Smart technologies in petroleum industry. Интеллектуальные геофизические системы в нефтегазовой индустрии. Учебное пособие

3.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund.

1.Large-scale application of electronic technique is a trend of technical progress capable of revolutionizing many branches of industry.

2.The physicists have developed a method for using optical quantum generators for spectral analysis.

3.When atoms or molecules are excited they emit electromagnetic waves. By counting the number of waves in a certain period, a very accurate measure of time can be defined.

4.The operating speeds of these systems will be measured in nanosec-

onds.

5.Telemetry is the science of seeing some place without being there.

6.Electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity.

7.These scientists continue working in this promising field of knowledge.

8.We know of Yoffe's having contributed much to the research of transistors.

TRANSLATE

1. Translate the text from English into Russian.

SMART DRILLING: CREATING

A MORE INTELLIGENT ADVISORY SYSTEM

Texas A&M researchers are developing technology that can depict underground drilling conditions in real time.

Eduardo Gildin, associate professor in the Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering, and graduate student Enrique Losoya review the advisory system research.

Drilling into the Earth to tap energy reservoirs is expensive and risky. Rapid decisions based on accurate information could reduce equipment failure or accidents and quicken the time it takes to drill a well. Yet, current well imaging only gives a limited, static picture of the underground environment to drilling operators.

To improve safety and cut costs, the United States Department of Energy Small Business Innovation Research Program has awarded

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a $192,763 Phase I grant to E-Spectrum Technologies and Eduardo Gildin, associate professor in the Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University, to create an advanced advisory system that accurately depicts underground conditions in real time during drilling operations.

E-Spectrum has a hardware package that can be installed behind the drill bit. The software currently uses algorithms provided by Gildin to gather and filter data from bit vibrations, speed or sound changes, and temperature or pressure changes. But while the E-spectrum unit can quickly assess underground conditions and refine the data, it cannot do much more.

“The system in the well hole is robust, but has limited space and memory to store and process all the data collected by the sensors,” Gildin said. “With our new algorithm, it processes the information in the hole and transmits the detection of abnormal bit behavior in real time to the surface for review and storage. This way, the surface unit can refine the information to see the conditions in the hole from a 360-degree bird’s eye view and better predict issues so the driller can take action before problems happen.”

Historically, drilling is not associated with sophisticated technology. The harsh environments of geothermal and petroleum reservoirs can be disruptive – that is, as a drill bit travels underground, it chews into challenging rock compositions and encounters high temperature and pressure fluctuations, any of which can severely damage delicate electronics. But even if a technology is designed to survive such harsh conditions, it still must function rapidly. Without real-time data from the underground environment, a drilling operator could force a drill bit into a hard rock formation at higher speeds than what the bit was designed to handle, causing a dangerous and costly reaction.

To solve this problem, E-Spectrum and Gildin have come up with a two-system solution. In addition to the system developed by E-spectrum that operates in deep Earth, where temperatures can reach up to two and a half times the boiling point of water, Gildin has developed a surface-bound detection system. Thus, the underground unit handles the jarring motions of passing through rock while it filters and wirelessly transmits this information about the drill bit vibrations, rotation speed and other measurements to the unit above the ground.

The dysfunction detection system on the surface uses publicly open software. Gildin programmed it to sift through the information and look

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for abnormalities the drilling operators need to know quickly. For instance, if a bit strongly vibrates while traveling through a particular rock, the system knows to warn the operator, who will slow the bit speed and reduce the chance of equipment failure. At other times, the bit could smoothly cut through, meaning the speed could be increased. Since the programming is based on machine learning, the surface system records these patterns of vibration and bit behavior and learns from them.

Gildin noted that his software can pinpoint drill bit position and unusual behavior faster and with better accuracy than current systems.

After the successful completion of Phase I, E-Spectrum and Gildin plan to apply for additional funding to move forward with Phase II in February 2020. In Phase II, Gildin will prepare the surface system not just to monitor what is going on underground, but come up with suggestions for the drilling operator, should problems arise. This updated advisory system will be designed to assist the operator so that decisions are made faster without losing accuracy.

