Smart technologies in petroleum industry. Интеллектуальные геофизические системы в нефтегазовой индустрии. Учебное пособие

It’s so long since I saw them. (since + clause)

Lenny had slept most of the way since leaving Texas. (since + clause) He’s been back to the office a few times since he retired. (since +

clause)

Since and tenses

When since introduces an action or event at a point of time in the past, we can use the past simple or present perfect after since and the present perfect in the main clause:

They haven’t received any junk mail since they moved house. They haven’t received any junk mail since they’ve moved house.

We can use the past simple, present perfect or past perfect after since with the expression it + be + time + since:

It’s been years since I rode a bike. (it’s = it has)

It’s been years since I’ve ridden a bike. (it’s = it has) It’s years since I rode a bike. (it’s = it is)

It’s years since I’ve ridden a bike. (it’s = it is)

It’d been years since I’d ridden a bike. (it’d = it had)

It’s been years since … is more common in American English than It’s years since ….

When since introduces a state in the past that is still continuing in the present, we use a present perfect form of the verb after since and a present perfect form of the verb in the main clause:

Since I’ve been back at work, I’ve been feeling great.

Since + -ing

We can use since + -ing form to refer to time when the subject of the verb is the same in the main clause and the subordinate clause:

Since leaving school, he has had three or four temporary jobs. (Since he left school, he has …)

Since moving from a Chicago suburb to southern California a few months ago, I’ve learned how to play a new game called Lanesmanship.

(Since I moved …, I’ve learned …)

Since, since then

We can use since or since then as an adverb of time when the time reference is understood from the context:

His father doesn’t talk to him. They had an argument a couple of years ago and they haven’t spoken since. (since they had the argument)

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They bought the house in 2006 and they’ve done a lot of work on it since then. (since 2006)

We use ever since as a stronger form of since or since then:

When I was young, I had a little collie dog, but one day he bit me really badly. I’ve hated dogs ever since.

Since: reason

We use since as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause. We use it to give a reason for something:

Sean had no reason to take a taxi since his flat was near enough to walk to. Since her husband hated holidays so much, she decided to go on her

own.

They couldn’t deliver the parcel since no one was there to answer the door.

Since: typical errors

We don’t use since with extended periods of time. We use for:

She was waiting for four hours.

Not: She was waiting since four hours.

We use since, not from, with a clause referring back to a point in

time:

I’ve been swimming since I was three years old. I’ve been swimming from the age of three.

Not: I’ve been swimming from I was three years old.

We use since, not once, to introduce a reason:

I think I should have my money back since I didn’t have what was promised in the brochure.

Not: I think I should have my money back once I didn’t have …

We use since, not ago, after ‘it’s a long time’ when we refer back to a point in time:

It’s a long time since your last letter.

Not: It’s a long time ago your last letter.

2.Define the functions of the word since in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.Color television has been functioning in our country since 1967.

2.Many expeditions have been here since.

3.I've known her since we were children.

4.Since you are here, I may go home.

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5.There is no flow of electrons since the electric current is broken.

6.We've lived in three different towns since last year.

7.Since you weren't at the meeting, we took the decision without you.

8.How long is it since you left school?

9.London has been a capital since 1066.

10.Telescopes have been used since their invention.

11.People wished to handle atom since ancient times.

12.It's ages since I saw you last.

13.He left for London and has been living there since.

14.Since your first letter, we haven't heard from you.

15.Since you have not got anything to read, let's talk.

SPEAKING

1.Make an outline of the text. Speak about petroleum industry in Russia using your outline.

2.Prepare the presentation about petroleum industry. Present the information to the group.

WRITING

1. Write the summary of the text "Petroleum Industry in Russia".

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recently especially with the fact that most of easy conventional reservoirs have been already developed and produced. The growing demand of oil and gas makes it imperative to develop the unconventional reservoirs in order to supply enough energy to the world. In fact, that is associated with increase in the drilling and work over costs while drilling in deep waters, as well as other offshore and the horizontal wells. Unconventional reservoirs are usually high risk and require huge early investments in order to be developed which drive the investors away from investing in them. In addition to that, unconventional reservoirs are complicated, hard to develop and most of the time uneconomical to invest in. Smart ways and methods are needed to increase the profitability of such projects. Therefore, it is essential to develop “smart” ways to produce oil and gas from unconventional reservoir.

