Smart technologies in petroleum industry. Интеллектуальные геофизические системы в нефтегазовой индустрии. Учебное пособие

Verbs with two objects

Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:

Give

• Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.

You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.

•Passive: I was given the book (by him) / The book was given to me (by

him).

Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

The passive in subordinate clauses

You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.

•Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.

•Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.

•Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.

•Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.

You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.

•He loves being read to.

•She would like to be promoted.

When should we use the Passive?

1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:

o The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)

2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant

or obvious or 'people in general':

o He was arrested (obvious agent, the police). o My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).

o The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).

o The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).

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3.In factual or scientific writing:

o The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.

4.In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):

o The brochure will be finished next month.

5.In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:

o Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)

6.When the subject is very long:

o I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')

1.Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian.

1.While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory.

2.A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.

3.At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of researchers.

4.The apparatus will be working when you come.

5.The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal with the most difficult problems.

6.For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

7.The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy.

8.This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.

9.For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.

10. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our Institute.

11.Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody.

12.Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups.

13.We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not

find it.

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14.The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.

15.Our laboratory is housed in an old building.

12. Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.

1.the lecture started

2.the scientists are obtaining

3.the colleagues realized

4.the satellite was on its orbit

5.the properties depended

6.the stream is being broadcast

7.the chemist was searching

8.a new technology was demonstrated

9.the elements constituted

10.the student was being examined

11.new results were being obtained

12.the discovery established

WRITING

HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY

A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece of writing. A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?

1.Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main

point.

In the text (article) “…” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.

The text “…” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).

2.Write in the present tense.

At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes... (comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).

Attention is drawn to the fact that ... . It should be noted that ... .

3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts.

Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....

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4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.

Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analysis of ... (the description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .

In conclusion ... . At the end of the text / article the author describes ..., emphasizes that ..., points out that …, summarizes that ... .

5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary.

Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.

1. Write the summary of the text "Petrochemistry". TRANSLATION

1. Read and translate the text from English into Russian. Make the glossary to it.

WHAT ARE PETROCHEMICALS? THESE AMAZING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ARE EVERYWHERE!

Petrochemicals are a set of chemical compounds that fuel a wide array of products across the globe. They are made of hydrocarbons that are separated and extracted from petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas and are at the core of multiple industries, including:

•Cosmetics

•Electronics

•Packaging

•Textiles

•Toiletries

Common to all the industries on this list – and many others – is that they use a variety of plastics and polymers derived from petrochemicals. This breadth of practical uses across industries is making petrochemicals one of the largest drivers of global oil demand. Let’s go over how petrochemicals are formed.

How Are Petrochemicals Formed – The Petrochemical Plant

A vast majority of petrochemicals are obtained from fossil fuels, such as natural gas and crude oil. The rest usually comes from coal and biomass. A major, if not the most important element of the industry is the petrochemical plant itself.

These plants are the powerhouses that convert the natural resources into petrochemicals to be used as the building blocks for other processes and products.

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Increasingly complex, these plants are both impressive in size and engineering, meeting the growing needs, expectations, and demand of today’s global economy.

The process requires energy in huge amounts and involves a distillation phase, in which hydrocarbons are separated from the fossil fuels. The separated hydrocarbons are then sent to facilities called “crackers”. These facilities convert them into useful chemicals, known as “feedstock”.

Chemical feedstock refers to any type of unprocessed material used in a manufacturing process as a base material to be transformed into another end product.

The primary class of petrochemical feedstock includes:

•Olefins (ethylene, propylene, and butadiene)

•Aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylenes)

•Methanol

Basic petrochemicals such as these are the basis of many products, including plastic, paper, fibres, adhesives, and detergents. They are also responsible for producing a whole gamut of chemicals known as petrochemical intermediates.

These derivatives are more complex versions of primary petrochemicals. They are also used in making a variety of products. Some typical examples include:

•Vinyl Acetate – used in making paint

•Ethylene Glycol – used in polyester textile fibres

Key Products Made From Petrochemicals

Petrochemicals form the backbone of modern economies and are found

in a wide range of consumer and industrial products, many of which are considered essential for daily use.

Highly versatile, petrochemicals can be found in everything from synthetic tires to automotive headlamps and lenses. While most individuals associate these chemicals with plastics, their potential uses span a much broader spectrum of applications, from household groceries to rocket propulsion.

