the dump. A river, sewer or beach can't catch everything the rain washes away, either. In fact, Earth's largest landfill isn't on land at all.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch stretches across a swath of the North Pacific Ocean, forming a nebulous, floating junk yard on the high seas. It's the

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poster child for a worldwide problem: plastic that begins in human hands yet ends up in the ocean, often inside animals' stomachs or around their necks. This marine debris (мусор) has sloshed into the public spotlight lately, thanks to growing media coverage as well as expeditions by scientists and explorers hoping to see plastic pollution in action.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has sometimes been described as a "trash island," but that's a misconception, according to Holly Bamford, former director of the U.S.

Instead, it's like a galaxy of garbage, populated by millions of smaller trash islands that may be hidden underwater or spread out over many miles.

A 2018 study, using data from vessel and aircraft surveys, found that 79,000 tons of plastic are floating in an area spanning 1.6 million square kilometers (about 618,000 square miles). Previously, researchers believed the area was four to 16 times smaller.

While there's still much we don't understand about the garbage patch, we do know that most of it's made of plastic. And that's where the problems begin.

Unlike most other trash, plastic isn't usually biodegradable — that is, most of the microbes that break down other substances don't recognize plastic as food, leaving it to float there forever. Sunlight does eventually "photodegrade" the bonds in plastic polymers, reducing it to smaller and smaller pieces, but that just makes matters worse. The plastic still never goes away; it just becomes microscopic and may be eaten by tiny marine organisms, entering the food chain.

Although the Pacific patch was the first known phenomenon of its kind, more have since been found in other oceans, including the Atlantic. And that shouldn't be surprising: According to a 2015 study, about 8 million metric tons of plastic now enter the ocean during a typical year, mostly coming from people who live within 50 kilometers (30 miles) of a coastline, but also from even farther inland.

Durable plastic debris threatens ocean health in several ways, including:

•Entanglement: The growing number of abandoned plastic fishing nets is one of the greatest dangers from marine debris, Bamford says. The nets are notorious for entangling dolphins, seals, sea turtles and other animals in a phenomenon known as "ghost fishing," often drowning them.

•Small surface debris: Plastic resin pellets are another common piece of marine debris; the tiny, industrial-use granules are shipped in bulk around the world, melted down at manufacturing sites and remolded into commercial plastics. Being so small and plentiful, they can easily get lost along the way, washing through the watershed with other plastics and into the sea. They tend to float there and eventually photodegrade, but that takes many years. In the meantime, they wreak havoc with sea birds like the short-tailed albatross.

•Photodegradation: As sunlight breaks down floating debris, the surface water thickens with suspended plastic bits. This is bad for a couple of reasons. First, Bamford says, is plastic's "inherent toxicity": It often contains colorants and chemicals like bisphenol-A (бисфенол А -сырье для эпоксидных смол), which

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studies have linked to various environmental and health problems, and these toxins may leach out into the seawater. Plastic has also been shown to absorb preexisting organic pollutants like PCBs from the surrounding seawater, which can enter the food chain — along with BPA and other inherent toxins — if the plastic bits are accidentally ingested by marine life. https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/what-is- the-great-pacific-ocean-garbage-patch

UNIT 7.

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

POLYMERS

Polymers are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers. Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units in long chains, sometimes with branching or cross-linking between the chains.

The number of repeat units in a chain is called the degree of polymerization [pəlɪməraɪˈzeɪʃn] (DP) or chain length.

At either end of the polymer chain are end groups. (Because the chain is often thousands of units long, the end groups are usually omitted.) In many polymers, only one monomer is used. For (poly)propylene [prəpəˈliːn] the repeating carbons (C-C-C-C-C-C-C) form the polymer backbone and represent the atoms that connect the chain together.

Some linear [ˈlɪnɪə] chains have extensions (beyond the substitution) coming off the polymer backbone. These extensions are called branches and influence properties of a polymer. For example, as chain length is increased, melting and boiling temperatures increase quickly. Branches may be long or short, frequent or infrequent. Branching discourages the chains from fitting close together so that the structure will be amorphous with relatively large amounts of empty space. Regular structures with little or no branching allow the polymer chains to fit close together, forming a crystalline structure. Crystalline structures are generally stronger, more brittle, of higher density, more resistant to chemical penetration and degradation, less soluble, and have higher melting points. Synthetic polymers may consist of both crystalline and amorphous regions.

Materials scientists add plasticizers which take up space between individual polymer chains. They let the individual chains slide across each other more easily.

As many polymers age, they may lose plasticizers to the environment. Or, aging polymers may react with other chemicals in the environment. Such changes help explain why some plastics start out flexible but later become stiff or brittle.

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обороты переводятся на русский язык при помощи инфинитива или придаточного предложения.

2. Объектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object)

Объектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из "вводящего" глагола, местоимения в объектном падеже или существительного в общем падеже и инфинитива. В предложении эта конструкция выполняет функцию сложного дополнения.

Мы используем его, когда один человек хочет, ожидает и т.д., чтобы другой человек что-то сделал.

Сложное дополнение в английском языке используется с такими группами глаголов:

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* При использовании глаголов восприятия (to see - смотреть, to hear -

слышать, to notice - подмечать, to watch - наблюдать, to observe -

исследовать) частица to опускается.

I saw her go out. – Я видел, что она вышла из дома.

● Также глагол может использоваться в форме герундия - I saw her going out, что придает предложению иной смысл. При использовании инфинитива мы говорим о том, что человек наблюдал одномоментное действие (вышла из дома), при использовании герундия речь идет о процессе, выражанном при помощи глагола с суффиксом -ing.

I saw her going out. – Я видел, как она выходила из дома.

Если надо указать, что действие произведено не подлежащим, а другим субъектом, который был нанят или приглашен сделать это, используется конструкция:

to have smth. done

Nick is going to have his car repaired. - Ник собирается починить машину. (То есть ему починят ее в автосервисе.)

We want to have our furniture cleaned because it has become shabby. - Мы хотим, чтобы нам почистили мебель, потому что она совсем потерлась.

Mary wanted to have her dress made of wool. - Мэри хочет, чтобы ее платье было сделано из шерсти.

3. Оборот «Именительный падеж с инфинитивом», или «Сложное подлежащее» (Complex Subject)

Этот оборот дает возможность заменить сложноподчиненное предложение простым предложением.

Оборот «Именительный падеж с инфинитивом» употребляется:

1.Когда сказуемое выражено следующими глаголами в страдательном залоге: to say — говорить, to state — заявлять, сообщать, to report — сообщать, to know — знать, to expect — ожидать, to believe — полагать,

считать, to consider — считать, to see — видеть, to think — думать, to hear —

слышать

Our students are reported to place first. - Сообщают, что наши студенты заняли первое место.

The species are considered to co-exist. – Считается, что эти особи сосуществуют.

2.Когда сказуемое выражено глаголами to seem, to appear —

казаться, to prove — оказываться, to happen, to chance — случаться. Эти глаголы употребляются только в действительном залоге.

I happened to fall ill. - Случилось так, что я заболел.

She appears to be ill. - Она, по-видимому (кажется), больна.

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