Английский язык химия и экология в современном мире. Учебное пособие

productive workers but also on … resources such as water, timber, fisheries, plants and crops. A system of indicators should be developed to inform about the

… of environmental media (e.g., soil, water, air), as well as on environmentally responsible behavior. Environmentally responsible behavior provides higher quality of … media and environmental services and amenities.

Ex. 10. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the given models.

A.The ozone layer that surrounds the earth protects our skin from being hurt by the ultraviolet rays. - The ozone layer surrounding the earth protects our skin from being hurt by the ultraviolet rays.

B.A chemist’s research work will focus on quantity of elements which are used in the manufacture of a product. - A chemist’s research work will focus on quantity of elements used in the manufacture of a product.

1. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary [ɪntədɪsɪˈplɪnərɪ] study that involves both analytical chemistry and an understanding of environmental science. 2. Chemistry is the science that deals with the properties of substances. 3. The main greenhouse gases that are released by human activities are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorocarbons

[ˈklɒrəflɔːrəkɑːbənz] (CFCs), and halons. 4. Water samples that had been taken from streams were analysed for contamination by chemicals. 5. Water that is destined for human consumption must be free of harmful contaminants. 6. Amines [ˈæmɪn] are a series of organic compounds that are related to ammonia. 7. The ecological problems that are deriving from the application of artificial fertilizers are often equally complex and extensive. 8. The metals - copper, silver and zinc - accumulate with other pollutants in the bay bottom, which harms aquatic life.

Ex. 11. Translate the sentences.

1. Организация элементов периодической таблицы позволяет прогнозировать их химическую активность (reactivity). 2. Диффузное загрязнение водоемов и его воздействие на здоровье человека и экосистемы недостаточно освещается в прессе (under-reported). 3. В XVIII веке химия считалась образцовым примером науки, основанной на эмпирических данных. 4. Цель исследования заключалась в оценке воздействия некоторых широко распространенных загрязняющих веществ. 5. Несколько вспышек инфекции произошли из-за зараженных пищевых продуктов. 6. Совокупное воздействие (cumulative effects) диффузного загрязнения воды может разрушительным образом сказаться на благополучии человека и экосистемы. 7. Существующую систему одобрения агрохимикатов и пестицидов нужно пересмотреть с точки зрения экологии. 8. При накоплении загрязняющих веществ почва или осадочные отложения могут стать источником диффузного загрязнения, высвобождающего загрязняющие вещества.

21

WORD LIST

22

TEST

1. Translate the text and put four questions of different types to it.

The ultimate cause of pollution is human activity itself. Pollution is a human contribution to nature. Human activities mainly include: industries for various human needs both directly and indirectly, agriculture for food production and industrial needs, health care for health of human beings and animals, transport for mobility of human beings, dwelling for settlement in city or villages, energy for various direct human and industrial needs.

The main sources of water pollution are flushing waste down the domestic sewage, industrial effluents containing organic pollutants, and wastes of chemicals, heavy metals and mining activities.

Domestic and industrial wastes cause pollution of the soil and land degradation. Pesticides, fertilizers, organic manure, chemicals, radioactive wastes, discarded food, clothes, leather goods, plastics, paper, bottles, tins-cans and carcassesall contribute towards causing soil pollution. They accumulate in the soil as they degrade very slowly by soil and water bacteria.

There are 12 compounds in the list of persistent organic pollutants. Dioxins and furans are two of them and intentionally created by combustion of organics, like open burning of plastics.

2.Complete the sentences with Participle.

1.Plants should be planted with … water in the tank to prevent their dryng

out.

3. Match a phrase from column A with one from column B to make a sentence.

23

e)can trigger a variety of health problems.

4.Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.

affecting … the environment toxicity … any substance

impacts … anthropogenic activities

problems deriving … the application … artificial fertilizers to be analysed … contamination

5.Translate the sentences into English.

1.Абсолютное давление - это давление жидкости или газа, измеренное относительно вакуума.

2.Инфекция, вероятно, была вызвана купанием в воде, загрязненной сточными водами.

3.Скорлупа, окружающая яйцо, выполняет множество важных

функций.

4.Они заботливо ухаживают за детенышами, защищая от хищников.