Smart wells would increase the profitability of the investment by driving the cost to be effective. They also are capable of increasing the Net Present Value (NPV) by reducing the number of drilled wells, work overs and intervention operations. Smart wells have the ability to optimize the overall productivity by controlling the production and injection zones and delay the breakthroughs of gas and water. They also are capable of avoiding/delaying water/gas coning and sand production. That eventually leads to an increase in the productivity of the well. In addition to that, operators can increase the drainage area and production zones with less number of wells by applying smart drilling methods. Another important smart aspect is to be able to collect data while the well is on production without the need to shut-in for intervention or data collecting campaign. That prevents losing oil for interventions and improving the overall economics of the development. Smart well technologies insure an efficient and economical solutions for most of the drilling and production issues and reduce the OPEX cost of the operators for intervention operations to the well significantly.

Therefore, the well has to be completed from the beginning in a “smart” way to insure maximum productivity and profitability thru various stages of the well life. As a result, service companies and research institutes are working hard to develop smart technologies in all stages like drilling, completion and monitoring the well while on production. These advanced technologies stand out with their abilities of controlling the fluid in the wellbore, monitoring the performance of the well through collecting and analyzing the wellbore parameters and more other abilities and advantages, which is going to be discussed further in this paper.

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DEFINITION OF SMART WELLS

Lots researches define “smart well” as a well that equipped with preinstalled high-tech devices in the wellbore that help in monitoring and controlling the well from the surface electrically or hydraulically. They also would have the ability to self-control, collect and analyze the data. However, this paper would take the term and expand it more to start while drilling the well and try to apply smart ways in drilling the wells. The idea of smart wells started with real-time gauges, which can be installed down hole to read the pressure and temperature. Nowadays, there are several available smart technologies that can be applied and depend on many properties; pressure, temperature, fluid composition and characterization. They also depend on the objective of the operators; water shutoff, gas shutoff, eliminating conning effects or maintaining the pressure. Generally, smart wells have the ability to monitor the performance, collect and analyze down whole data.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

1. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER-READING TASKS

1. Answer the following questions

1.What is the difference between conventional and unconventional reservoirs?

2.Why is it essential to develop “smart” ways to produce oil and gas from unconventional reservoir?

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3.How can smart method prevent oil loss during data collection campaign?

4.What stages of oil production can smart methods be applied to?

5.What do pre-installed high-tech devices in the wellbore enable oil operators to do?

2.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the text?

1.The growing demand of oil and gas makes it imperative to develop the unconventional reservoirs in order to supply enough energy to the world.

2.Smart technologies are used for collecting data during the production process.

3.Unconventional reservoirs are usually high risk and require huge early investments.

4.Smart tools and methods are applicable both to conventional and unconventional reservoirs and have the ability to monitor the performance, collect and analyze obtained data with minimum production loss.

3.Match the words with their definitions

4. Match the words from the text with their synonyms

The word complicated in the text is closest to the meaning

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(a)complex

(b)difficult

(c)challenging

(d)straightforward

The word essential in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)primary

(b)main

(c)necessary

(d)optional

The word prevent in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)warn

(b)eliminate

(c)assist

(d)avert

The word read in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)browse

(b)know

(c)understand

(d)overlook

5.Find the corresponding prepositions for the following words in the text and write Russian equivalents:

associated ___

drive ___

invest ___

produce ___

capable ___

stand ___

depend ___

have the ability ___

6.Find matching phrases

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7.Use the phrases above to translate the sentences from Russian into English

1.Необходимо развивать «умные» способы добычи нефти и газа из нетрадиционных месторождений.

2.Эти продвинутые технологии выделяются благодаря уникальным свойствам.

3.Это связано с увеличением затрат на бурение в глубоководье, а также вдали от береговой линии и горизонтальных скважин.

4.В наши дни доступно несколько «умных» технологий которые зависят от разных параметров: давление, температура, состав и свойства жидкости.

5.Они также могут увеличивать чистую приведенную стоимость за счет сокращения количества скважин, дополнительных работ и операций, прерывающих производственный процесс.

6.В общем, «умные» скважины способны контролировать производительность, собирать и анализировать данные.

7.Нетрадиционные месторождения обычно рискованные предприятия требуют больших вложений на начальных этапах, что отпугивает инвесторов.

8.Match the collocations

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9. Use the collocations above to make your own sentences. WORD BUILDING

1.Give the initial words of the following derivatives

Example: agreement – to agree

1.regulation

2.instruction

3.communication

4.technological

5.considerable

6.generation

7.separately

8.production

9.industrial

10.historic

11.logical

12.researcher

GRAMMAR

REVISION

1.Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.

1.the phenomenon was explained

2.astronomy is studying

3.the telescope is built;

4.the power plants were being controlled

5.the observation shows

6.the energy was converted

7.the data will be checked

MODAL VERBS

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

К модальным глаголам относятся глаголы can, may, must, ought to, should .Модальные глаголы не имеют формы инфинитива, т. е. перед ними не употребляется частица to. Смысловые глаголы употребляются после модальных глаголов без частицы to (Исключение ought to)

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