Smart technologies in petroleum industry. Интеллектуальные геофизические системы в нефтегазовой индустрии. Учебное пособие

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3.Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them.

1.The scientist working at this design is well known.

2.Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.

3.These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.

4.Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

5.Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.

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6.Being cooled water turns into ice.

7.The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.

8.Transistors contain no moving parts.

9.The scientist is carrying on an important research,

10.Developing the new method they achieved good results.

4.Translate the following sentences.

1.Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.

2.When making the experiment he made notes.

3.The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current.

4.This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.

5.Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.

6.Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year.

7.While being checked the motor showed good performance.

8.The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty.

9.Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.

5.Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.

Example:

While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

1.When he was translating the article he used a dictionary.

2.While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments.

3.When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.

4.While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful.

5.When the engineer was improving the design he made many calcula-

tions.

6.While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.

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7. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.

One more example:

The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

1.The scientist who is working at the method is well known.

2.These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.

3.The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.

4.The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.

5.The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various fac-

ulties.

Linking (past participial phrase)

1.The past participle alone can sometimes replace subject + passive verb. It makes the text more concise.

• The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship project … (= The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)

2.The past participle can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence.

•Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, the Champion West oilfield is Shell’s flagship project …

•Guided by smart technology, a single snake well can access pockets of oil …

•Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed, sensors relay digital information …

!Note that the participle must have the same subject as the verb in the main clause.

Join the information in each note into a single sentence in a similar way. Begin each sentence with the past participle in italics.

Example: Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.

1. the oil is isolated in small pockets + it can’t be extracted using vertical wells

2. the sensors are connected by fibre-optic cable + they collect data from inside the snake well

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3.the drills are guided by remote controllers + they can hit a target only 2 m wide

4.the oil is locked 4,000 m beneath the seabed + it couldn’t be extracted for 30 years

5.the sensors are attached to the drill bit + they allow controllers to guide the drill

6.the software was developed by GeoSolutions + it generates computer models of the geology.

WRITING

1.Write the summary of the text "Smart Oil Fields".

2.Write an essay on the topic “The advantages and disadvantages of smart drilling”.

Study the rules of essay writing.

In advantages and disadvantages essays, you will be asked to write the benefits and drawbacks of the topic given. You have to be careful that you write the advantages and disadvantages of the topic given and not your opinion about the topic. While explaining these kinds of essays, you can divide the content into 2 paragraphs. Paragraph 1 for Positive points and Paragraph 2 for negative points.

Tips for Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

Given below are some points which you can refer to:

When the topic statement is given, you need to spend at least 5–10 minutes in understanding the benefits and the drawbacks related to the topic.

Make sure that you have relevant points, supporting the topic. Do not get deviated from the topic.

Make sure whatever you write is structured. Put the advantages of the topic in one paragraph and the disadvantages in a separate paragraph.

Structure of Advantage Disadvantage Essay

This task requires writing an essay encompassing various topics from all walks of life, right from social issues to workplace issues. These essays are of various types, including opinion essays, discussion essays, advantagedisadvantage essays, etc.

Now, we will see the structure of advantage-disadvantage essays and what should be the approach of writing one.

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First of all, as soon as you get to know the topic, look for the pros and cons of the issue, consider the advantages and disadvantages of it and in your mind, contemplate the whip hand and downsides of it. Once you have a clear idea of what outweighs between the two of them, pick your side (in case you are asked to) and set out to write your essay.

Introduction

Now, the first thing that you have to do is to write an introduction. Your introduction should paraphrase the topic of the essay and try to use different vocabulary/synonyms for the words in the topic, wherever possible.

Then, give a brief idea about what could be expected in the essay, i. e. the advantages and the disadvantages of the concerned topic and state which side you think weighs the most (when asked for an opinion.)

Body paragraphs

Body paragraph 1 should state the advantages of the topic. This should be backed by practical points, and the examples would be even better. Day- to-day incidents and instances can be brought to notice.

Body paragraph 2 should state the disadvantages of the topic. This as well, should be supported by valid points, and the daily incidents and examples can be highlighted to back your points.

Conclusion: Conclude the topic by providing a summary of the points put forth in the entire essay and how advantages or disadvantages of the topic outweighs the other (if applicable).

OUTLINE

Sample Question

What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization? Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks?

Outline

Given below is a brief outline of what to write in the essay after identifying the essay type.

Essay Type

Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

Introduction

Paraphrase the essay topic using synonyms for the words used in the question.

Mention the contents of the following paragraphs.

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Body Paragraph 1

Globalisation has led to a lot of positive changes, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. There has been an increase in employment opportunities, products and services are easily available to people around the world.

Body Paragraph 2

Globalisation also has various disadvantages like the exploitation of cheap labour from developing countries and also the decline in quality of products and services.

Conclusion

Summarize the topic and state the final view.

