Smart technologies in petroleum industry. Интеллектуальные геофизические системы в нефтегазовой индустрии. Учебное пособие

3.Speak about petrochemistry as a science.

4.Write the outline of the text "Petrochemistry". Retell it to your groupmates.

LESSON 2. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

BEFORE YOU READ

1.What do you know about petroleum industry in Russia?

2.What can you say about Russia's reserves of natural gas ?

Vocabulary

READING

Read the text

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves and is the largest exporter of natural gas. It has the second largest coal reserves, the sixth largest oil reserves, and is one of the largest producers of oil. It is the fourth largest energy user.

Russia produced an average of 10.83 million barrels (1,722,000 m3) of oil per day in December 2015.It produces 12 % of the world's oil and has a similar share of global oil exports. In June 2006, Russian crude oil and condensate production reached the post-Soviet maximum of 9.7 million barrels (1,540,000 m3) per day. Exceeding production in 2000 by 3.2 Mbbl/d (510,000 m3/d). Russian exports consist of more than 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m3/d) of oil and nearly 2 Mbbl/d (320,000 m3/d) of refined prod-

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ucts, which go mainly to the European market. The domestic demand in 2005 was 2.6 Mbbl/d (410,000 m3/d) on average. It is also the main transit country for oil from Kazakhstan.

Russia is by far the world's largest natural gas exporter. Most, but not all, authorities believe that Russia has the world's largest proven reserves of natural gas. Sources indicating Russia to have the largest proven reserves include the US CIA (47.6 trillion cubic meters), the US Energy Information Administration (47.8 tcm) and OPEC (48.7 tcm) .However, BP credits Russia with only 31.3 tcm as of 1 January 2014, which would place it in second place, slightly behind Iran (33.1 to 33.8 tcm, depending on the source). In addition to having the world's largest proven reserves of natural gas, according to US Geological Survey estimations, Russia is also likely to have the world's largest volume of still-undiscovered natural gas: a mean probable volume of 6.7 trillion cubic meters. The USGS estimate of Russia's undiscovered oil is 22 billion barrels, second in the world only to those of Iraq.

The Russian oil industry claims to be in need of huge investments. Strong growth in the Russian economy means that local demand for all types of energy sources (oil, gas, nuclear, coal, hydro, electricity) continues to grow.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

1. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER-READING TASKS

1. Answer the following questions?

1.Which natural reserves is Russia rich in?

2.Which place does Russia take in energy consumption?

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3.How much natural and refined product do we export and how much do we keep to cover domestic needs?

4.What is the world largest proven and still-undiscovered resource located on the territory of our country?

5.What is the major challenge facing Russian oil industry nowadays?

2. Match the words with their definitions

3. Match the words from the text with their synonyms

The word refined in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)noble

(b)cleaned

(c)polluted

(d)updated

The word still in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)so far

(b)however

(c)quietly

(d)already

The word mean in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)vile

(b)total

(c)major

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(d) average

The word demand in the text is closest to the meaning

(a)use

(b)need

(c)requirement

(d)surplus

4.Find the corresponding prepositions for the following words in the text and write Russian equivalents:

___ need

___ addition___

according ___

___ far

___ day

___ average

5.Use the phrases above to fill in the gaps

1._____________estimation reports, Russia's undiscovered oil is 22 billion barrels.

2.The Russian oil industry is currently _____________ of huge investments.

3.Russian crude oil and condensate production reached the post-Soviet maximum of 9.7 million barrels (1,540,000 m3) ____________.

5.____________ to having the world's largest proven reserves of natural gas, Russia is also likely to have the world's largest volume of still- undiscovered natural gas.

6.Russia produced 10.83 million barrels (1,722,000 m3) of oil per day

___________ in December 2015.

6.Match the collocations

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7. Translate from Russian into English, use he collocations above

1.Внутренний спрос в 2005 составлял 410,000 кубических метров,

всреднем.

2.Россия является мировым экспортером нефти.

3.Россия занимает четвертое место по потреблению энергии.

4.Значительный рост Российской экономики обуславливает продолжение роста внутреннего спроса на все виды источников энергии (нефть, газ, ядерное топливо, электричество).

5.Очищенный продукт поставляется на Европейский рынок.

6.Геологическая служба США оценивает скрытые Российские запасы нефти в 22 миллиарда баррелей, что занимает второе место после Ирака.

7.В дополнение к доказанному запасу природного газа, Россия также, по всей вероятности, имеет еще и огромное скрытое месторождение природного газа.

WORD BUILDING

1.Read the words and say what suffixes they have and what parts of speech they belong to.

1.use, useful, usefulness;

2.invent, inventor, invention;

3.transmit, transmitter, transmission;

4.work, worker;

5.special, specialty, specialist;

6.practice, practical;

7.contain, container;

8.lecture, lecturer;

9.create, creative, creation;

10.accelerate, acceleration, accelerator;

11.determine, determination;

12.proper, properly, property;

13.science, scientific, scientist;

14.discover, discovery, discoverer;

15.important, importance;

16.react, reaction, reactor, reactivity;

17.arrange, arrangement;

18.capable, capability;

19.apply, application.

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TRANSLATION

1. Translate from into English into Russian.

PJSC Gazprom (Russian: Газпром, IPA: [ɡɐsˈprom]) is a Russian majority state-owned multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. As of 2019, with sales over $120,000,000,000, it was ranked as the largest publicly listed natural gas company in the world and the largest company in Russia by revenue. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Gazprom was ranked as the 32nd -largest public company in the world. Gazprom name is a contraction of the Russian words gazovaya promyshlennost (газовая промышленность, gas industry). In January 2022, Gazprom displaced Sberbank from the first place in the list of the largest companies in Russia by market capitalization.