5.Гипотеза представляет собой предположение о том, что, по вашему мнению, произойдет, на основе ваших наблюдений.

ADDITIONAL READING

E-Waste Recycling

E-waste recycling has become a hotly debated global issue.

Electronic and electrical products, such as refrigerators, washing machines, mobile phones, personal computers, printers, and television sets, are ubiquitous in the modern society. Along with economic growth, ownership of electronics has been rapidly increasing around the world. At the same time, continuing technological innovation has resulted in early obsolescence of many electronic/electrical products; e.g., the average lifespan (2 yr) of a new computer in 2005 was less than half of that (4.5 yr) in 2000, and has been continually declining. A combination of increasing ownership and shortened lifespan has led to rapid growth in the amounts of unwanted and obsolete electronics (commonly known as e-waste). It was estimated that the rate of e-waste generation globally was approximately 40 million tons yr.

Management of e-waste has been recognized as a great challenge to the human society. Concerns focus not only on the volume of e-waste generated, but also on the list of e-waste-associated toxicants. Numerous studies have revealed that abundant toxicants, including, but not limited to, heavy metals,

24

polychlororinated biphenyls [pɒlɪˈklɒrɪneɪtɪd ˈbaɪfənl] (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers [pɒlɪˈbrɒmɪneɪtɪd dɪfɪˈnaɪl ˈiːθə] (PBDEs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans [daɪˌbɛnzəʊˈfjʊəræn] (PCDD/Fs), could be leached into the ambient environment during e-waste disposal with primitive methods, posing serious risks to environmental and human health. Well managed sanitary landfills have been demonstrated to be the most efficient option for preventing these toxicants from leaching. On the other hand, electronics also contain valuable and/or rare materials such as gold, palladium, copper, and plastics, among others. A previous study found that e- waste contains more rare and noble metals than typical metal mines. Clearly, e- waste recycling may be able to at least partially fulfill the global demand for metals, especially in regions enduring resource shortages. Reuse of secondhand electrical and electronic devices has also been encouraged to extend their lifespan. Applications of Life Cycle Assessment and Multi Criteria Analysis on e- waste management also have pointed to recycling as the most appropriate strategy for e-waste disposal.

The relatively high cost for e-waste disposal in developed countries has driven recycling operations to developing countries such as China, India, and Pakistan. It is estimated that nearly 80% of all e-waste generated in developed countries is exported elsewhere. This trans-boundary trade turns e-waste recycling, a net cost activity in developed countries, into a profitable business in the developing world. Moreover, low labour cost and strong demand for raw materials in the developing world have also encouraged small operators, without proper pollution control equipment and technology, to recover valuable materials from e-waste, further stimulating the trans-boundary flow of e-waste. In response to this situation, an international treaty, the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, was enacted to ban the international trade of hazardous wastes including e-waste. Correspondingly, China, India, and some other Asian countries have recently amended their laws and regulations to limit e-waste importation and primitive recycling. Yet the situation has not been satisfactorily improved, partly because major e-waste exporters such as the United States have not strictly enforced or even ratified the Basel Convention and e-waste has been generated at alarming rates in developing countries. Ineffective enforcement of laws and regulations is an additional negative factor.

25

UNIT 3

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the interconversion of chemical substances. The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced by the reaction are called the products. Сhemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, they yield one or more products that are, in general, different from the reactants.

Chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds. In both physical changes and chemical changes (reactions), the number of atoms of each element are the same both before and after a process occurs. However, in a physical change, the atoms maintain their same arrangement into molecules and compounds. In a chemical reaction, the atoms form new products, molecules, and compounds.

A chemical reaction is symbolically represented by a chemical equation. Chemical reactions may also be categorized according to general types of

reactions.