“Right now, this is an open-loop advisory system, telling drillers what is happening, what might happen and why,” Gildin said. “It gives drillers a chance to adjust their plan of attack during drilling manually. The closedloop automated system is next, where action can be taken by machines, though still guided and approved by human choice. It also opens up the door to autonomous drilling in a way that the operation can be done with minimal human intervention.”

Gildin said that in the future, as companies gather more data, the opensource software can be adapted to many other drilling applications.

“No matter what hardware system is in the hole, the downhole algorithms and surface system functions can use gathered data and machine learning to improve the drilling process,” Gildin said. “This can advise in any drilling application, whether using drill bits or water jets, on the Earth or even remotely in space.”

SPEAKING

1.Speak about the application of smart technologies in oilfields.

2.Prepare a presentation about smart drilling technology and present it to your groupmates.

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YOUR PRESENTATION SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURE:

1. AN INTRODUCTION

This is the most important part of your presentation because the audience will make judgements about you. They will decide in the first few minutes what you are like. They will also decide whether you deserve their attention. Therefore, it is very important that you plan carefully what you want to say in the introduction.

Try to do these things in your introduction

Get the audience’s attention. Introduce yourself.

Explain why you are there. Explain what you hope to achieve.

Build a good relationship with the audience.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Introduction and welcome

Good morning, ladies and gentleman. My name's John Jones. I'm head of sales at Acme Services.

I would like to thank you for inviting me here today to talk about...

I would like to thank you all for attending this presentation. I plan to be brief.

I will only take about fifteen minutes of your time. If you have any questions, I'd be very happy to answer them at the end.

Feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions during my presentation. (Not recommended unless your English level is good.)

Explaining the purpose of your presentation.

I'd like to give you a brief presentation about...

The subject of my talk is...

I'm going to talk about...

My topic today is...

My talk is concerned with...

The purpose of my talk is to...

Giving an overview of the presentation.

I'm going to divide this talk into four parts. There are a number of points I'd like to make.

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Basically, I have three things to say.

This talk is designed to be a springboard for discussion on the topic of...

I'd like to begin by...

Let's begin by...

First of all, I'll discuss...

and then I'll go on to talk about

Then... / Next,... Secondly,... / Thirdly,... Finally,... / Lastly,...

2. THE MAIN BODY

You should use this part of the presentation to explain key information.

Explain your points clearly one at a time so your audience can follow what

you are saying. Remember to keep your points simple and short. Try not to

give too much information, otherwise the audience will not remember your

message.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Starting a new section.

Moving on now to

Turning now to...

Let's turn now to

So that brings me now to the topic of...

The next area I'd like to focus on next is

Now, we'll move on to...

I'd now like to discuss...

Let's now look at...

Finishing a section.

That's all I have to say about...

So, in this section, we've looked at...

Well, I think I've said enough about.

Analysing a point in your presentation.

Where does that lead us?

Let's consider this in more detail...

I'd like to elaborate on what I said earlier about

What does this mean for...?

Translated into real terms, this means that...

Why is this important?

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The significance of this is...

On the one hand,...

...on the other hand,...

Giving examples.

For example,...

A good example of this is...

As an illustration, I'd like to mention...

To give you an example,...

To illustrate this point,...

Paraphrasing and clarifying.

Simply put,...

In other words,...

So what I'm saying is..

To put it more simply...

To put it another way,...

3. THE CONCLUSION

It is important to create a lasting impression in your conclusion. Use the

last couple of minutes to repeat important points and key information. Leave

some time for discussion, questions and answers at the end of the presenta-

tion. Don’t forget to thank your audience for attending and listening.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Summarising the content of your presentation.

To sum up,...

To summarise,...

In short,...

Right then, let's sum up, shall we?

Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...

If I can just sum up the main points,...

Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered.

So, to remind you of what I've covered in this talk,...

Unfortunately, I seem to have run out of time, so I'll conclude very brief-

ly by saying that...

I'd now like to recap on the points I've mentioned.

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Closing the presentation.

To conclude...

In conclusion,...

Well, that covers all I wanted to say today. Before I finish let me say just one last thing.

That brings me to the end of my presentation.It just remains for me to say, thank you very much for coming and I hope you have

found this presentation useful.