Gazprom is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, transport, distribution and marketing, and power generation. In 2018, Gazprom produced twelve percent of the global output of natural gas, producing 497,6 billion cubic meters of natural and associated gas and 15,9 million tonnes of gas condensate. Gazprom then exports the gas through pipelines that the company builds and owns across Russia and abroad such as Nord Stream and TurkStream.In the same year, Gazprom has proven reserves of 35,1 trillion cubic meters of gas and 1,6 billion tons of gas condensate.Gazprom is also a large oil producer through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft, producing about 41 million tons of oil with reserves amounting to 2 billion tons.The company also has subsidiaries in industrial sectors including finance, media and aviation, and majority stakes in other companies.

Gazprom was created in 1989, when the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry was converted to a corporation, becoming the first state-run corporate enterprise in the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gazprom was privatized, retaining its Russia-based assets. At that time, Gazprom evaded taxes and state regulation and engaged in asset stripping. The company later returned to government control in the early 2000s, and since then, the company is involved in the Russian government's diplomatic efforts, setting of gas prices, and access to pipelines.

The company is majority-owned by the Russian government, via the Federal Agency for State Property Management and Rosneftegaz, while remaining shares are traded publicly.Gazprom has a listing in the Moscow Exchange and had a market capitalization of US$80.56 billion as of September 2019.

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2. Make the glossary to the text.

3. Translate the sentences.

1.Vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It is contrasted with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items that are related to one another.

2.Associated petroleum gas (APG), or associated gas, is a form of natural gas which is found with deposits of petroleum, either dissolved in the oil or as a free "gas cap" above the oil in the reservoir. The gas can be utilized in a number of ways after processing: sold and included in the natural-gas distribution networks, used for on-site electricity generation with engines or turbines, reinjected for secondary recovery and used in enhanced oil recovery, converted from gas to liquids producing synthetic fuels, or used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry, but much of it worldwide is flared.

3.Pipeline transport is the long-distance transportation of a liquid or gas through a system of pipes–a pipeline–typically to a market area for consumption. The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of pipeline in 120 countries of the world. The United States had 65 %, Russia had 8 %, and Canada had 3 %, thus 75 % of all pipeline were in these three countries.

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4.Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes which are usually buried. The oil is moved through the pipelines by pump stations along the pipeline. Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are pressurized into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are constructed of carbon steel. Hydrogen pipeline transport is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe. Pipelines are one of the safest ways of transporting materials as compared to road or rail, and hence in war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks.

5.Refining (also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. For instance, most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground, but it will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and by-products. The term is broad, and may include more drastic transformations, such as the reduction of ore to metal .

The refining of liquids is often accomplished by distillation or fractionation; this process is useful, for example, for isolating different fractions of petroleum. Gases can be refined in this way as well, by being cooled and/or compressed until they liquify. Gases and liquids can also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of interest, or the unwanted impurities.

Many solids can be refined by growing crystals in a solution of the impure material; the regular structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired material and exclude other kinds of particles.

Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of particular types.

6.Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations. It is commonly refined into various fuels and chemicals. Components of petroleum

are separated by means of distillation. Petroleum mainly consists of hydrocarbons as well as traces of other organic compounds.[1] The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both prolonged heat and pressure.

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Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation. Recent developments in technologies have also led to exploitation of other unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale. Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 100 million barrels (16 million cubic metres) each day. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was important for economic development in the 20th century, with some countries, so called "oil states", gaining significant economic and international power because of their control of oil production.

GRAMMAR

THE PERFECT PASSIVE

Страдательный залог. Совершенные времена.

Обозначает уже завершенное действие, которое испытывало на себе подлежащее. Т. е. предмет (подлежащее) не сам выполнял действие, а испытывал на себе действие другого предмета.

Образуется при помощи глагола to have в соответствующей фор-

ме + been + третья форма глагола.

• The message has been written by my boss.

Сообщение уже написано моим начальником.

На русский язык pasive voice может переводиться следующими способами:

1.глаголом совершенного вида с окончанием -ся, -сь (строится, строилось)

2.глаголом быть + причастие пассивного залога (было построено)

3.глаголом совершенного вида 3-го лица множественного числа (построили)

Например:

• My house had been built by last year.

Мой дом уже построили к прошлому году.

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1.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the predicates in the Perfect Passive.

1.This theory has been used for analyzing the experimental data.

2.In my opinion this result has not been proved by anybody.

3.The apparatus used in our research has been described recently.

4.We must compare our data with those that have been obtained by other investigators.

5.Many difficulties had been overcome before the researcher succeeded in his work.

6.After the new device had been tested it was installed in our laboratory.

7.The construction of this television centre will have been completed by the end of the next year.

8.In our country great progress has been achieved in developing all branches of science and engineering.

9.Many different devices have been created in order to improve the performance of communications.

10.The information has been based on the data received from a com-

puter.

11.Much research has been carried out in order to establish the causes of this phenomenon.

12.This question has already been discussed at the conference.

13.By the end of the year a large variety of semiconductor devices will have been produced.

14.This equipment had been repaired before you came.

15.This text has just been translated.

SINCE

We use since as a preposition, a conjunction and an adverb to refer to a time, and as a conjunction to introduce a reason.

Since: time

We use since to refer back to a previous point in time. We use since as a preposition with a date, a time or a noun phrase:

It was the band’s first live performance since May 1990. (since + date) I have been happily married for 26 years, since the age of 21. (since +

noun phrase)

We also use since as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause:

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