There's more than one name for each type of reaction, so that may be confusing, but the form of the equation should be easy to recognize:

Synthesis [ˈsɪnθɪsɪs] reaction or direct combination. In this reaction, reactants combine to form a more complex product. Often there are two or more reactants with only a single product. The general reaction takes the form: A + B → AB

Analysis reaction or decomposition. In this kind of reaction, a molecule breaks into two or more smaller pieces. It's common to have one reactant and multiple products. The general chemical reaction is: AB → A

+ B

Single displacement or substitution. In this type of chemical reaction, one reactant ion changes place with another. The general form of the reaction is: A + BC → AC + B

Metathesis [meˈtæθəsɪs] or double displacement. In this type of reaction, both cations and anions exchange places, according to the general reaction: AB + CD → AD + CB

Other types of reactions are redox reactions, acid-base reactions,

combustion, isomerization [ɪsʌməraɪˈzeɪʃn], and hydrolysis [haɪˈdrɔlɪsɪs].

Acid-base reaction is a type of double displacement reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. The H+ ion in the acid reacts with the OH- ion in the base to form water and an ionic salt: HA + BOH → H2O + BA

26

Redox reaction or oxidation-reduction. In the type of reaction the oxidation numbers of atoms are changed. Redox reactions may involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species.

Combustion reaction. This is a type of redox reaction in which a combustible material combines with an oxidizer to form oxidized products and generate heat (exothermic reaction). A general form of a combustion

Isomerization. In an isomerization reaction, the structural arrangement of a compound is changed but its net atomic composition remains the same.

Hydrolysis reaction involves water. The general form for a hydrolysis reaction is: X-(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ HX(aq) + OH-(aq)

Ex. 2. Make a short summary of the text answering the questions:

-What is a chemical reaction?

-What are chemical reactions usually characterized by?

-What are differences and similarities in physical changes and chemical changes?

-What is a chemical equation?

-What are general types of reactions?

Ex. 3. Match the words and word combinations with their equivalents.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.

1. The extent of isomerization is related to chain element construction, but not dependant on molecular weight. 2. In the laboratory only reactants and products can generally be obtained, yielding little information about the nature of a reaction pathway. 3. This same basic cycle could also operate on the interconversion of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide plus oxygen. 4. The instructions were not just confusing, they were positively misleading. 5. An acidbase reaction is often called a neutralization reaction. 6. The natural decomposition process which occurs in landfills also produces large quantities of methane and thereby presents a significant explosion hazard. 7. The problem was

27

resolved using a trick called isotopic substitution. 8. Nickel coating is deposited through redox reaction in the presence of catalytic centers. 9. Conversely, potassium [pəˈtæsjəm] and phosphate are the principal intracellular

[ɪntrəˈseljʊlər] cations and anions, respectively. 10. Reduction - metathesis method for preparation of strontium carbonate from celestite [ˈse-ləs-ˌtīt] is developed. 11. Expanded ammonium nitrate [ˈnaɪtreɪt] is widely used as oxidizer of industrial explosive in recent years. 12. The heat can penetrate combustible materials, alter their composition and make them ignite at lower temperatures. 13. The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences and define the functions of the participles.

Geochemistry combines chemistry and geology to study the makeup and interaction between substances found (Participle II) in the Earth.

1. A new method based on elements and chemical bonds was developed for estimating critical volume of organic compounds. 2. This chemical is being investigated for potential medical applications. 3. Any one pair of these elements can be causal, and these relationships may change within the period being measured. 4. Reactions can also be classified according to their mechanism. In diamond, the chemical bonds are strong, favouring high frequencies of vibration. 5. Most direct substitution of groups bound to an aromatic nucleus is limited to diazonium [ˌdʌɪə zəʊnɪəm] salts. 6. This made steel much more economical, thereby leading to wrought iron no longer being produced in large quantities.7. The growing interest in alkene metathesis research in South Africa is quite clear. 8. Results indicated that the dissolving process of resin in sodium carbonate was an acid-base reaction in a zero grade mode. 9. Carbon polymers are being developed and enhanced for the automotive industry. 10. The strontium caprylate was prepared by metathesis from sodium caprylate and strontium chloride [ˈklɔːraɪd]. 11. In the plasma, the bicarbonate concentration comprises the second largest anion fraction, with chloride being the largest anion fraction. 12. The chemical dissolves into its constituent parts when heated.13. Physicists have used ultrashort pulses of light to control the motion of electrons ejected from molecules.

Ex. 6. Word-building. Use the word in brackets to form a word that fits in the gap.