Invitation to ask questions.

Does anyone have any questions or comments? Please feel free to ask questions.

If you would like me to elaborate on any point I've made today, please ask. Would you like to ask any questions?

Any questions?

Checking comprehension.

Does that answer your question? Is that clear?

May we go on then to the next question? I hope I've made that clear.

So what you're saying is,...

...is that right?

It seems I don't have time to answer any more of your questions now. But please feel free to come and talk to me later on today.

4. THE VISUAL AIDS

These are things (resources) you could use to present your message. It is important to use visual aids because they can: help the audience focus on what you are saying, make the presentation more interesting, help to explain the points you make more clearly, provide variety.

Preparing your visual aids

When preparing your visual aids make sure you do these things:

1. Check that the size of the print is large enough for the audience to

see.

2. Don’t type all your text in capital letters as this makes it more difficult to read.

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3.Don’t use long sentences – use bullet points and numbers to organize your key рoints.

4.Use a type of text that is easy to read (e.g. Arial)

5.Add pictures, illustrations, diagrams to make it more interesting and use colour.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Referring to photos, graphs or tables.

If you'd like to look at this graph, you'll see...

Take a look at this table. Here, we can see quite clearly that...

This chart illustrates...

Let me show you a pie-chart that will make everything much clearer.

WRITING

1. Write the summary of the text "SMART DRILLING".

LESSON 4. ZONAL ISOLATION (COMPLETION)

BEFORE YOU READ

1. What do you know about zonal isolation in a new drilled well?

2. What two main categories does zonal isolation generally fall under?

VOCABULARY

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READING

Read the text

ZONAL ISOLATION (COMPLETION)

There are many challenges when completing a new drilled well, especially in unconventional reservoirs. One of most famous challenges is trying to prevent early water or gas breakthrough, especially in the heel section of a horizontal well. Another known challenge is the excessive/unwanted water/gas production from unwanted features/zones, which is well-known in the oil and gas industry. More challenges like cross flow between the zones, non-uniform flow from production zones and sand control issues are wellknown challenges in many oil and gas fields. A smart way to overcome those challenges is by applying zonal isolation technologies. They deliver an increase in the productivity of the wells, which leads eventually to an increase in the recovery factor of the field. The isolation technologies maintain good performance for the well by delaying the water/gas breakthrough/conning effects. They can be also used in injection wells to ensure a good conformance in the reservoir by directing the injected fluid to the matrix and desired zones, instead of losing the injection to thief zones and high permeability features. As a result, the adjacent producer would suffer from an increase in the water production because of that. Therefore, zonal isolation is essential to be applied when needed in injection wells.

Zonal isolation generally falls under two main categories; annular isolation and reservoir/feature isolation. Annular isolation aims to isolate specific intervals within the wellbore and optimize the productivity of the well by cutting the communication within the wellbore from the unwanted zones. Reservoir isolation aims to seal off the unwanted zones/intervals within the reservoir and ensure producing from target zones only. Both types of isolations can be achieved using many smart methods and tools. For example, plugs and packers can be used as physical barriers. Inflow control valves ICVs, inflow control devices ICDs and autonomous inflow control valves AICDs are system that can be used to control the fluid to the wellbore. Formation/reservoir isolation methods can be achieved by injecting polymers, gels or cement to seal the unwanted zones. They typically have higher cost and risk, but potentially deliver better results. Annular isolation methods

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are faster, cheaper and have the potential to be controlled from the surface in a smart way. This paper is going to focus on the smart annular isolation methods and tools.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

1. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

j)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

k)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

l)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER-READING TASKS

1. Answer the following questions

1.What are the challenges of drilling a new well in unconventional reservoirs?

2.What technologies are applied in oil and gas field industry to overcome those challenges?

3.Why are zonal isolation technologies considered to be really effective in injection well?

4.What are the main categories which zonal isolation falls into? What are the features of those types of isolation? Which type is more effective?

2.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the text?

1.The isolation technologies maintain good performance for the well.

2.Smart zonal isolation technologies are the best solution to overcome oil and gas industry challenges, especially when drilling in unconventional reservoirs.

3.The paper is focused on the smart annular isolation methods and

tools.

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