How Petrochemicals Are Used – Products of the Petrochemical Industry

The use of petrochemicals in everyday household products is too widespread to list them all here. The following list is a summary of some of the most common uses of petrochemicals:

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•Hydrocarbons in manufacturing and transportation

•Resins, films, and plastics in medicine

•Preservatives in food or use in food packaging

•Agriculture, from plastics and pesticides to fertilizers

•Household products, such as carpeting, detergents, and more

•Rubber

•Synthetic fibres

•Adhesives

•Dyes

•Paints and coatings

And it doesn’t stop here. Petrochemicals carry huge significance for the modern energy system and manufacturing.

How Petrochemicals Are Used in Manufacturing

Examples of how petrochemicals are used for manufacturing include:

•Solar panels

•Thermal insulation for buildings

•Parts of electric vehicles

•Batteries

•Wind-turbine blades

Above, we detailed some of the common product categories in which petrochemicals are used.

As you can see, they span a range of both commercial and consumer products that many of us use in our everyday lives.

Let’s look closer at the order of production – from the early refinement to the end-user.

The Order of Petrochemical Processing – From Raw Material to Final Usage

There are five steps in the order of petrochemical processing that turn raw materials into a variety of products.

1.Feedstocks

2.Basic Chemicals

3.Chemicals Intermediates / Derivatives

4.Manufacturing Products

5.Consumer Products

1. Feedstocks natural gas ethane

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propane butane condensate naphtha

2.Basic Chemicals ethylene

propylene butylene butadiene aromatics ammonia methanol

3.Chemical Derivatives styrene

ethylene glycol isobutylene acrylonitrile glycerine

4.Manufacturing Products industrial chemicals

plastics

resin paints & coatings synthetic rubbers explosives

foams dyes adhesives

synthetic fibres soap and detergent

5.Consumer Products clothing

packaging

appliances & electronics vehicles & machinery

office & industrial equipment

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pharmaceuticals & personal care building materials

furniture healthcare tools

What is Petrochemical Engineering?

Simply put, petrochemical engineering is the sub-discipline of engineering that specializes in the activities necessary for the production of hydrocarbons (natural gas or crude oil) and the refinement or conversion of those into various petrochemicals.

What Do Petrochemical Engineers Do?

Petrochemical engineering deals with the extraction of petrochemicals from crude oil and petroleum. The engineers ensure this process to be safe and efficient.

They normally also have knowledge about subjects such as:

•Petroleum geology and geoscience

•Oil and gas facilities engineering

•Earth sciences

•Geophysics

Petrochemical engineers are needed in many industries. Some are responsible for monitoring well-site operations and staff. Others devise and use new drilling techniques. They are also responsible for getting the best out of old and underperforming wells.

Petrochemicals – A Sunrise Industry

Petrochemicals are present in nearly everything we use. A report by the International Energy Agency says that petrochemicals are the largest driver of global oil demand. The industry is fairly new and is touted to grow significantly in the future, which is what makes it known as a “sunrise industry”.

In a world that heavily depends on petrochemicals for sustenance, it’s clear they’re critical to modern societies and economies. Since petrochemical plants are the backbone of petrochemical production and management, it is clear that innovation in plant development and engineering is key to the future success of the industry.

2. Make the glossary to the text "What Are Petrochemicals? These

Amazing Chemical Compounds Are Everywhere!"

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3. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1.Naphtha is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture. Mixtures labelled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat. In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene.

2.Butadiene is the organic compound with the formula (CH2=CH)2.

It is a colorless gas that is easily condensed to a liquid. It is important industrially as a precursor to synthetic rubber. The molecule can be viewed as the union of two vinyl groups. It is the simplest conjugated diene. Although butadiene breaks down quickly in the atmosphere, it is nevertheless found in

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ambient air in urban and suburban areas as a consequence of its constant emission from motor vehicles.

3. Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to 45 percent of the world's food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.

Although common in nature – both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System – and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

4. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, amongst other names, is a chemical and the simplest alcohol, with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odour similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol). A polar solvent, methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.

Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialised chemicals.

SPEAKING

1.Find the information dealing with key products made from petrochemicals. Retell this information to your partner.

2.Which paragraph contains the information directly connected with the obtaining petrochemicals? Render this information.

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