A chemical equation consists of the chemical formulas of the … (to react) and the chemical formula of the …(to produce). The two are separated by an arrow symbol ( → usually read as "yields") and each (to individualize) substance's chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign.

As an example, the equation for the … (to react) of hydrochloric acid with sodium can be denoted:

28

2 HCl + 2 Na → 2 NaCl + H2

This … (to equate) would be read as "two HCl plus two Na yields two NaCl and H two." But, for equations involving complex … (chemistry), rather than reading the letter and its subscript, the chemical … (to form) are read using

IUPAC nomenclature. Using IUPAC nomenclature, this equation would be read as "hydrochloric acid plus sodium yields sodium chloride and hydrogen gas."

Ex. 7. Choose the proper form of the Participle.

1. The substances initially (involving/involved/having involved) in a chemical reaction are called the reactants. 2. When small atoms (binding/bond/having bound) together through ionic or covalent chemical bonds, the compactness of the bond makes it extremely strong. 3. Decomposing waste and disease-carrying bacteria compete with the fish for oxygen, (limiting/limited/having limited) the number of fish that can be bred. 4. (Being made/Having made/Making) of charged particles, plasmas can do things gases cannot, like conduct electricity. 5. In this work we discussed the (conjugated/conjugating/having conjugated) relation of redox reaction. 6. He totally lied about his company and dumped lots of (contaminating/contaminated/having contaminated) chemical products. 7. The presence of electron-donating amino or (substituting/substituted/having substituted) amino groups in a molecule generally makes it a good electron donor. 8. (Being read/Having read/Read) the article, I admit that aspects of it caused my eyebrows to rise. 9. Most of the Earth's crust consists of solid oxides, the result of elements (oxidizing/being oxidized/having oxidized) by the oxygen in air or in water. 10. (Having calculated/Calculating/Calculated) the quantity of the component containing in an exhaust gas during a period of time period, we made a curve. 11. To make brass (containing/being contained/having contained) more zinc than this required access to zinc metal. 12. The company experimented with various plastics but found aluminum (being/been/having been) still the best option. 13. Should a corporation receive punishment for (contaminating /contaminated/ having contaminated) its workers with deadly plutonium? 14. We suggested that the energy (produced/having produced/producing) during detonative combustion can be utilized for useful work.

Ex. 8. Translate the text.

В переводе с латыни «реакция» означает «противодействие», «ответное действие». Следовательно, мы можем сказать, что «химическая реакция» это ответное действие вещества на воздействие извне других веществ и физических факторов — тепла, давления, излучения... Но под такое определение подпадают и физические процессы: плавление, кипение, замерзание и др. Поэтому следует уточнить, что химическая реакция – это такое изменение вещества, при котором разрываются старые и образуются новые связи между атомами.

29

В школе изучают некоторые типы химических реакций: реакции разложения, соединения, замещения, окисления и др. В каждой области химии существует своя классификация по типам химических реакций.

Однако реакция зависит не только от природы реагентов и образующихся продуктов (их состава, строения), но и от концентраций веществ, температуры и давления.

Ex. 9. Fill in the proper words from the box.

Any chemical … in which the oxidation numbers of the atoms are changed is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Such reactions are also known as … reactions, which is shorthand for reduction-oxidation reactions.

Oxidation … an increase in oxidation number, while reduction involves a

… in oxidation number. Usually, the change in oxidation number is associated with a gain or loss of ….

Oxidation - involves the … of electrons or hydrogen OR gain of oxygen OR increase in oxidation ….

Reduction - involves the gain of electrons or hydrogen OR loss of oxygen OR decrease in oxidation state.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences.

1.Исследуя это вещество, мы выясняем его свойства.

2.Проанализировав различные свойства известных элементов, Д. И. Менделеев составил таблицу (periodic table).

3.Эта таблица представляет собой естественную классификацию химических элементов, основанную на изменениях свойств элементов.

4.Относительные количества реагентов и продуктов, измеренные в молях, в уравнении обозначаются коэффициентами.

5.Поставленный в седьмую группу, фтор, однако, не проявляет степени окисления, равной номеру группы, являясь исключением.

Ex. 11. Match two parts of the sentences.

30