Sample Answer

Globalisation has been one of the most significant phenomena in the last few decades, and it has changed several aspects of human society both economically and socially. There has been remarkable progress in terms of economic and financial development for developing countries due to the expansion of global organizations. However, there are several drawbacks to this rapid progress that need to be addressed. Evidently, globalization has more advantages than disadvantages and the following paragraphs will elaborate on the topic and justify these views.

First of all, the most advantageous aspect of globalization is the advent of numerous international companies and franchises in developing countries. Ever since global brands and corporations have expanded their operations in countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka and many more, there has been a notable increase in employment in these countries. Additionally, due to the remarkable rise in the number of imports and exports, people from third world countries now have access to a vast catalogue of products and services that were previously unattainable.

That being said, there are drawbacks to globalization that create concerning issues for a sizeable portion of the global population. One of the most disturbing consequences faced is the exploitation of labour. Many corporations are known to outsource their operations to developing countries due to cheap labour costs. This enables them to accomplish their manufacturing operations without having to provide proper remuneration. Also, due to the use of inexpensive labour, the quality of products is diminished, and customers receive inferior products.

In conclusion, there is no doubt that the effects of globalization are not entirely positive or negative. Nonetheless, the benefits brought by this occupation outweigh the drawbacks.

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SPEAKING

1.Work in pairs. Take turns to act the roles of a reporter and an oil company representative. When you are the reporter, use the present perfect continuous in your first question about each project, and then follow up with different types of questions.

1.Oil sands, Canada: how long? surface / underground mining? area project covers? kind of oil extracted? extracted oil converted into …? expected length of project?

(Oil sands, Canada – since 2008surface mining-550km - extract bitumen (like tar) from sand –convert to synthetic cruid oil – production will continue 40 years)

2.Drilling for gas, Russia: how long? based where in Russia? onshore / offshore? gas converted into ...? meaning of ‘LNG’? future exports to ...? expected production (tonnes)?

(Drilling for gas, Sakhalin, Russia – since 2005offshore platform –

convert gas into LNG (liquid natural gas)-future exports to Japan –

7.8m tonnes per year expected)

2.Make an outline of the text. Speak about smart drilling technology using your outline.

3.Prepare the presentation about one of the most important oilfields in the world and the technologies of oil extraction. Present the information to the group.

LESSON 3. SMART DRILLING

BEFORE YOU READ

1.What does smart drilling mean?

2.What is the Fishbone method?

Vocabulary

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READING

Read the text

SMART DRILLING

Since most of the easy oil and gas reservoirs are already developed, the need of smart ways to access unconventional reservoirs is undoubted. The best way to achieve a “smart well” is to think smartly from the beginning. Therefore, smart technologies have to be applied in the early stages of the well, precisely when drilling the well. To drill smartly, the ultimate objective is to reduce drilling cost by reducing the well count and access most of the pay zone with the drilled wellbore. In another word, it is a goal for the operators to apply new economical smart methods to drill a well that is capable of producing an amount of production equal to more than one well if drilled in a conventional way. Here we start with a smart drilling method that has a promising future in adding smart and economical values to the well; that method is the Fishbone. This drilling method is one of the smart newly developed technologies that are used in drilling the horizontal wells. Fishbone can be obtained by drilling each branch (rib) using the advanced rotary steerable drilling systems or by installing numbers of ribs inside the drill pipe which penetrate the formation with the help of the acid stimulation operation. Fishbone technology helps in connecting far points of the formation directly to wellbore and achieving a larger drainage area. The ribs help in achieving more exposure, which leads to increase the production from a single well. They also help in increasing the Net Present Value (NPV) of oil and gas horizontal production wells by increasing the productivity of the well especially in low-permeability reservoirs and challenging formations. In addition to that, the number of drilled wells is less with fishbone technology because the larger drainage area achieved from one fishbone well. Another main advantage is ensuring the right placement of the

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fracture, assure fracture opening and increase the efficiency of fluid transportation from the reservoir to the wellbore, unlike multi and hydraulic fracture methods. That would lead to a delay in the decline of the productivity of the well. Moreover, fishbone operations are considered more efficient compared to multi and hydraulic facture when it comes to operation time and overall project economics. However, pre job designing has to be precise in obtaining the number, length and angles of the ribs to optimize production from the reservoir and to avoid accessing unwanted formations/features. That would be obtained from understanding the reservoir characterizations and using simulation software to predict the optimal fishbone design. Fishbone can be considered as a type of commingle production since it can access different zones especially in compartmentalized reservoirs.

On the other hand, with this kind of drilling methods, which allow extra accessibility to different zones in the reservoir, it is essential to take into consideration the downsides of them. Some serious production issues can occur such as cross flowing between different zones, early water/ gas breakthrough and high-unwanted water/gas production. Therefore, the zonal isolation methods have to be applied and installed in those kinds of wells to avoid such issues. The next section of this research is going to elaborate more on those kinds of isolation systems.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

1. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

g)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

h)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

i)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER-READING TASKS

1. Answer the following questions

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